Watermelon Crops Research Articles

The First recording of Gummy Stem Blight Disease Caused by Didymella bryoniae(Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum ) on Watermelon Crop in Iraq

The First recording of Gummy Stem Blight Disease Caused by Didymella bryoniae(Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum ) on Watermelon Crop in Iraq

Dose-Response Effect of Exogenous Enzymes Treatment of Tomato and Watermelon Crop Byproducts on In vitro Nutrient Degradability and Rumen Fermentation Kinetics

Dose-Response Effect of Exogenous Enzymes Treatment of Tomato and Watermelon Crop Byproducts on In vitro Nutrient Degradability and Rumen Fermentation Kinetics

Herbicides act as restrictive factors in rice-watermelon rotation

Paddy-upland rotation, as a popular cultivation mode in many Asian countries, could largely increase land use efficiency and its productivity. In recent years, watermelon production is badly impaired by unknown factors that result in watermelon malformed roots in rice-watermelon rotation area. In this study, we examined the effects of several herbicides, which are often used for the weed control in rice season, on the growth of succeeding culture of watermelon. The effects of four different herbicides (penoxsulam, bensulfuron-methyl, chylapof-butyl and fhiroxypyr) with different concentrations at 1, 10, and 100 ppb, were investigated on three cucurbitaceae crops of watermelon, squash, and bottle gourd. All species were severely affected in plant growth by penoxsulam and bensulfuron-methyl herbicides at as low as 10 ppb after one week, whereas there was no obvious toxic effect of chylapof-butyl and fhiroxypyr treatments on plant growth even after two weeks. Among the three cucurbitaceae crops, watermelon showed the highest sensitivity to herbicide exposure, and the root tip ultrastructure micrograph further conformed the sensitivity of watermelon to herbicides. Moreover, the expression of auxin and cytokinin response factors suggested that plant hormones, auxin and cytokinin, play important roles in root growth and development under herbicide stress. In conclusion, we postulated that the residues of herbicides from application in rice production is one of the major barriers for successful production of watermelon crop. The present study provides new insights for avoiding the detrimental effects of herbicide residues in soil and improving watermelon production in sustainable rice-watermelon rotation cultivation mode.

Geostatistical Assessment of Frankliniella schultzei (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Spatial Distribution in Commercial Watermelon Crops.

Spatial distribution studies of insect pests make it possible to determine their colonization and dispersal patterns. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. et Nakai) is among the most frequently consumed fruits in the world, and the common blossom thrips, Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is one of the most important insect pests of this plant. The objective of this study was to determine the spatial distribution of F. schultzei in commercial watermelon crops using geostatistics. The studied F. schultzei populations presented an aggregated distribution. The colonization of thrips began at the borders of the crops, especially in the areas located in the opposite direction to that of the prevailing winds. The highest densities of thrips occurred in crops that had cucurbits in the surrounding areas. When monitoring for F. schultzei populations, greater attention should be given to sampling that part of the crop located in the opposite direction to that of the prevailing winds because this is where colonization begins. Even at low densities, the aggregation points of thrips in the crop should be located and controlled so that they do not cause damage. In sampling programs for F. schultzei, samples should be taken at distances greater than 9 m apart because this is the distance up to which densities of this species show spatial dependence. Planting watermelon crops close to other cucurbits should be avoided, as these alternate hosts may act as a source of infestation by this pest.

Influences of plant density and fruit thinning on watermelon hybrid production cultivated in different seasons

ABSTRACT Brazilian watermelon productivity is not efficient when compared to the largest producer countries, due to abiotic and biotic factors. Some of the difficulties are because of a small number of studies on this crop in Brazil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of plant density and fruit thinning on two commercial watermelon hybrids (Talisman and Youlie), using trials which were carried out in two different seasons (April - July and August - November). The experiment was conducted in Uberlândia-MG and consisted of two managements of fruit position (A-basal and B-distal) and four plant densities (3,000, 4,000, 5,000 and 6,000 plants/ha). In season 1, the distal management was the most productive in relation to all cultivation densities. The distal management shows higher productivity in both hybrids, with greater increase in mass, productivity and 0Brix content in hybrid Talisman, however with lower density, firmness and internal cavity compared to hybrid Youlie. Weather conditions determined the influence of fruit management on watermelon crop. Cultivation during the hottest period and with a better water supply (season 2), basal management (A) showed a performance similar to the distal management. At this time, hybrid Talisman surpassed hybrid Youlie concerning productivity, average mass, fruit density, firmness and internal cavity. In both seasons, higher densities are related to higher productivities. Hybrid Talisman showed higher productivity in cultivation from April to July (season 1) under distal fruit management.

Relationships between Rootstock-Scion Combinations and Growing Regions on Watermelon Fruit Quality

Grafting of vegetable plants is done primarily to reduce the potential for damage caused by soil-borne diseases. Most of the watermelons (Citrullus) grown in the Mediterranean Basin, including in Israel, are grafted, mainly on interspecific hybrid pumpkin (Cucurbita) rootstocks. Biblical law (Leviticus 19:19) does not allow intergeneric grafting, so in recent years, great efforts have been made in Israel to find or breed watermelon rootstocks. Both interspecific and intergeneric grafting can have negative or positive effects on fruit yield and quality after harvest. The inconsistencies in fruit quality and shelf-life parameters can be attributed to differences in production environments. However, many farmers are grafting and planting the same rootstock-scion combination all over the country, regardless of local soil, water, and climactic conditions. We studied the effect of similar rootstock-scion combinations on watermelon yield and fruit quality in three regions of Israel differing in soil type and altitude. Fruit-quality parameters were evaluated after 4 days at 21 °C (local marketing simulation). Fruit quality was significantly affected, mainly by the growing region, based on factorial analysis, but also by rootstock-scion combination, regardless of rootstock vigor. Therefore, the best rootstock-scion combination needs to be found and adopted for each growing region. Grafting was essential for watermelon crop survival in contaminated soils and improved both plant performance and postharvest fruit quality, but was not a factor in non-contaminated soils.

Estudio preliminar del fertirriego en el cultivo de la sandía (Citrullus lanatus, thumb) en Tolimán, Jalisco

El cultivo de la sandía (Citrullus lanatus, thumb) es de los que más requiere del factor hídrico, por lo que la implementación de una adecuada nutrición, aunado al uso eficiente del agua, puede ser una buena alternativa de manejo para los productores de este fruto en la región de Tolimán, Jalisco, y en otras regiones del país. Se realizaron muestreos de suelo y de agua para determinar su calidad para riego, así como del estado nutrimental del cultivo de la sandía mediante las metodologías del índice de balance de Kenworthy (IBK) y la desviación del óptimo porcentual (DOP). Los resultados muestran que el IBK es útil para los casos de muestras pequeñas y en estudios a nivel local (por valles y/o municipios). Asimismo, este estudio preliminar sugiere que el número de observaciones sea cuando menos de 48, porque así se tendrán tres rangos nutrimentales: alto, medio y bajo. Bajo este esquema se repartirían las observaciones en una población normal: 48 / 3 = 16 observaciones por rango, lo que es suficiente para determinar los valores reales, sin tener que hacer uso de la desviación estándar.

Vegetative Development and Productivity of the Watermelon under Different Irrigation Depths in the Northwest Region of Espírito Santo

Brazil is one of the main producers of watermelon crops (Citrullus lanatus), which present great water requirement and offer in their irrigated cultivation, when well managed, the possibility of productive gains and fruit quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the productivity and the vegetative development of the plant and the watermelon fruits of the ‘Top Gun’ cultivar submitted to different irrigation depths in the Northwestern region of Espírito Santo. The experiment was carried out in the horticulture sector of the Federal Institute of Espírito Santo-Campus Itapina, from September 30, 2017 to December 15, 2017. A completely randomized design was used consisting of six treatments corresponding to 50%, 75%, 100%, 125%, 150% and 175% of the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) calculated daily, with four repetitions of each treatment. The length of the branches of all the selected plants and the longitudinal and transverse lengths of their fruits were evaluated weekly. In the last analysis, the fruit weight was also collected and the productivity was estimated. Development and differentiated production responses were verified with the different depths applied. Water replacements corresponding to the 125% ETo leaf gave the best vegetative and productive development of the watermelon ‘Top Gun’ cultivar, cultivated in the northwestern region of Espírito Santo.

Factors Affecting Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Population Densities in Watermelon Crops

Watermelon, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai (Cucurbitales: Cucurbitaceae), is one the 5 most-consumed fresh fruits in the world. The thrips Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is an important pest of watermelon crops in tropical regions. Among the principal factors that regulate pest populations in crops are phenological stage of the host plant, weather and climate, and natural enemies. Thus, knowledge of such factors may allow the prediction of the risk of pest damage to such crops. The objective of this study was to identify factors that drive F. schultzei population densities in watermelon crops. During 2014 and 2015, we evaluated the effect of abiotic (weather) and biotic (phenological stage of leaves, and occurrence of natural enemies) factors on F. schultzei population densities on watermelon commercial crops. Frankliniella schultzei densities were higher in dry periods with more intense winds. Insect pest density was higher on younger leaves of plants in the vegetative stage. Frankliniella schultzei preferred to attack younger leaves of the plant located at the apex of the branches. The results obtained in this work suggest that the population growth of F. schultzei in watermelon crops is higher in periods of low rainfall. The population densities of F. schultzei depend on the phenological stage of plants, weather, and populations of natural enemies. Farmers should seek to preserve the populations of Chrysoperla sp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), which are an important natural enemy of F. schultzei.

Insights into the maternal pathway for Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus infection of cucurbit seeds.

Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), genus Tobamovirus, is a major pathogen of cucurbits that primarily affects cucumber, melon, and watermelon crops. The aim of this study was to reveal the contribution of CGMMV-infected female flowers to disease spread. Using a fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) technique, we show that ovaries and ovules of CGMMV-infected cucumber and melon plants showed a CGMMV-specific fluorescence signal prior to and following anthesis. The fluorescence signal was prominent but sporadic. Ripe fruits of infected melon plants showed strong signals in the funiculus, the seed stalk, which connects the developing seed to the interior ovary wall. Importantly, in seeds, a strong fluorescence signal was observed in the perisperm-endosperm (PE) envelope, which underlies the seed coat and surrounds the embryo. Interestingly, the fluorescence signal was not uniformly distributed in the PE envelope but was localized to a specific envelope layer. These results have important epidemiological implications for CGMMV management and commercial seed production, particularly regarding the improvement of seed disinfection methods that will contribute to limit the global distribution of the virus.

Clothianidin residues in green bean, pepper and watermelon crops and dietary exposure evaluation based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and LC–MS/MS

We developed an analytical method for quantifying clothianidin residues in green bean, pepper and watermelon crops using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; this method was more rapid, sensitive and simple than QuEChERS sample preparation. Method validation indicated that the recovery for clothianidin was 80.8–93.1%, intra-day and inter-day repeatability ranged from 3.32 to 6.11% and 7.77 to 14.74%, respectively, limits of detection ranged from 0.64 to 0.74 µg/kg, and limits of quantification were 2.13–2.47 µg/kg. Matrix-matched calibration was used to compensate for matrix effects. Following application of the recommended dose in field trials, clothianidin dissipation followed first-order kinetics with half-lives of 1.9, 2.07, and 1.87 days in green bean, pepper, and watermelon crops; respective waiting periods of 5.76, 6.18, and 7.87 days after application are suggested for safe consumption. This study indicates the application of clothianidin presents no significant health risk to Egyptian consumers.

Prevalent weeds collected from cucurbit fields in Northeastern Brazil reveal new species diversity in the genus Monosporascus

Fungal species belonging to the ascomycete genus Monosporascus have no known asexual morph and the ascocarp is a globose perithecium where asci develop, containing from 1 to 6 spherical ascospores, depending on the species. Monosporascus cannonballus is the most well‐known species of the genus, and an important root pathogen associated with the vine decline of melon and watermelon crops worldwide. The aim of the present study was to characterise a collection of 35 Monosporascus‐like isolates recovered from roots of two weed species prevalent in cucurbit growing fields in Northeastern Brazil: Boerhavia diffusa and Trianthema portulacastrum. These isolates were identified based on DNA sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer regions (ITS) of the nuclear rDNA, part of the translation elongation factor gene (tef‐1α), part of the β‐tubulin gene (tub), part of the nuclear small subunit (SSU) rDNA and part of the large subunit (LSU) rDNA. Five Monosporascus species, namely Monosporascus brasiliensis, Monosporascus caatinguensis, Monosporascus mossoroensis, Monosporascus nordestinus and Monosporascus semiaridus, are newly described. Monosporascus brasiliensis, M. nordestinus and M. semiaridus were isolated from both weed species, while M. caatinguensis only from T. portulacastrum and M. mossoroensis only from B. diffusa. The present study confirms that Monosporascus spp. can colonise roots of very diverse hosts, even without causing noticeable disease symptoms, and reveals that the diversity of species in the genus Monosporascus is potentially greater than previously expected.

Diffuse irrigation systems for the production of watermelon in the Sabanas subregion, Sucre – Colombia

In the present study, the relationships between the application of a diffuse tool applied to irrigation systems in watermelon crops are explored, as well as modeling and simulation as a tool applied to the same crop. Both tools were worked through Matlab® software, control cards with sensors and meteorological stations, where the data related to the climatic conditions of the Study Region were taken and measured. It is concluded that the simulated and applied system is economically viable as an alternative for the increase of production in small, medium and large farmers of Watermelon, in the Sabanas Region of the Department of Sucre. In addition, the system is technically stable from the point of view of Control Theory with an error ratio of less than 1.5%, demonstrating good levels of liquid optimization and energy consumption.

Economic injury levels and sequential sampling plans for control decision-making systems of Bemisia tabaci biotype B adults in watermelon crops.

Decision-making systems are essential parts of integrated pest management programs. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a major pest of many crops, including watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), the second most consumed fruit worldwide. However, there are still no studies on decision-making systems for B. tabaci on this crop. Thus, we aim to determine a decision-making system to control B. tabaci biotype B on watermelon crops. The highest densities of B. tabaci biotype B reduced the yield of watermelon crops by up to 56%. Watermelon plants were more susceptible to the pest at the vegetative stage than at the reproductive stage. The economic injury levels of B. tabaci biotype B when watermelon prices were low, average, and high were respectively, 0.52, 0.21 and 0.13 adults leaf-1 at the vegetative stage, and 1.69, 0.69 and 0.44 adults leaf-1 at the reproductive stage. The sequential plans reached the same decisions as the conventional plan, and reduced the time and cost of sampling by up to 92.68%. The decision-making systems determined in this study enable an expedited and proper decision to be made for controlling B. tabaci, biotype B and can be used in different price situations for watermelon and in crops at different phenological stages. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Keanekaragaman Serangga pada Tanaman Semangka (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Mansf.)

The aims of this reseach was to determine the diversity, abundance of insects on watermelon based on ecological function .The method used in this research was survey with a random sampling techniques on watermelon plants. Insect observations conducted in three phases, ie before flowering, during flowering and during fruiting. The results showed the insects were obtained consisting of five orders, ie Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera. The role of each order is fitofag / herbivores are dominated by the family of the order Orthoptera and Coleoptera. Most families from the order Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera act as predators. Insects that act as pollinators dominated by the family of the order Hymenoptera and Diptera. The Order Hemiptera act as pests. Insect abundance in watermelon crop was highest in fruiting phases ie 1103 individuals (50.61%). While the abundance in the phase prior to flowering and during flowering phase successively obtained the total of 132 individuals (10.62%) and 727 individuals (38.77%) respectivelly. Shannon-Wiener Diversity index (H'), Evenness index (E) of insects in the phase before flowering H '= 1.642, E = 0.3691, in the current phase of flowering H' = 2.231, E = 0, 5474, and the fruiting phase H '= 2.613, E = 0.7575. Based on the ecosystem function the highest diversity was insect pest (H' = 1,56, E 0,6799), following by insect pollinators (H' = 1,44, E 0,8489), and the lowest was predator (H' = 1,235, E 0,8598), (In watermelon farming, insect community was dominated by pest, escpesially during fruiting phase.

Presence of organochlorine pesticides and characterization of biomarkers in wild mice living in crop fields

The use of pesticides in crops bordering conservation areas poses risks for wildlife incidentally exposed; its effects in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, are still unknown. Wild mice that inhabit farming land play a key ecological role, and can also be used as bioindicators of wildlife exposure to pollutants. The objectives of this work were to determine the presence of organochlorine pesticides (OC) in liver and evaluate the seasonal response of enzymatic biomarkers (BM) such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and catalase (CAT). Wild mice (Mus musculus) were captured between June 2015 and April 2016 in a watermelon crop of a rural community in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Individual mice were sacrificed in situ, followed by tissue dissection (liver, brain and skeletal muscle). Pesticides were determined by gas chromatography; BM activity was estimated by spectrophotometry. We captured 35 individuals, with a capture success of 2.33%. The prevailing OCs detected were drines in both climatic seasons. The rainy season influenced the activity of biomarkers to a greater extent, since AChE showed a lower activity (16 % and 40 % in brain and liver, respectively). GST was activated during the same season (77 % higher), while CAT did not show significant differences between seasons. There was no significant correlation between OC concentrations and biomarker activity, except for drines and AChE in the brain. OC concentrations recorded in the present work are below (2- and 20-fold lower) those reported in other works on rodents under controlled conditions. BM activity suggests that rainfall seem to exacerbate the effects of pesticides on mice; however, it seemingly does not pose a risk for their survival. The use of wild mice as bioindicators is a valuable and practical tool to detect disturbances derived from the use of pesticides in agricultural areas. Further research is recommended using a broader BM battery to identify those pollutants with the most severe effect on the physiology of wild animals incidentally exposed to pesticides.

Efficacy of using DNA barcoding to identify parasitoid wasps of the melon-cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii) in watermelon cropping system

Parasitoid wasps have received a great deal of attention in the biological control of melon-cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover). The species of parasitoids are often difficult to identify because of their small body size and profound diversity. DNA barcoding offers scientists who are not expert taxonomists a powerful tool to render their field studies more accurate. Using DNA barcodes to identify aphid parasitoid wasps in specific cropping systems may provide valuable information for biological control. Here, we report the use of DNA barcoding to confirm the morphological identification of 14 species (belonging to 13 genera of 7 families) of parasitoid wasps from two-year field samples in a watermelon cropping system. We generated DNA sequences from the mitochondrial COI gene and the nuclear D2 region of 28S rDNA to assess the genetic variation within and between parasitoid species. Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) supported the presence of 14 genetically distinct groups in the dataset. Among the COI sequences, we found no overlap between the maximum K2P distance within species (0.49%) and minimum distance between species (6.85%). The 28S sequences also showed greater interspecific distance than intraspecific distance. DNA barcoding confirmed the morphological identification. However, inconsistency and ambiguity of taxonomic information available in the online databases has limited the successful use of DNA barcoding. Only five species matched those in the BOLD and GenBank. Four species did not match the entries in GenBank and five species showed ambiguous results in BOLD due to confusing nomenclature. We suggested that species identification based on DNA barcodes should be performed using both COI and other genes. Nonetheless, we demonstrate the potential of the DNA barcoding approach to confirm field identifications and to provide a foundation for studies aimed at improving the understanding of the biocontrol services provided by parasitoids in the melon ecosystem.

Evaluation of Weeds as Virus Reservoirs in Watermelon Crops

ABSTRACT: Watermelon is one of the most important vegetable crops in Brazil, which is grouped among the greatest producers worldwide. Viruses stand out among the most damaging disease agents, which can drastically reduce fruit production. In this context, weeds present in the field can also interfere in crop production, acting as reservoirs for viruses. Thus, this study aimed to investigate virus occurrence in weeds at the main watermelon-growing regions in the State of Tocantins. Viruses identification (e.g. potyviruses: Watermelon mosaic virus - WMV; Papaya ring spot virus - type watermelon -PRSV-W; Zucchini yellow mosaic virus- ZYMV; the cucumovirus Cucumber mosaic virus - CMV, and the orthotospovirus Zucchini lethal chlorosis virus - ZLCV) infecting weeds was performed by serology and confirmed by RT-PCR tests. Serological and molecular test results indicate that Amaranthus spinosus, Nicandra physaloides, Physalis angulata and Heliotropium indicum were infected by at least one virus species. The highest infection rate was represented by ZYMV (52.7%), followed by PRSV-W (22.2%); CMV, WMV, and ZLCV that showed the same infection rate (8.3%) each. Plants of P. angulata were infected by all five viruses, singly or in mixed infection, and represented 50% of the total number of infected samples. The highest virus infection rates, 50% and 44.4%, occurred in weeds collected at Lagoa da Confusão and Formoso do Araguaia, respectively. The results on occurrence and distribution of viruses infecting weeds in watermelon commercial plantations in the State of Tocantins provide important information about the role of weeds as virus reservoirs contribute to the knowledge of the epidemiology of these diseases, and enable a proper weed management aiming at reducing the secondary spreading control of viruses by insect vectors.

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Commercial Watermelon Crops.

Spatiotemporal dynamics studies of crop pests enable the determination of the colonization pattern and dispersion of these insects in the landscape. Geostatistics is an efficient tool for these studies: to determine the spatial distribution pattern of the pest in the crops and to make maps that represent this situation. Analysis of these maps across the development of plants can be used as a tool in precision agriculture programs. Watermelon, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai (Cucurbitales: Cucurbitaceae), is the second most consumed fruit in the world, and the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is one of the most important pests of this crop. Thus, the objective of this work was to determine the spatiotemporal distribution of B. tabaci in commercial watermelon crops using geostatistics. For 2 yr, we monitored adult whitefly densities in eight watermelon crops in a tropical climate region. The location of the samples and other crops in the landscape was georeferenced. Experimental data were submitted to geostatistical analysis. The colonization of B. tabaci had two patterns. In the first, the colonization started at the outermost parts of the crop. In the second, the insects occupied the whole area of the crop since the beginning of cultivation. The maximum distance between sites of watermelon crops in which spatial dependence of B. tabaci densities was observed was 19.69 m. The adult B. tabaci densities in the eight watermelon fields were positively correlated with rainfall and relative humidity, whereas wind speed negatively affected whiteflies population.

Fertilización química y orgánica en la producción de sandía en el norte de México

En el presente estudio se evaluó el efecto de la fertilización con estiércol bovino solarizado y vermicompost a diferentes niveles en el cultivo de sandía variedad PEACOCK WR124. Se utilizó un sistema de riego por cintilla. Los factores de estudio fueron el estiércol bovino (FE) y vermicompost (FV) en diferentes niveles. En el caso del FE: 0, 40, 60, 80 t ha-1, fertilización qímica (FQ) 120-60 y para FV: 0, 3, 6, 9 t ha-1. Se utilizó un diseño experimental de bloques al azar con arreglo en franjas con tres repeticiones. Las variables de suelo estudiadas fueron: conductividad eléctrica, pH, materia orgánica y nitratos en tres profundidades (0 a 15, 15 a 30 y 30 a 45 cm). Se evaluó el rendimiento y sólidos solubles totales en fruto. Los valores mayores de materia orgánica (3.23%) y nitratos (39.71 mg kg-1), se presentaron en la profundidad de 0 a 15 cm, correspondientes al tratamiento de 80 t ha-1 de estiércol bovino solarizado y 9 t ha-1 de vermicompost, mostrando un incremento por efecto de la interacción de los abonos orgánicos. Se encontró diferencia estadística significativa en CE y pH del suelo. Los mejores rendimientos se asociaron al tratamiento de vermicompost de 3 t ha-1 con el tratamiento químico, con rendimiento de 32 t ha-1.