Water-soluble Chitosan Research Articles

Comparative Evaluation of the Biocompatibility of Sponges Based on Different Chitosan Salts in vitro

INTRODUCTION. The relevance of the study is due to the increase in the number of human skin lesions as a result of natural and man-made emergencies. Among the natural polymers widely used for the manufacture of wound dressings is chitosan, but its poor solubility is a technological and biological limitation for its effective inclusion and use as a component of wound dressings. One way to solve the problem is to modify chitosan with glycolic, lactic or ascorbic acids. For eff ective and adequate use of chemical modifications of chitosan as a material for wound dressings, it is necessary to evaluate their biocompatibility. AIM. In vitro assessment of the cytotoxicity and hemostatic properties of sponges based on chitosan modified with glycolic, lactic and ascorbic acids. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Sponges based on water-soluble chitosan salts were provided by Chemical Company “Orion” LTD. The biocompatibility of the obtained products was assessed on the culture of mesenchymal stem cells, using light and fluorescent microscopy. The metabolic activity of the cells (MTT-test) and the sorption properties of the biomaterials were assessed by spectrophotometry. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Chitosan glycolate or chitosan lactate sponges ensure the survival of most adherent cells, while chitosan ascorbate sponges inhibit cell viability and growth. It was found that chitosan glycolate sponges have the highest blood sorption capacity and are capable of absorbing over 700 μl of blood/cm3. Chitosan lactate and chitosan ascorbate sponges demonstrate a sorption capacity of 250 μl of blood/cm3. However, the ascorbate-based material inhibits the metabolic activity of cells. CONCLUSION. Based on the research results, sponges made of chitosan glycolate or lactate, which have good biocompatibility in vitro, can be used for further development of wound-healing coatings. In addition, sponges made of chitosan glycolate can be used as highly effective hemostatic materials. Sponges made of chitosan ascorbate require further development and separate study.

Production of Water-Soluble Chitosan from Crab Shells (Portunus sp.) by Pressurized Hydrolysis Method as an Active Material for Hand Sanitizer

Graphical Abstract Highlight Research Water-soluble chitosan from crab’s shell can be produced via the pressurized hydrolysis method in an acidic environment with a pressure cooker; the optimal treatment is a 3% HCl concentration. Water-soluble chitosan from crab’s shell has the following properties: it is yellowish white in color, odorless, powder-like, with a yield of 83.37±0.73, an acidity degree of 5, 83±0.34, viscosity of 69.0±0.82, solubility of 93.57±0.33, and a degree of deacetylation of 78.4%. The optimal concentration for water-soluble chitosan from crab’s shell inhibition is 160 mg/ml, with an inhibition zone of 7.47 mm for S. aureus and 6.70 mm for E. coli, falling in the medium category. Physical features of organoleptic water-soluble chitosan from crab’s shell hand sanitizer: neutral appearance (5), somewhat similar fragrance (6), neutral texture (5), similar (6), not homogenous, dispersion 3.59-4.03 cm, pH 6.05-6.28. The most effective hand sanitizer formulation from crab’s shell water soluble chitosan is HS3 (including 200 mg/ml of water-soluble chitosan), which has a weak inhibition zone of 5.35±0.57 mm for S. aureus bacteria and 4.70±0.07 mm for E. coli. Abstract The study explores the production of water-soluble chitosan (WSC) from crab shells (Portunus spp.) through a pressurized hydrolysis method. The limited solubility of chitosan at neutral pH restricts its usability. Natural WSC can serve as an active antibacterial component in hand sanitizers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to produce WSC from crab shells using pressurized hydrolysis methods as an active ingredient for hand sanitizer. Chitosan was depolymerized into WSC by utilizing hydrochloric acid (2, 3, and 4%) and was hydrolyzed using a pressure cooker at a temperature of approximately 110˚C for 1 hour. Isopropyl alcohol was then added to the filtrate at a ratio of 2:1. The selected water-soluble chitosan was treated with 3% HCl and made into 3 different concentrations of 140, 150, and 160 mg/ml, then tested for its antibacterial activity. The WSC hand sanitizer antibacterial test has concentrations of 180, 190 and 200 mg/ml, and for positive control using commercial hand sanitizer, and negative control in the form of basic gel without chitosan. By depolymerizing chitosan using 3% HCl, a high solubility (93.57±0.33) of WSC was achieved, with a degree of deacetylation (DD) value of 78.4%. The results indicated that the concentration of water-soluble chitosan is160 mg/ml and exhibited the strongest inhibition against S. aureus and E. coli, with clear area values ​​of 7.47 mm and 6.70 mm, respectively. The best hand sanitizer formulation is HS3 (addition of water-soluble chitosan 200 mg/ml) and the ability to inhibit S. aureus bacteria with a clear area value of 5.35 ± 0.57 mm and E. coli is 4.70 ± 0.07 mm. Further research may explore the scalability of pressure hydrolysis, and the broad-spectrum antibacterial efficacy of chitosan produced from crab shells.

Water-soluble carboxymethyl chitosan and rhamnolipids promote the remediation of Cd-contaminated soil by mediating the growth of Hylotelephium spectabile and regulating the rhizospheric ecological environment

Water-soluble carboxymethyl chitosan and rhamnolipids promote the remediation of Cd-contaminated soil by mediating the growth of Hylotelephium spectabile and regulating the rhizospheric ecological environment

Development of an Ocular Film Containing Ofloxacin in a Chitosan Matrix

Background: Chitosan is a natural polymer that is widely used in pharmaceutical applications owing to its biodegradability and biocompatibility. High molecular weight chitosan, which is commonly found in the market (Sigma Aldrich), is acid soluble and thus limits its application for ocular purposes. Objective: This study aimed to improve the characteristics of high-MW chitosan ocular films by utilizing a water-soluble, low-MW chitosan modifier for the delivery of ofloxacin post-surgery. Methods: Various film formulas were prepared using high-MW chitosan as the main polymer matrix, glycerin and polyethylene glycol 400 as plasticizers, and low-MW chitosan as film modifiers. Glycerine was the best plasticizer that produced a good film appearance when added at an appropriate ratio, 8.33 times the weight of the high MW chitosan (TGc) and 6.25 times the weight of low- and high-MW chitosan blends at (1:1) ratio (MGb). The films were further developed as TGcs and MGbs were cross-linked using sodium tripolyphosphate to control the release of ofloxacin and improve its mechanical characteristics. Water absorption capability, mechanical characteristics, in vitro drug release, and antimicrobial activity were evaluated to determine the film formula. Results: The MGb formula showed the highest water absorption (approximately 230 %), while the lowest was shown by the TGcs formula (approximately 145 %). In contrast, the TGcs formula had the highest film elasticity (141.33±8.81%), and the MGb formula had the lowest (42.55±6.11%). Surprisingly, the best controlled release of ofloxacin for up to 24 h was produced by the MGbs film, which also showed the highest antimicrobial activity. MGbs also showed moderate film characteristics, which are suitable for ocular applications. Conclusion: The research concluded that The addition of water-soluble low-MW chitosan and a cross-linker agent can improve the controlled release and characteristics of chitosan-based ocular films.

Antioxidant and catalytic reduction activity of green synthesized gold nanoparticles using water-soluble chitosan

Antioxidant and catalytic reduction activity of green synthesized gold nanoparticles using water-soluble chitosan

An Antibacterial and Antioxidant Food Packaging Film Based on Amphiphilic Polypeptides-Resveratrol-Chitosan.

Antimicrobial and antioxidant packaging films play a crucial role in extending food shelf life, maintaining quality, and enhancing safety by inhibiting microbial growth and slowing oxidation processes. However, most commercial preservative films suffer from limited antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Moreover, these films are made from petroleum-based materials that degrade into microplastics, resulting in environmental contamination and potential health risks for humans. Herein, an antibacterial and antioxidant food packaging film (CS-SAP@R) is developed by integrating star-shaped amphiphilic polypeptides (SAP) and resveratrol (R) into the chitosan (CS) matrix. The incorporation of SAP not only effectively addresses the existing compatibility issues between the highly hydrophobic resveratrol and water-soluble CS film, but also significantly enhances the antimicrobial properties of CS. Additionally, the well-integrated resveratrol molecules endow the film with superior antioxidant properties. Furthermore, CS-SAP@R has achieved bacterial killing rates of 97.31% against E. coli and 99.05% against S. aureus. The enhanced characteristics of the CS-SAP@R film contribute to its exceptional preservation performance, effectively extending the shelf life of perishable products by ≈3 days when stored at 4°C. These remarkable attributes underscore the benefits of polypeptide-based biopolymers and demonstrate the potential applicability of the CS-SAP@R film in effectively safeguarding perishable products.

Synthesis, characterization, and application potential of chitosan/acrylamide composite hydrogels as skin expanders

Hydrogels are currently widely used in regenerative medicine and wound repair due to their superior biocompatibility, reliable mechanical strength, and good morphological memory. We aimed to prepare a self-expanding hydrogel that can be used as a skin expander for the repair of large soft skin tissue defects. Self-expanding hydrogels were prepared by chemical cross-linking, which consisted of water-soluble chitosan (CS), acrylamide (AM), methylene bisacrylamide (NMBA), etc. Five groups of in vitro experiments, including (CS-AM) of 0% (pure AM group), 13.9%, 27.8%, 41.7%, and 55.6%, were conducted to determine mechanical properties, swelling properties, cytotoxicity, etc. In the rat model, both a tight skin area (neck) and a loose skin area (back) were selected for expansion with hydrogels. A total of 27.8% of the CS-AM samples expanded stably under the skin of the rats, achieving 370% expansion in the tight zone and 490% expansion in the flaccid zone. Subcutaneous histopathological examination suggested that the inflammation index of the pericolloid tissue was lower in the CS-AM group than in the pure AM group. Our results demonstrate that self-expanding CS-AM hydrogels have great potential for application as skin expanders.Graphical

Dihydroxypropyl Chitosan: A Biorenewable Platform for the Design of Novel Fabric Care Additives.

The design of more sustainable and eco-friendly solutions is one of the central challenges in the formulation of today's laundry products. Water-soluble polymers are indispensable additives in laundry detergents as they play a wide range of functions. At present, the vast majority of these are still produced from petrochemical resources. In order to explore more sustainable alternatives, in this work, we have synthesized, characterized, and tested a novel group of anti-redeposition and soil release polymers based on hydrophobically modified 2, 3-dihydroxypropyl chitosan (DHPCH), a highly water-soluble chitosan derivative. Chitosan was selected on the basis of its environmental profile. Our results suggest that hydrophobic moieties are essential to observe cleaning benefits on synthetic based-textile. The level of modifications and the molecular weight of the unmodified chitosan were also shown to be decisive in conveying observable cleaning properties. This work is significant because it illustrates that DHPCH is a valid biorenewable platform for the development of new sustainable polymers for laundry detergents.

Effect and Mechanism of Water-soluble Chitosan Promoting Phytoremediation of Cd and/or Pb-contaminated Soils by Sedum aizoon L.

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the growth response, concentration, and transportation characteristics of Cd and Pb in Sedum aizoon L. in four typical Cd/Pb-contaminated soils from northern and southern China with the addition of different levels of water-soluble chitosan （WSC）. The effect of WSC on physicochemical properties, Cd and Pb forms, and functional groups in contaminated soils was determined to clarify the internal mechanism of WSC promoting Cd and Pb accumulation by S. aizoon. The results showed that WSC improved the physicochemical properties of rhizosphere soil by increasing alkaline nitrogen and organic matter contents and significantly reducing pH values. In addition, WSC significantly increased the acid-extractable Cd and Pb in contaminated soils by 16.3%-34.5% and 88.9%-272.4%, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectra analysis showed that amino （-NH2） and hydroxyl （-OH） groups in soils were significantly increased by adding WSC. Therefore, the coordination of Cd/Pb with -NH2 and -OH may play important roles in forming complexes and mobilizing Cd/Pb in soils. Moreover, the improvement in the rhizosphere environment of contaminated soils by WSC contributed to promoting Cd and Pb accumulation by S. aizoon. WSC significantly increased the total Cd and Pb accumulation by 14.5%-72.1% and 55.0%-128.5%, respectively, without obvious growth inhibition. Therefore, it is feasible to apply WSC to promote Cd/Pb accumulation using S. aizoon, while the matching of WSC addition amount, soil pollution condition, and plant materials should be further considered in practical application.

Potential of water-soluble chitosan Schiff bases extracted from Metapenaeus dobsoni shells as effective corrosion inhibitors

Corrosion causes significant economic losses and structural failures in industries, highlighting the need for eco-friendly inhibitors. Chitosan (CS), a biodegradable and non-toxic biopolymer, shows potential, though its limited water solubility restricts its applications. To overcome this challenge, this study presents the synthesis of two water-soluble chitosan Schiff bases (CSBs) derived from the shells of Metapenaeus dobsoni (M. dobsoni). The extracted CS exhibits a remarkable degree of deacetylation exceeding 95 %, which was subsequently modified through reactions with o-vanillin (2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) (CSB I) and 2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (CSB II). Structural characterization using spectroscopic techniques confirmed the successful formation of CSBs. Electrochemical measurements were employed to assess the corrosion resistance of mild steel in 0.5 M HCl with varying concentrations of CSB I and CSB II. The results revealed superior corrosion inhibition by CSB II (% IE = 94.48 %) compared to CSB I (% IE = 88.80 %). The methoxy group in CSB II contributed to its higher electron density and enhanced adsorption, leading to better surface coverage and corrosion resistance. Both inhibitors followed the Langmuir isotherm, suggesting a mix of physisorption and chemisorption. These CSBs are promising for corrosion control in industries like pipelines, storage tanks, construction materials, and acid pickling.

Enhancing the effect of novel cd mobilization bacteria on phytoremediation and microecology of cadmium contaminated soil

The efficacy of phytoextraction for remediating heavy-metal contaminated soil depends on the bioavailability of the heavy metals and plant growth. In this study, we employed a synergistic system comprising water-soluble chitosan and the novel Cd mobilization bacteria, Serratia sp. K6 (hereafter K6), to enhance cadmium (Cd) extraction by Lolium perenne L. (ryegrass). The application of chitosan and K6 resulted in an increase in the biomass of ryegrass by 11.81% and Cd accumulation by 73.99% and effective-state Cd by 43.69% and pH decreased by 4.67%, compared to the control group. Microbiome and metabolomics analyses revealed significant alterations in the inter-root microbial ommunity, with rhizobacteria such as Sphingomonas, Nocardioides, and Bacillus likely contributing to enhanced plant growth and Cd accumulation in response to chitosan and K6 addition. Additionally, the contents of various organic acids, amino acids, lipids, and other metabolites exhibited significant changes under different additive treatments, suggesting that ryegrass can regulate its own metabolites to resist Cd stress. This study provides valuable insights into the effects of additives on phytoextraction efficiency and the soil bacterial community, offering a promising approach for phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soils.

Water-soluble chitosan polymer for enhanced oil recovery in the carbonate reservoir

Numerous surfactants, nanoparticles and polymers have been developed and utilized for enhanced oil recovery applications, irrespective of their environmental impact. Most of these oilfield chemicals were prepared through multi-steps from fossil-based starting materials using hazardous solvents. However, there is a desire to advance eco-friendly and sustainable materials to reduce CO2 emissions and enhance the sustainability of oil production. Herein, we propose the development of chitosan salt, a solely green polymer, prepared in water in the presence of acetic acid (0.1% v/v). The resulting water-soluble polymer demonstrated excellent stability under reservoir conditions and was tested for enhanced oil recovery in the carbonate reservoir. The oil-wet rock wettability was significantly reduced after using chitosan salt solution. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments were used to show the oil displacement at different pores regions using relaxation time (T2 distribution). Imbibition and coreflooding experiments showed that the chitosan salt is able to increase the enhanced oil recovery by extra 16.2% which surpass the recovery obtained from commercial surfactants such as α-olefin sulfonate (AOS) and cetrimonium bromide (CTAB). This study shows that green materials are promising candidates for oil recovery and upstream applications.

Fluorescent Water-Soluble Polycationic Chitosan Polymers as Markers for Biological 3D Imaging.

Over the last decades, various tissue-clearing techniques have broken the ground for the optical imaging of whole organs and whole-organisms, providing complete representative data sets of three-dimensional biological structures. Along with advancements in this field, the development of fluorescent markers for staining vessels and capillaries has offered insights into the complexity of vascular networks and their impact on disease progression. Here we describe the use of a modified water-soluble chitosan linked to cyanine dyes in combination with ethyl cinnamate-based optical tissue clearing for the 3D visualization of tissue vasculature in depth. The water-soluble fluorescent Chitosans have proven to be an optimal candidate for labeling both vessels and capillaries ex vivo thanks to their increased water solubility, high photostability, and optical properties in the near-infrared window. In addition, the nontoxicity of these markers broadens their applicability to in vitro and in vivo biological applications. Despite the availability of other fluorescent molecules for vascular staining, the present study, for the first time, demonstrates the potential of fluorescent chitosans to depict vessels at the capillary level and opens avenues for advancing the diagnostic field by reducing the complexity and costs of the currently available procedures.

The Effect of Various Water-soluble Chitosan Concentrations on Physical Properties and Antibiofilm Ability of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate

The Effect of Various Water-soluble Chitosan Concentrations on Physical Properties and Antibiofilm Ability of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate

Chitosan-azo dye bioplastics that are reversibly resoluble and recoverable under visible light irradiation.

Biopolymer composite materials were prepared by combining bio-sourced cationic water-soluble chitosan with bi-functional water-soluble anionic azo food dyes amaranth (AMA) or allura red (ALR) as ionic cross-linkers, mixing well in water, and then slow-drying in air. The electrostatically-assembled ionically-paired films showed good long-term stability to dissolution, with no re-solubility in water, and competitive mechanical properties as plastic materials. However, upon exposure of the bioplastics to low power light at sunlight wavelengths and intensities stirring in water, the stable materials photo-disassembled back to their water-soluble and low-toxicity (edible) constituent components, via structural photo-isomerization of the azo ionic crosslinkers. XRD, UV-vis, and IR spectroscopy confirmed that these assemblies are reversibly recoverable and so can in principle represent fully recyclable, environmentally degradable materials triggered by exposure to sunlight and water after use, with full recovery of starting components ready for re-use. A density functional theory treatment of the amaranth azo dye identified a tautomeric equilibrium favouring the hydrazone form and rationalized geometrical isomerization as a mechanism for photo-disassembly. The proof-of-principle suitability of films of these biomaterial composites as food industry packaging was assessed via measurement of mechanical, water and vapour barrier properties, and stability to solvent tests. Tensile strength of the composite materials was found to be 25-30 MPa, with elongation at break 3-5%, in a range acceptable as competitive for some applications to replace oil-based permanently insoluble non-recyclable artificial plastics, as fully recyclable, recoverable, and reusable low-toxicity green biomaterials in natural environmental conditions.

Physical, antibacterial, blood coagulation, and healing promotion evaluations of chitosan derivative-based composite films

Chitosan is a potentially suitable material for wound dressing, but is undesirably water-insoluble. Although chitosan can be modified to produce water-soluble derivatives, the best chitosan derivative for wound dressings remains unclear. The present study introduced three water-soluble chitosan derivatives, namely, carboxymethyl chitosan, quaternized chitosan (QCS), and carboxymethyl quaternized chitosan, and explored the physical properties, biochemical properties, and wound care effectiveness of films of these derivatives. The QCS-based film exhibited higher absorption ability, mechanical properties, water-vapor permeability, electroconductivity, and antioxidant capacity than the other films. Most importantly, the cationic quaternary ammonium groups facilitated the antibacterial activity (>95 %) and blood coagulant capacity of the QCS-based film. As this film also promoted wound healing, it presented as an ideal candidate for wound dressings.

Hydrogels comprising oxidized carboxymethyl cellulose and water-soluble chitosan at varied oxidation levels: Synthesis, characterization, and adsorptive toward methylene blue

Chitosan, as a biomaterial, has increasingly garnered attention. However, its limited solubility in water—only dissolving in certain dilute acidic solutions—substantially restricts its broader application. In this investigation, chitosan underwent a solubilization modification to acquire water solubility, facilitating its dissolution in neutral aqueous mediums. Subsequently, this water-soluble chitosan (WSC) was interlinked with oxidized carboxymethyl cellulose (OCMC), characterized by varied oxidation extents, to synthesize hydrogels. Structural characterization verified the formation of imine bonds resulting from crosslinking interactions between the amino groups of water-soluble chitosan and the aldehyde groups of oxidized carboxymethyl cellulose. Employing performance characterization analysis, it was discerned that an increase in the oxidation level of the oxidized carboxymethyl cellulose corresponded to a denser hydrogel network architecture and the hardness increased from 3.01 N to 6.16 N. Moreover, the capacity of these hydrogels to adsorb methylene blue was meticulously examined. Notably, the hydrogel denoted as WSC/66%OCMC manifested an adsorption capability of 28.08 mg/g for methylene blue. Analytical findings from adsorption kinetics and isotherm studies indicate that the adsorption mechanism of the WSC/66%OCMC hydrogel follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and corresponds to the Freundlich isotherm model.

Optimization of Interfacial Properties Improved the Stability and Activity of the Catalase Enzyme Immobilized on Plastic Nanobeads.

The immobilization of catalase (CAT), a crucial oxidoreductase enzyme involved in quenching reactive oxygen species, on colloids and nanoparticles presents a promising strategy to improve dispersion and storage stability while maintaining its activity. Here, the immobilization of CAT onto polymeric nanoparticles (positively (AL) or negatively (SL) charged) was implemented directly (AL) or via surface functionalization (SL) with water-soluble chitosan derivatives (glycol chitosan (GC) and methyl glycol chitosan (MGC)). The interfacial properties were optimized to obtain highly stable AL-CAT, SL-GC-CAT, and SL-MGC-CAT dispersions, and confocal microscopy confirmed the presence of CAT in the composites. Assessment of hydrogen peroxide decomposition ability revealed that applying chitosan derivatives in the immobilization process not only enhanced colloidal stability but also augmented the activity and reusability of CAT. In particular, the use of MGC has led to significant advances, indicating its potential for industrial and biomedical applications. Overall, the findings highlight the advantages of using chitosan derivatives in CAT immobilization processes to maintain the stability and activity of the enzyme as well as provide important data for the development of processable enzyme-based nanoparticle systems to combat reactive oxygen species.

Efficient preparation of cellulose nanocrystals and regulation of cholesteric liquid crystals for advanced anti‐counterfeiting

AbstractCellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) can self‐assemble to form cholesteric liquid crystal, which make it one of the most promising optical materials at present. CNCs can be produced by sulfuric acid hydrolysis. It is found that hydrolysis conditions influence the existing form of reaction components and their reaction activities, which leads to different reaction routes and mechanisms under varied reaction conditions, with CNCs of varied quality produced. High‐quality CNC with more uniform particle size could be prepared at a critical acid concentration of 64 wt%, which was used to study the formation process of CNC liquid crystal and the structure regulation of cholesteric liquid crystal. By adjusting the drying temperature and adding a small molecule of water‐soluble chitosan (WSC) can well regulate cholesteric liquid crystal and change the pitch of a film, and the reflection wavelength can be redshifted, thus enriching texture patterns and creating distinctive color. Suitable addition of WSC can enhance the multi‐domain effect during liquid crystal formation process and finally creates more colorful film with fine texture. The rich and tunable liquid crystal characteristics endowed by WSC addition is irreplicable and artistic, which helps to realize the great potential application of the composite film in advanced anti‐counterfeiting.

An Evaluation of the Corrosion Inhibition Performance of Chitosan Modified by Quaternary Ammonium Salt for Carbon Steel in Stone Processing Wastewater.

Chitosan was used as the raw material. A quaternization reaction was carried out between 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride and water-soluble chitosan to prepare quaternary ammonium salt water-soluble chitosan (QWSC), and its corrosion inhibition performance against the corrosion of carbon steel in stone processing wastewater was evaluated. The corrosion inhibition efficiencies of QWSC on carbon steel in stone processing wastewater were investigated through weight loss, as well as electrochemical and surface morphology characterization techniques. The results show that QWSC has superior corrosion inhibition performance for A3 carbon steel. When an amount of 60 mL·L-1 is added, the corrosion inhibition efficiency can reach 59.51%. Electrochemical research has shown that a QWSC inhibitor is a mixed-type corrosion inhibitor. The inhibition mechanisms of the QWSC inhibitor revealed that the positive charge on the surface of carbon steel in stone wastewater was conducive to the adsorption of Cl- in the medium, which produced an excessive negative charge on the metal's surface. At the same time, the quaternary ammonium cation and amino cation formed in QWSC in stone processing wastewater can be physically absorbed on the surface of A3 carbon steel, forming a thin-film inhibitor to prevent metal corrosion.