Waterproof Clothing Research Articles

A Device for Characterizing Water Vapor Permeability of Polymer Membranes

The ability of polymer membranes to transport moisture vapor plays a major role in the applications of waterproof breathable clothing materials. There is a couple of test methods available for measuring water vapor permeability of polymer membranes or laminated fabrics. They are either time-consuming or require large samples. A new test device was developed for determining the water vapor permeability of polymer membranes. It utilizes PTFE film and potassium acetate to generate a moisture permeation cup. Saturated nitrogen gas was used to yield a water vapor source. This test method offers short test time and calls for small sample size. The test results from the new method correlated well with those obtained from the ASTM E96-BW method. The subsequent measurements indicated that the water vapor diffusion resistance of one layer of microporous PTFE membrane was approximately 4.4 s/m and that the moisture vapor transport behavior of the PTFE membrane did not change as a function of water content in the membrane.

Editorial: The Importance of Being Nano

Editorial: The Importance of Being Nano

A Pedagogy Of Production: Craft, Technology And Outdoor Education

Abstract In this paper I discuss issues concerning pedagogical practice and inquiry in Outdoor Education raised by recognition that the human body inhabits a 'technological lifeworld'. The intent is to challenge certain assumptions regarding interpretations of 'experience', the 'environment' and 'the body' in Outdoor Education practice. The theory and practice of Outdoor Education recognises that knowing becomes embodied through action. This process is often aided by pre-action focussing and post-action reflection. I argue that the stated educational goals of many Outdoor Education programs are made vulnerable due to the 'hidden work' of technologies encountered and inattention to the significance of technology in experience. The approach employed in this paper is to relate a brief overview of philosophical inquiry into technology and the body to the discussion of two exhibits (a spoon and a three-legged stool), both objects crafted by secondary school students as a part of their outdoor and environmental education. I conclude that human and environmental well being cannot be separated in the 'technological lifeworld' that humans are destined to inhabit, and that Outdoor Education must sustain a broad range of technologically mediated experiences of the environment through, with and in the body. Cormock's Predicament In his book Arctic Dreams: Imagination and desire in a northern landscape (1987), Barry Lopez writes of the influence of the arctic landscape on both the indigenous and. the European imagination. Of particular interest are the accounts of technological approaches the different cultures developed in response to arctic existence. He contrasts the long term occupation of the indigenous peoples with the short term exploratory and expeditionary experience of the Europeans. I was particularly struck by the story of the indigenous Comock and his family from. Quebec's Ungava Peninsula region who, facing starvation in 1902, set off across the sea ice for a distant island in the search of food. One night during their journey the sea ice opened beneath their camp and they lost nearly all of their possessions - hunting tools, knives, stone lamp for melting water, food and extra clothing. With only their sled, a few dogs, a snow block cutting knife for making shelter and flint stones for creating a spark, their situation was perilous. Lopez (1987, pp. 197-198) continues: They ate their dogs. The dogs they kept ate the other dogs, which were killed for them. Comock got his family to the island. He fashioned, from inappropriate materials, new hunting weapons. He created shelter and warmth. He hunted successfully. He reconstructed his entire material culture, almost from scratch, by improvising and, where necessary, inventing. He survived. His family survived. His dogs survived and multiplied. On the surface this seems to be a relatively straight forward story of human ingenuity, adaptation and survival. Yet deeper questions emerge aie moment we consider that technology has more than just utility value. Despite the patriarchal tone adopted by Lopez (as surely all family members played a crucial role) it reads as a remarkable story about the seemingly inseparable organic/technological basis of their culture. We might guess at the functionalism of some of their objects - the use of seal intestine as waterproof clothing, the selection of caribou cow skins in the late-Fall when their condition was most suitable for certain items of clothing, or the multitude of uses of carved ivory and wood as tent line tensioners, needles and so on, and of whalebone ribs as tent frames. All that they gathered, transformed and used occurred in their 'near to hand' environment. For these people technology, culture and land were as one. The culmination of the story of Comock and his family is equally thought provoking. For several years on the island they collected rare pieces of driftwood and bone and saved bearded-seal skins. …

Aleutian Island prehistory: Living in insular extremes

Peoples of the Aleutian Islands lived under a number of stressful environmental constraints, including extreme isolation, volcanic eruptions, seismic activity (including tsunamis), frequent storms, rough seas, gale‐force winds, frequent fog and precipitation, and an exclusive marine diet. Nevertheless, the Aleutian Islands supported a large maritime population during late prehistoric times. Cultural adaptations to these conditions included the use of relatively large coastal settlements, semisubterranean houses, tailored warm and waterproof clothing, sophisticated skin boats for hunting, fishing, and traveling, broad species utilization of food and raw materials, food storage, fuel for heating and cooking, and refuge rocks or islets for protection against raids.

The aquatic vegetation restoration and its structure improvement and water quality dynamics in the controlled ecosystem in East Lake (Wuhan)

于1993-1995年对武汉东湖的布围和网围受控生态系统中的植被恢复、结构优化及水质进行了初步研究,结果表明:在受控生态系统中,水生维管束植物生物量明显增加,控制养殖规模是恢复水生植被的前提,自然恢复的水生植被,结构较简单,通过选种优良植物,可优化植被结构,加速植被恢复进程;恢复水生植被时.应以沉水植物为主体;生长良好的水生维管束植物能使水中N、P浓度明显降低,浮游植物生物量减小;莲、芦苇、苦草、狐尾藻和金鱼藻适应性较强,可作为重建水生植被的物种.;In order to restore damaged lake aquatic vegetation, a research was carried out on the aquatic vegetation restoration and its structure improvement and water quality in the controlled ecosystems which were made of waterproof cloth and nylon net in Kasi Lake (Wuhan). The results show that in the controlled ecosystems. the biomass of aquintic vascular plants increased obviously. the floating plants settled down easily. To limit fish culture was the primary way to restore aquatic vegetation. The aquatic vegetation restored naturally was simple in structure. By choosing fine plant species and having them planted scientifically. the aquatic vegetation can be restored faster, and its structure improved. Submerged plants would be the main aquatic species in restoration vegetation. The well grown aquatic vascular plants can decrease N, P concentrations in water body and phytoplankton biomass. The Nelumbo nucifeia, Phragmites coifunmiis, Vallisneria spiralis, Myriophylhun spicatum and Ceratophyllum demersum are qualified for adaptability, and can be selected as the species to rebuild the aquatic vegetation in East Lake (Wuhan).

Practical design of an airship

Airships have great potential for transportation, detection, tourism, and advertisement. This article presents the results of a practical design of an airship. A wood model of the air bag is tested in the wind tunnel and the coefficient of air resistance is determined. A waterproof cloth and the effect of the load on the adhesive tape used to connect the air bag, the gondola, and the tail part are tested. The resistant forces, the centroid of components, and the required power of the airship are determined. With the technical and weight consideration, the conceptual design of the airship has been developed. Thereafter, the prototype of the airship is fabricated.

On the Non-Sweaty Waterproof Cloth

On the Non-Sweaty Waterproof Cloth

The Eureka

In view of the attention now being paid to translation machines, it is of interest to recall a composition machine which was made over a hundred years ago and is still functioning. When wound up and set in motion this remarkable machine is capable of producing over 26,000,000 different Latin hexameters. With rare exceptions each line scans and makes sense. Typical lines are:MARTIA CASTRA FORIS PRÆNARRANT PROELIA MULTAPESSIMA REGNA DOMI PRODUCUNT VULNERA MIRATURPIA TEMPLA FERE PROMITTUNT JURGIA DENSAThe inventor (Fig. 1) was an eccentric genius named John Clark, who was born at Greinton in Somerset in 1785. After leaving school he lived for a time with his uncle at Glastonbury until about 1809, when he settled in Bridgwater. At first he was a grocer, and then about 1817 he became a printer. In his spare time he invented a pneumatic mattress and also patented a water-proof cloth. To his great financial loss he later sold this patent to a certain Mr. Mackintosh, who developed the Mackintosh raincoat and made a fortune. His own fortune (such as it was) came from his Hexameter Machine.

PRODUCTS AND PROCESSES: PROVIDING INDUSTRY WITH THE MEANS TO COMBAT CORROSION

New Waterproof Tape. The manufacturers of Permacel pressure‐sensitive tapes have succeeded in combining strong cotton cloth with a revolutionary water‐proof backing material. This has enabled them to produce a complete new waterproof cloth tape.

The Tung Region of China

C I(HINESE tung oil, also called 'Chinese wood in commerce, is obtained from seeds of trees of the Euphoribiaceae family. In China there are two principal species, namely, Aleurites fordii Hemsl. and A. montana Wils. Trees belonging to the former species grow abundantly in most parts of China. They are a fast growing tree, about twenty feet in height, with a strong trunk and many flat-topped branches covered with foliage and flowers. They usually come into their first flowering and bear little fruits during the third to fifth year after planting, yield a variable production thereafter according to age, and decline rapidly after twenty-five years. In the middle of September each year, fruits are collected from a fully matured tree; in each fruit there are three to five seeds with a hard shell and oleaginous kernel. The seed when dried contains 36 per cent oil, but the practical yield of oil by the primitive method used in rural areas amounts to only 24 to 31 per cent. This method consists of the following steps: seeds are roasted, ground into powder, the powder is put in a hollowed-out log, and pressure is applied with wedges on a movable partition. In this way the tung oil is expressed. A second pressing of the residue is generally made, from which a low-grade oil is obtained which is usually mixed with that of the first extraction. Almost all Chinese tung oils are so obtained, although the modern hydraulic press is also utilized in a few tung oil producing centers. No complaints of poor quality have been heard since the Chinese government set up the Bureau for Testing and Inspection of Commercial Commodities to prevent tung oil from being adulterated with other lower priced oils. This oil is a thickand at low temperatures, semi-solid substance, pale yellow to dark brown in color, possessing a somewhat unpleasant taste and strong characteristic odor. Since it consists chiefly of the glycerides of elaesteric, lenolic, and oleic acids, it possesses even more strongly pronounced drying power than linseed oil, forms a skin more rapidly than the latter, and therefore constitutes one of the vital materials for manufacturing industries. In China the oil is used in preserving, polishing, and water-proofing wood, in making water-proof cloth, umbrella paper, and water-proofing bamboo netting, and as an ingredient of lacquer and paint. It is also used as lamp oil, and in the treatment of boils, ulcers, swellings, and burns. The cake obtained as a by-product in the preparation of tung oil is used as fertilizer or in the manufacture of lampblack. In foreign countries tung oil is widely used as a substitute for linseed oil, mainly in the manufacture of paint, varnish, enamel, oilcloth, linoleum, printing ink, electric insulating material, etc. It is also regarded as an effective insecticide capable of destroying insects which infest the roots of certain crops. From the standpoint of world production China has much to boast of, claiming more than 95 per cent. She is the world's largest tung oil exporter. The volume of exportation showed an

The T-50 Test for State of Cure

Abstract In tires, machine supports, conveyor bells, hose, waterproof clothing and footwear, and other rubber articles, the state of vulcanization of the rubber in the rubber compound is important for best results in service. A simple, rapid, and accurate physical test for state of cure is described, which is independent of the composition of the rubber compound. The test depends upon the observation that for a specific rubber compound the greater the state of cure the lower is the temperature at which chilled stretched rubber will spontaneously retract.

Waterproof clothing

Waterproof clothing

Waterproof clothing

Waterproof clothing