Water-soluble Substances Research Articles

Agrogenic evolution of organic matter in peat soils of Western Siberia

The influence of the groundwater level (GW), vegetable crop rotation and mineral fertilizers on the change in the composition of organic matter of medium-thick peat soil was determined. The study was conducted on lysimeters with an adjustable level (0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 1–2.0 m) of groundwater occurrence; in a vegetable-feed crop rotation spread in time and space; under perennial grasses without prior cultivation of annual crops. It was established that in the arable layer (0.2 m) of peat soil, the bitumen content at GW level of 0.5 m was lower by 1.65% than at a depth of 1.0 m, and by 4.34% than at a depth of 1.5 m. The maximum amount of water-soluble substances (5.68%) and substances hydrolyzable by 2% HCl (34.25%) was established at GW level of 0.5 m. It was 1.2 and 3.4–3.8% higher than at groundwater level of 1–1.5 m, respectively. With GW level of 1.5 m, the amount of humic acids decreased by 4.5% compared to their occurrence at a depth of 0.5 m. The amount of fulvic acids in the arable layer depends on the GW level (r = 0.79). The content of substances hardly hydrolyzable by 80% H2SO4 in the arable layer decreased from 2.82 to 2.31% with an increase in groundwater depth from 0.5 to 1.5 m. It was observed that the amount of lignin decreased with an increase in groundwater depth from 0.5 (6.66%) to 1.5 m (5.30%). Five- year cultivation of crops in the vegetable-feed crop rotation did not lead to significant changes in the composition of the organic matter of peat. Grassing of peat soils with perennial grasses without sowing pre-crops ensures preservation of peat organic matter and prevents its substantial transformation. Mineral fertilizers reduce the rate of accumulation of hardly-hydrolyzable and non-hydrolyzable forms due to more severe oxidative-hydrolytic conditions in the soil and because of an increase in the amount of fresh plant material as a result of crop and root residues.

Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among organic and metallic components of the ambient particulate matter (PM) for the cytotoxicity measured by Chinese hamster ovary cells

Although PM2.5 toxicity is known to be related to its chemical composition, the effect of interactions among various particles' components on the toxicity is not well explored. To understand these interactions, especially metals and organic compounds on PM2.5 cytotoxicity, we chose several redox-active substances known to be present in the ambient particles such as metals (Cu, Fe, and Mn) and quinones [9,10-phenanthraquinone (PQ), 1,2-naphthoquinone (1,2-NQ), 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NQ), and 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (5,H-1,4-NQ)]. Cytotoxicity was assessed through a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells assay and expressed by a median lethal concentration (LC50). Two methods were employed to assess the interactions. In the first method, we tested the impact of nontoxic level of a component on the LC50 of other components. In the second method, we mixed two components in different concentration ratios to expose the cells and calculated a mixture toxicity index (MTI). MTI is a composite value to quantify the nature of interactions such that the interactions are considered synergistic when MTI > 1, additive when 0 < MTI ≤ 1 and antagonistic when MTI < 0. The interactions between quinones and metals were largely synergistic by both methods. To further assess the environmental relevance of these mixtures, we extracted organic compounds termed as water-soluble Humic-like substances (HULIS) from real ambient PM samples and mixed them with individual metals. A similar pattern, as observed from the interaction of quinones and metals, was found. Moreover, the interactions became more synergistic as the relative concentration of metals with respect to water-soluble HULIS was decreased in these mixtures. With environmentally relevant mass concentration ratios of organics to metals (75–7500), the interactions were strongly synergistic (MTI = 1–115). These results indicate the importance of incorporating the interaction among various PM components for estimating the net toxicity of ambient PM2.5.

Advances in the Design of pH-Sensitive Cubosome Liquid Crystalline Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery Applications.

Nanostructure bicontinuous cubic phase self-assembled materials are receiving expanding applications as biocompatible delivery systems in various therapeutic fields. The functionalization of cubosome, spongosome, hexosome and liposome nanocarriers by pH-sensitive lipids and/or pH-sensitive polymer shells offers new opportunities for oral and topical drug delivery towards a new generation of cancer therapies. The electrochemical behavior of drug compounds may favor pH-triggered drug release as well. Here, we highlight recent investigations, which explore the phase behavior of mixed nonlamellar lipid/fatty acid or phospholipid systems for the design of pH-responsive and mucoadhesive drug delivery systems with sustained-release properties. X-ray diffraction and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) techniques are widely used in the development of innovative delivery assemblies through detailed structural analyses of multiple amphiphilic compositions from the lipid/co-lipid/water phase diagrams. pH-responsive nanoscale materials and nanoparticles are required for challenging therapeutic applications such as oral delivery of therapeutic proteins and peptides as well as of poorly water-soluble substances. Perspective nanomedicine developments with smart cubosome nanocarriers may exploit compositions elaborated to overcome the intestinal obstacles, dual-drug loaded pH-sensitive liquid crystalline architectures aiming at enhanced therapeutic efficacy, as well as composite (lipid/polyelectrolyte) types of mucoadhesive controlled release colloidal cubosomal formulations for the improvement of the drugs’ bioavailability.

Evaluation of Microcrystalline Cellulose Derived from Saccharum officinarum L. (Sugarcane) Leaves as a Disintegrant in Tablet Formulations.

Purpose: Complete recycling of the crop residues of sugarcane in the Philippines remains to be achieved. This study purposed to derive microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) from sugarcane leaves and test its disintegrating properties in tablet formulation. Methods: Saccharum officinarum L. (sugarcane) leaves were used to prepare MCC powder. According to the conventional method, the preparation of cellulose powder requires heating the raw material with acid and alkali followed by washing, bleaching, and sieving. Hydrolysis of the bleached product was carried out using hydrochloric acid to obtain MCC powder, and the physicochemical properties of the produced MCC powder were studied including its organoleptic properties, pH value, %loss on drying, %water soluble substances and Fouriertransform infrared (FTIR) spectrum. Results: The resulting powder was evaluated for its disintegrating property in the preparation of blank tablets, which were compared to tablets prepared using commercially available MCC. MCC powder derived from sugarcane leaves had properties at par with commercially available MCC and was in conformance with National Formulary (NF) specifications. Conclusion: Disintegrating properties were also significantly better than the commercially available MCC.

Application of Regression Equations to the Calculation of the Elemental and Group Composition of Peats from Western Siberia

The applicability of regression equations obtained for peats from the European territory of Russia and Belarus to the conditions of Western Siberia was tested. Calculations showed that these equations can be used for the determination of the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen contents and the group composition of the organic matter of peat (bitumen, water-soluble and hydrolyzable substances, cellulose, and nonhydrolyzable residue).

Multifunctional carriers for controlled drug delivery

Abstract In the review we describe a method for concentration of anionic liposomes with encapsulated water-soluble substances within a small volume via electrostatic liposome adsorption on the surface of polymer particles with grafted cationic chains (spherical polycationic brushes), or cationic microgel particles. Dozens of intact liposomes can be bound to each polymer particle, the resulting polymer/liposome complex does not dissociate into the original components in a physiological solution. This allows fabrication of multi-liposomal complexes (MLCs) with a required ratio of encapsulated substances. Two approaches are discussed for the synthesis of stimuli-sensitive MLCs. The first is to incorporate the conformation switch, morpholinocyclohexanol-based lipid, into the liposomal membrane thus forming pH-sensitive liposomes capable of releasing their cargo when acidifying the surrounding solution. These liposomes complexed with the brushes release encapsulated substances much faster than the uncomplexed liposomes. The second is to adsorb liposomes on cationic thermo-responsive microgels. The resulting MLCs contracts upon heating over a volume phase transition temperature from the swollen to the collapsed state of microgel, thus causing the adsorbed liposomes to change drastically their morphology and release an encapsulated substance. Complexation of anionic liposomes with chitosan microgels and polylactide micelles gives MLCs which degrade in the presence of enzymes down to small particles, 10–15 nm in diameter. A novel promising approach suggests that immobilized liposomes can act as a capacious depot for biologically active compounds and ensure their controllable leakage to surrounding solution.

Enhanced photodegradation of applied dithianon fungicides on plant leaves by dissolved substances in atmosphere under simulated sunlight

Photolysis of pesticides has been widely investigated for evaluating their environmental behavior and agricultural effectiveness after crop spraying. However, little information about the effects of the water-soluble substances in atmosphere on photodegradation of pesticides is available. In current study, we found that photolysis of applied dithianon fungicides on real plant leaves was much faster than that in sealed stock aqueous suspensions under simulated sunlight. To simulate the natural conditions, for the first time, photodegradation of dithianon in air-saturated solutions containing typical dissolved atmospheric substances (DAS) including CO2 (HCO3−/CO32−), NO2 (NO3−), Fe3+ (Fe3+-complexes), and humic-like substances (HULIS) exposed to simulated solar irradiations were carried out in lab-scale. Fulvic acid (FA) was used as a surrogate for atmospheric HULIS in this study. The dithianon photodegradation was significantly enhanced in the presence of DAS and the photo-generated reactive species such as ·OH, 1O2, CO3·- and 3FA∗ play important roles according to the results of reactive species quenching, electron spin resonance spectroscopy, and laser flash photolysis experiments. Moreover, the photodegraded intermediates and final products of dithianon on plant leaves have been identified by HPLC-MS analysis, and its possible photodegradation pathways were proposed. This work indicated that, except for direct photolysis, indirect photosensitive degradation induced by the dissolved photo-active substances in atmosphere should be considered for evaluating the degradation of the applied pesticides on crops.

Отходы чайного производства как дополнительный ресурс биологически активных веществ

Листья чая являются уникальным источником разнообразных биологически активных веществ, особенно из группы полифенолов. На предприятиях по упаковке чая остаются отходы – чайная пыль. Эта порошкообразная масса состоит из мелких частиц сухого листового чая. В настоящее время она практически не используется. Можно предположить, что по составу и содержанию биологически активных веществ чайная пыль приближается к листовому чаю, следовательно, может быть дополнительным ресурсом биологически активных веществ. Целью работы является изучение химического состава и биологической активности чайной пыли, образующейся на предприятиях по упаковке чая, определение возможности использования чайной пыли для получения биологически активных веществ. Проведен сравнительный анализ среднего, составленного из точечных проб, образца чайной пыли, образцов черного листового и зеленого листового чаев, полученных с одного предприятия. Методами лабораторного анализа определены: содержание водорастворимых экстрактивных веществ, общее содержание водорастворимых полифенолов, содержание белка, суммарная антиоксидантная активность водорастворимых веществ чая и другие показатели. Содержание водорастворимых полифенолов и антиоксидантную активность определяли методами, разработанными авторами данной публикации, методы зарегистрированы как изобретения РФ. Органолептическим и химическими анализами установили, что в составе чайной пыли преобладают частицы листьев черного чая, что соответствует доле этого сорта чая в продукции предприятия. При кратковременном режиме экстракции, соответствующим условиям дегустационного заваривания чая (5 мин, 950С), содержание экстрактивных веществ в образце чайной пыли составило 35,64%, в черном чае – 32,47%, содержание полифенолов в чайной пыли – 7,76%, в черном чае – 7,95%. В чайной пыли определено высокое содержание белка – на уровне 17,44%. Общая антиоксидантная активность водного экстракта чайной пыли в пересчете на кверцетин составила 29 мг/г. что ниже по сравнению с черным и, особенно, зеленым чаем. Проведена оптимизация режимов экстракции водорастворимых веществ из чайной пыли, позволившая увеличить выход полифенолов и антиоксидантную активность экстрактов. Результаты исследования дают основание считать, что отходы чайного производства могут быть использованы как сырье для получения биологически активных веществ таких, как полифенолы, а также являются ресурсом белка.

Liposome: a carrier for effective drug delivery

Liposomes are the spherical vesicles containing one or more phospholipid bilayer, which was first described in the middle of 60s by Bangham. The bilayer vesicles are considered as an efficient carrier for drug delivery, diagnostic agents, and also an effective tool for vaccine delivery.n Liposome has been used as a potential carrier for several diseases from cardiovascular disease to bacterial infection and also it has the ability to reducing the toxicity of highly potent drugs and simultaneously utilized to improve pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy. A liposome is a formulation which has the capacity to overcome with the limitation of conventional therapies. For the delivery of liposome ocular and inhalation route are some advanced technology. In poorly water soluble substance pulmonary delivery is very much useful. However liposome based vaccines have been demonstrated in clinical trials and further progress in human trails. This review discusses the mechanism of action, Method of preparation, evaluation, application of liposomal drug delivery system along with the recent developments some of the commercially available products.

Development of power­efficient and environmentally safe coffee product technologies

Based on the energy and environmental audit, analysis of material flows, energy conversion, emissions into atmosphere and lithosphere in the production of instant coffee was carried out. To raise energy efficiency and reduce environmental burden, innovative flow diagrams and equipment for waste processing and production of new coffee products have been developed. Experimental modeling was carried out: kinetics of microwave extraction of water-soluble substances and oil from coffee slurry; hydraulics of the extractant flow through cassettes of the microwave extractor. The experimental data were summarized in the form of a criterion equation. As a result of experimental modeling of the extraction kinetics, it was found that the duration of the process in a microwave field is approximately 20 times less than in a thermostat. The microwave field affects the extraction rate to a greater extent than the process temperature. The growth of microwave power results in a more than the two-fold rise of the yield of extractives from a coffee slurry. Specification of the microwave oil extractor was defined. The extractor sample was tested at a specific power of 180...240 W/kg in the mode of boiling extractant. Ethanol (93...96 % concentration) was used as an extractant. As a result of the tests, a high-quality coffee oil was obtained. It is characterized by a pronounced aroma, coffee taste and an intense dark brown color. Flow diagram of pre-extraction of coffee from slurry was worked out. Additional extraction of water-soluble extractive substances from coffee slurry increased the extract yield by 10...12 %. The temperature regime of extraction was significantly reduced plus duration and energy intensity of the process were reduced. An innovative flow diagram has been developed for the production of liquid coffee concentrate as a basis for coffee-based drinks ready for immediate use. The concentration of solids is 50...65 %

Supramolecular inorganic chemistry leading to functional materials

Functional inorganic materials are very important today to meet the needs of our society. The most demanding needs are sustainable and clean energy (it would be nice if that can be achieved from water splitting), smart materials for sensing toxic volatile as well as water-soluble substances (health care) and efficient catalysts that can cycle multiple times without deterioration for useful chemical reactions. Supramolecular chemistry, that plays a vital role to design and synthesize such functional molecules, controls over the intermolecular interactions, thereby the molecular recognition processes leading to molecular functions, e.g., sensing, catalysis, etc. This article deals with inorganic supramolecular chemistry of a number of mono-nuclear coordination complexes to selected di-nuclear systems through trinuclear metal basic carboxylates, mostly in their solid-state, leading to the functional inorganic materials. We have demonstrated that some of the very old inorganic systems can be explored in the light of supramolecular chemistry to describe them as functional materials, which have potential in serving our society to some extent. This work aims to discuss the potential applications of some of the age-old chemical systems which can be broadly classified as mononuclear complexes, dinuclear systems and trinuclear clusters. These systems can be perceived as a seedling which has the potential to grow into a tree, provided, it is supplied with all the resources and well taken care of. By the virtue of extensive research going around the world, these versatile systems have evolved through the years to grow into a field with wide-ranging applications, but still a lot remains to be explored.

Study of the toxicological characteristics of water-soluble surface-active substances obtained based on phenol, formaldehyde and sodium sulphite

The object of research is the products of the condensation reaction of phenol, formaldehyde and sodium sulfite in an aqueous medium, in order to obtain water-soluble non-toxic products based on it, which can be proposed for use as surfactants. In the course of the study, the effect of the reaction conditions (ratio of components, temperature and process time) on the quality of the products obtained and their toxicological characteristics are studied. The optimal ratio of the starting reagents phenol: formaldehyde: sodium sulfite: water is selected, which allows to obtain a product with surface-active properties and which contains substances that can be harmful to health. It is recommended that the condensation process be carried out within 1 hour, the optimum reaction temperature is selected at 130 °C. The qualitative characteristics of the obtained product allow to recommend its use as an anionic surfactant. For this, the symptomatic and toxicological properties of the newly developed surfactant, the product of the condensation of phenol, formaldehyde and sodium sulfite in an aqueous medium, are studied. Based on the studies, it is found that with the introduction of such surfactants into the stomach of experimental white rats-females, their slightly irritating effect on the mucous membranes and skin is observed. According to the mortality criterion, with a single oral administration (LD50), the harmful effects of the substance on rats are not noted. According to the research results, the product can be attributed to class IV hazard (low hazard substances) according to GOST 12.1.007.According to toxicological findings, the resulting product can be recommended for use as a textile auxiliary substance, in the technological operations of bleaching, dyeing and printing of fabrics in contact with human skin, as well as additives to concrete mixtures used in the construction industry and other industries

Biostimulant Action of Dissolved Humic Substances From a Conventionally and an Organically Managed Soil on Nitrate Acquisition in Maize Plants.

Conversion of conventional farming (CF) to organic farming (OF) is claimed to allow a sustainable management of soil resources, but information on changes induced on dissolved organic matter (DOM) are scarce. Among DOM components, dissolved humic substances (DHS) were shown to possess stimulatory effects on plant growth. DHS were isolated from CF and OF soil leacheates collected from soil monolith columns: first in November (bare soils) and then in April and June (bare and planted soils). DHS caused an enhancement of nitrate uptake rates in maize roots and modulated several genes involved in nitrogen acquisition. The DHS from OF soil exerted a stronger biostimulant action on the nitrate uptake system, but the first assimilatory step of nitrate was mainly activated by DHS derived from CF soil. To validate the physiological response of plants to DHS exposure, real-time RT-PCR analyses were performed on those genes most involved in nitrate acquisition, such as ZmNRT2.1, ZmNRT2.2, ZmMHA2 (coding for two high-affinity nitrate transporters and a PM H+-proton pump), ZmNADH:NR, ZmNADPH:NR, and ZmNiR (coding for nitrate reductases and nitrite reductase). All tested DHS fractions induced the upregulation of nitrate reductase (NR), and in particular the OF2 DHS stimulated the expression of both tested transcripts encoding for two NR isoforms. Characteristics of DHS varied during the experiment in both OF and CF soils: a decrease of high molecular weight fractions in the OF soil, a general increase in the carboxylic groups content, as well as diverse structural modifications in OF vs. CF soils were observed. These changes were accelerated in planted soils. Similarity of chemical properties of DHS with the more easily obtainable water-soluble humic substance extracted from peat (WEHS) and the correspondence of their biostimulant actions confirm the validity of studies which employ WEHS as an easily available source of DHS to investigate biostimulant actions on agricultural crops.

Биологическая переработка зерна гороха и вторичного сырья крахмального производства с получением пищевых и кормовых белковых концентратов

The goal of the study was to develop a biotechnological process for the production of protein concentrates via bioconversion of pea flour and whey, a secondary product of starch manufacture. Standard and special methods were used to analyze the chemical and biochemical composition of protein concentrates (amino acid, carbohydrate, and fractional) of flour, whey and protein concentrates. It was established that pea flour contains 52.28-57.05% water-soluble nitrogenous substances, 23.04-25.50% salt-soluble, 2.94-4.69% alcohol-soluble compounds, 0-0.61% of soluble glutenine, 6.67-10.40% alkali-soluble glutenine and 5.96-10.86% insoluble sclerotic substances. A mathematical model and optimal parameters of the enzymatic extraction of pea protein with a yield of 65-70% were developed. Ultrasonic exposure increased the yield of nitrogenous substances by 23.16 ± 0.69%, compared with the control without ultrasound. The protein concentrate had a mass fraction of nitrogenous substances of 72.48 ± 0.41% (Nx6.25) and a complete amino acid composition. The microbial conversion by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae 121 and Geotrichum candidum 977 cultures of starch whey which remained after protein precipitation allowed us to obtain feed concentrates from biomass and culture liquid with a protein mass fraction of 61.68-70.48% (Nx6.25). Protein concentrates positively affected the vital signs of rats and their excretory products. A technological scheme was developed to test the complex pea grain and starch whey processing under pilot conditions. pea, protein concentrate, extracts, whey, bioconversion, Geotrichum candidum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, chemical composition, amino acid composition

Reactions’ Mechanisms and Applications of Hydrogen Peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide is a key substance in the appearance of life and maintenance of the life-supporting conditions on the Earth. Electron transfer processes between H2O2 and various reducers are of major interest for the environment, natural life, technology, etc. An overview of structure, proprieties and main reactions of hydrogen peroxide in model and real systems is presented. The authors try to find the answers to the following questions: why this substance has the unique and specific dual reduction-oxidation properties, what is the connection between its structure and reactions, what role it plays in the catalytic reduction processes occurring in the natural environment and technological systems, accompanied by the formation of intermediate compounds, active radicals, complete and partial charge transfer complexes, etc. The thermodynamic possibility of the synchronous two-electron transfer during the inner sphere reaction with the involvement of metal ion complexes capable of changing the valence by two units is discussed. The role of the partial charge transfer structures which combine the properties of the initial reagents and the expected reaction products is demonstrated. Such complexes can be decomposed both reversibly and irreversibly. In case when the single-electron transfer is thermodynamically preferable, the main oxidizing particle is OH-radical, capable to interact non-selectively with almost all the water-soluble organic substances. Special attention is paid to the photo initiation of peroxidase transformation processes. The results of our multi-annual research of these issues are reported.

Conformity assessment of product quality in the consumer market

Among the traditional types of tea in the Russian market, Chinese Pu-erh tea has a special place. In the work, samples of Pu-erh tea presented on the market of Voronezh were investigated. The samples of black and green tea were compared. By mass fraction of moisture, water-soluble extractive substances, total ash, and the share of soluble ash, all tea samples met the standards. The amount of tannin in some samples of Pu-erh tea was low — 4.6–6.0% in NE; in terms of antioxidant activity (AOA), AOA, they were also inferior to black and green tea. A general positive correlation of tannin and AOA levels was noted. The fact that not all polyphenols have antioxidant properties is evidenced by the fact that the tannin content in tea samples differed by 7 times, AOA - by 3 times. To determine the antioxidant activity (AOA), we used the electrochemical titration method on an Expert-006 instrument in a cell with a background electrolyte — KBr in a H2SO4 solution; the marker is ascorbic acid. It is established that the method is simple, convenient; gives a relative error within 5%.

The role of microorganisms in the treatment of wastewater from oil and gas companies

In the wastewater of oil and gas enterprises, destructive microorganisms that destroy petroleum, petroleum products, diethylene glycol (DEG), which have a strong negative impact on the environment, have been separated out and, their physiological and chemical properties have been determined. The microorganisms separated out from wastewater belong to the families Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Aspergillus and have been found to be the only source of carbon in petroleum and petroleum products. Due to the constant influx of organic and mineral substances into biological basins, a high rate of microbiological processes was observed. When the-wastewater from the Mubarak Gas Processing Plant was mixed with domestic wastewater, it was found to be rich in organic and mineral substances. In such an environment, there are sufficient conditions for the growth and development of heterotrophic bacteria and bacteria assimilate water-soluble organo-mineral substances during development.

Опытно-промышленные испытания способа переработки замороженного плодово-ягодного сырья в вибрационном аппарате

Выполненные ранее исследования способа экстрагирования замороженного плодово-ягодного сырья на моделях вибрационных аппаратов диаметром 0,15 м не позволили в полном объеме исследовать вопросы теплопередачи, размораживания, дробления, энергопотребления опытно-промышленной установки. В работе выполнена оценка факторов определяющих эффективность переработки замороженного плодово-ягодного сырья; анализ составляющих теплового баланса; разработка рекомендаций по конструктивному оформлению вибрационных аппаратов; анализ энергозатрат на работу вибрационных тарелок. Корпус установки диаметром 0,42 м оснащен теплообменной рубашкой, в которую заливается вода, нагреваемая трубчатыми электронагревателями. В корпусе установлена вибрационная тарелка диаметром 0,416 м, перфорированная цилиндрическими отверстиями диаметром 0,003 м, с долей свободного сечения 16,5 %. Шток и тарелка приводятся в возвратно поступательное движение в вертикальной плоскости с заданными значениями амплитуды и частоты. В аппарат загружались замороженные плоды красной или черноплодной рябины и вода, обеспечивая соотношение фаз твердого (Т) и жидкого (Ж) j = 0,2-0,4. Наличие теплообменной рубашки, оснащенной трубчатыми электронагревателями, позволяет регулировать подвод тепла к обрабатываемой системе в заданный момент времени и в необходимом количестве. Кривые извлечения сухих водорастворимых веществ полученные на аппаратах диаметром 0,15 м и 0,42 м близки между собой, при этом энергозатраты на проведение процесса сопоставимы и характеризуются близкими зависимостями. Это позволяет при переходе к аппаратам больших размеров необходимые энергозатраты принять пропорционально приведенным энергозатратам полученным на модельных аппаратах диаметром 0,15 м. В целом, полученные результаты показывают целесообразность использования вибрационных аппаратов диаметром до 0,42 м, оснащенных теплообменной рубашкой для переработки замороженного плодово-ягодного сырья.&#x0D; Корпус установки имеет двойные стенки между которыми заливается вода, нагреваемая трубчатыми электронагревателями. В корпусе установлена вибрационная тарелка диаметром 0,416м, толщиной 0,003м, перфорированная цилиндрическими отверстиями диаметром 0,003м, с долей свободного сечения 16,5%. По переферии тарелки в сторону дна установлена отбортовка высотой 16мм. Шток и тарелка приводятся в возвратно поступательное движение в вертикальной плоскости с заданными значениями амплитуды и частоты. Затраты мощности измерялись ваттметром типа 5016, с классом точности 0,2. Частота вращения электродвигателя измерялась тахометром SanpoMeter DT2236B с классом точности 0,05.Содержание сухих веществ в экстракте определяли рефрактометрическим методом. Амплитуда колебаний составляла 7мм, частота колебаний 8,3…13,9 Гц; соотношение фаз твердого (Т) и жидкого (Ж) j = 0,2…0,4. Расстояние от дна до тарелки 47±2 мм. Наличие рубашки позволяет регулировать подвод тепла к обрабатываемой системе. Кривые извлечения сухих водорастворимых веществ из плодов рябины красной и черноплодной полученные на аппаратах диаметром 0,15 и 0,42 м близки между собой, при этом энергозатраты на проведение процесса идентичны и характеризуются практически одинаковыми зависимостями. Это позволяет при переходе к аппаратам больших размеров энергозатраты принять пропорционально удельным энергозатратам полученным на модельных аппаратах диаметром 0,15м.

Влияние водорастворимых веществ на распределение влажности в лиственничных пиломатериалах перед сушкой

The initial moisture content of wood is one of the major factors that determines the duration of lumber drying. It is generally accepted that the water content in the tree trunk, regardless of breed, depends on the zone of wood. The maximum amount of water can be found in sapwood, times less – in core wood. Deviation from the generally accepted provisions for the distribution of moisture in larch wood was found when studying the kinetics of lumber drying. Larch wood is 90 % core wood, and in lumber it is up to 100 %. The obtained data indicate the presence of a certain factor that determines the water content in Siberian larch wood. Such a factor is water-soluble substances, the basis of which is arabinogalactan; a polysaccharide with polyelectrolyte properties and capable of retaining a large number of water molecules. The article substantiates the assumption that moisture distribution in the cross section of a larch board before drying is formed by arabinogalactan, which is a part of wood. Arabinogalactan dissolving transfers water from the active phase to the passive one. Therefore, the presence of arabinogalactan at certain points of a log influences the water balance and leads to the formation of sharp boundaries of water distribution in wood. Consequently, it is reasonable to take into consideration the fact of predominant concentration of this group of water-soluble substances in the production of larch wood products. The research purpose is to justify the influence of water-soluble substances on the distribution of free water in larch lumber before drying.For citation: Zaripov Sh.G., Chizhov A.P., Kornienko V.A., Semenova N.I. The Influence of Water-Soluble Substances on Moisture Distribution in Larch Lumber before Drying. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2019, no. 6, pp. 185–193. DOI: 10.17238/issn0536-1036.2019.6.185

Fabrication and characterization of starch beads formed by a dispersion-inverse gelation process for loading polyphenols with improved antioxidation

Macro-scale beads are ideal carriers for loading active ingredients, herbicides, and dyes due to their large storage capacity, porosity, and biodegradability. The aim of this study was to fabricate macro-scale beads using starch due to its low cost and biocompatibility. Pea starch beads and mung bean starch beads were first fabricated in soybean oil through a dispersion-inverse gelation process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to characterize the morphologies and behaviors of the beads. Results showed that the pea starch beads form a dense and uniform network when retrograded at 4 °C for 24 h with a pore size of approximately 300 nm. Furthermore, after retrogradation for 36 h, the pea and mung bean starch beads exhibited B-type structures and displayed maximum relative crystallinity of 21.2% and 19.4%, respectively. The starch beads have high loading efficiency for polyphenols and can enhance the antioxidant activity of polyphenols. Moreover, the polyphenols loaded into starch beads can release quickly in intestinal juice, indicating that the beads are expected to be a new carrier for loading and control release of water-soluble active substances or drugs.