Spatial Domain Watermarking Research Articles

An approach to embed image in video as watermark using a mobile device

Evolution in communication media and Internet technology has made information access easier and faster. At the same time there has been a major concern towards the security of various multimedia objects. Multimedia objects are files that contain images, video clips etc. These are the most popular shared objects over the internet through various transferrable devices. One of the way to secure the content is digital watermarking. Digital watermarking is the method to embed the secret data within text, image or video for ownership verification. In this work related to bitstream video watermarking technique, a study of spatial and temporal domain watermarking is carried out. An experiment is conducted to analyze the execution time of insertion and extraction process of bitstream watermarking on videos. Bit error count and power consumed by mobile device are computed for analysis of the bitstream video watermarking technique. As a proof of concept, the embedding of image on video is implemented using a computer and then the same logic is implemented for execution on a mobile phone. Experimental results demonstrate that, the method is feasible to be implemented using a computer and mobile phone. Image that is inserted on the video is extracted with an acceptable PSNR value. Execution time and power consumed in a mobile phone are within the acceptable limits. This ascertains the application’s feasibility for a mobile phone.

A Spatial Domain Quantum Watermarking Scheme**Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 61272514, 61170272, 61373131, 61121061, 61411146001, the program for New Century Excellent Talents under Grant No. NCET-13-0681, the National Development Foundation for Cryptological Research (Grant No. MMJJ201401012) and the Fok Ying Tung Education Foundation under Grant No. 131067, and the Shandong Provincial Natural Science

This paper presents a spatial domain quantum watermarking scheme. For a quantum watermarking scheme, a feasible quantum circuit is a key to achieve it. This paper gives a feasible quantum circuit for the presented scheme. In order to give the quantum circuit, a new quantum multi-control rotation gate, which can be achieved with quantum basic gates, is designed. With this quantum circuit, our scheme can arbitrarily control the embedding position of watermark images on carrier images with the aid of auxiliary qubits. Besides reversely acting the given quantum circuit, the paper gives another watermark extracting algorithm based on quantum measurements. Moreover, this paper also gives a new quantum image scrambling method and its quantum circuit. Differ from other quantum watermarking schemes, all given quantum circuits can be implemented with basic quantum gates. Moreover, the scheme is a spatial domain watermarking scheme, and is not based on any transform algorithm on quantum images. Meanwhile, it can make sure the watermark be secure even though the watermark has been found. With the given quantum circuit, this paper implements simulation experiments for the presented scheme. The experimental result shows that the scheme does well in the visual quality and the embedding capacity.

Robust and Blind 3D Mesh Watermarking in Spatial Domain Based on Faces Categorization and Sorting

In this paper, a 3D watermarking algorithm in spatial domain is presented with blind detection. In the proposed method, a negligible visual distortion is observed in host model. Initially, a preprocessing is applied on the 3D model to make it robust against geometric transformation attacks. Then, a number of triangle faces are determined as mark triangles using a novel systematic approach in which faces are categorized and sorted robustly. In order to enhance the capability of information retrieval by attacks, block watermarks are encoded using Reed-Solomon block error-correcting code before embedding into the mark triangles. Next, the encoded watermarks are embedded in spherical coordinates. The proposed method is robust against additive noise, mesh smoothing and quantization attacks. Also, it is stout next to geometric transformation, vertices and faces reordering attacks. Moreover, the proposed algorithm is designed so that it is robust against the cropping attack. Simulation results confirm that the watermarked models confront very low distortion if the control parameters are selected properly. Comparison with other methods demonstrates that the proposed method has good performance against the mesh smoothing attacks.

Watermarking of ultrasound medical images in teleradiology using compressed watermark

The open accessibility of Internet-based medical images in teleradialogy face security threats due to the nonsecured communication media. This paper discusses the spatial domain watermarking of ultrasound medical images for content authentication, tamper detection, and lossless recovery. For this purpose, the image is divided into two main parts, the region of interest (ROI) and region of noninterest (RONI). The defined ROI and its hash value are combined as watermark, lossless compressed, and embedded into the RONI part of images at pixel's least significant bits (LSBs). The watermark lossless compression and embedding at pixel's LSBs preserve image diagnostic and perceptual qualities. Different lossless compression techniques including Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) were tested for watermark compression. The performances of these techniques were compared based on more bit reduction and compression ratio. LZW was found better than others and used in tamper detection and recovery watermarking of medical images (TDARWMI) scheme development to be used for ROI authentication, tamper detection, localization, and lossless recovery. TDARWMI performance was compared and found to be better than other watermarking schemes.

Variance Based Block Selective Digital Image Watermarking Scheme

With the increasing use of internet and major development in technology, transmission of digital media is being affected by a large number of illegal interventions. As a valuable solution to this, watermarking provides a secure way for channelizing the digital media (image, audio or video). Digital Watermarking is a method of embedding data (watermark) into a host image without degrading its original quality. This paper presents Digital Image Watermarking in Spatial Domain by finding the Mean and Variance of host image and using the well-known method of Least Significant Bit (LSB) to embed the watermark in a secure position. The experimental results analyze the strength of proposed watermarking algorithm against attacks like Salt and Pepper noise and Gaussian noise. KeywordsLeast Significant Bit (LSB), Salt and Pepper Noise, Spatial Domain, Variance, Watermarking

Dual plane multiple spatial watermarking with self-encryption

Watermarking has established itself as a promising solution in the context of digital image copyright protection. Frequency domain watermarking is mainly preferred due to associated robustness and perceptual issues but requires a large amount of computation. On the other hand spatial domain watermarking is much faster but lacks when robustness is concerned. In this paper a block based spatial domain watermarking technique for color images is proposed that is fast and robust. Two-way embedding introduced in the paper provides capability to previously estimate perceptual degradation in host image due to watermark embedding. Multiple watermarking in two component images is used to achieve better imperceptibility and better robustness. Self-encryption introduced aims to remove dependency over external secret key however optional encryption with random secret keys is proposed for providing better security. Proposed embedding technique is an effort to achieve proper balance between robustness and quality degradation of image. Experiments suggest proposed method is robust against processing attacks such as spatial filtering transformations image enhancement and loss compression.

Effect of Laplacian of Gaussian Filter on Watermark Retrieval in Spatial domain Watermarking

Effect of Laplacian of Gaussian Filter on Watermark Retrieval in Spatial domain Watermarking

Embedding Image ROI Watermark Into Median DCT Coefficients

Algorithms of digital image watermarking are broadly classified in spatial domain watermarking and frequency domain watermarking. Spatial domain watermarking techniques have low bit capacity and low robustness to different types of attacks, such as compression, cropping, noise addition and affine transforms. However, frequency domain watermarking proved robustness to watermark attacks, therefore watermarking scientists paid attention to such techniques in particular to Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) since they can be used in different multimedia standards such as MPEG-4 and JPEG2000. In this paper, a watermarking approach based on DCT is introduced. The image is divided into 8 x 8 blocks and DCT is applied on each block. All median DCT coefficients for all blocks are collected and compared with a selected ROI DCT coefficient; the block coefficient with the least absolute difference will be used for embedding. Results showed high robustness and imperceptibility when the median coefficients are used compared to embedding in other coefficients.

A Spatial Domain Watermarking Approach for Digital Images based on Image Features built on Formal Concepts Analysis

proof of ownership based on digital forensics evidence is the way forward in solving ownership disputes in the ever growing cyberspace that confronts us today. A strong proof beyond all reasonable doubts with the good standing of the law provides victory for a case before a competent court of law. The Society we live in is governed by laws and laws need evidence to pass judgments and not any kind of evidence but evidence compelling enough to attract the passing of judgment. Lessons learnt from the past of the failures of the court to provide and use strong verified evidence due to limitations of scientific evidence such as DNA, surveillance videos, authenticable images etc. have cost human life's freedom and having access to a fair trial. We cannot wait till certain loopholes are exploited in our digital cyber evolution before we get it fixed. Hence stronger and a more compelling techniques are needed for image authentication and identification. In our work, we proposed a spatial domain watermarking approach for digital images based on image features built on formal concepts analysis. We adopt the use of formal concept analysis due to the fact that a change in a pixel value can result in a change in the lattice generated from the image. We presented our results and they showed to be very effective.

Effect of Laplacian of Gaussian Filter on Watermark Retrieval in Spatial domain Watermarking

Laplacian of Gaussian filter (LOG) is an enhancement filter with less sensitivity to noise that is used for sharpening an image. The watermark is added as a noise to the host image in watermarking. The principal objective of this paper is to enumerate the beneficial effects of the LOG filter on watermark retrieval in spatial domain watermarking. This filter is applied before the extraction algorithm on the watermarked image which might be attacked. The distinction between the watermark and original image is increased by this filter. Thus, the probability of the watermark detection is augmented by it. Several image processing attacks is done to evaluate the effect of this filter on correlation based spatial domain watermarking. The effect of this filter on watermark recovery is statistically significant. The detection rate in noise addition and blurring is significant in compare with the similar method. However, the improvement in detection rate is also better in other common image processing attacks.

Optimizing Of Spatial Domain Watermark Recovery Algorithm By Laplacian Filter

In this paper, impact of a Laplacian filter in better watermark recovery in the spatial domain watermarking algorithms has been investigated. A Laplacian filter is an enhancement filter, this filter could be utilized to optimize extraction of the watermark information in spatial domain watermarking. The distinction between the watermark and unwatermarked part is increased by this filter. Thus, watermark could be extracted significantly better by the watermark recovery algorithm. To show effectiveness of Laplacian filter on the spatial domain watermarking algorithms, it is applied on a typical correlation based method. Several experiments are done to show that performance of correlation based watermarking algorithm is improved by applying this filter before watermark extraction procedure.

Application Of Unsharp Mask In Augmenting The Quality Of Extracted Watermark In Spatial Domain Watermarking

It is generally believed that spatial domain watermarking methods are not robust against common image processing attacks. In this paper, a novel application of an unsharp mask is proposed to increase the performance of watermark recovery in correlation based watermarking. Commonly, unsharp mask is used to improve quality of the image by emphasizing its high frequency contents to enhance the edge and details information in it. Dissimilarity between different parts of image is increased by this filter. Thus, the watermark could recover more correctly from the watermarked image. This filter is applied before running watermark recovery procedure. To show efficiency of proposed filter on the spatial domain watermarking, it is applied on a typical correlation based method. Several experiments are done to evaluate the performance of proposed method is improved by applying this filter before watermark extraction procedure.

Effect of Different Places in Applying Laplacian Filter on the Recovery Algorithm in Spatial Domain Watermarking

Generally, Laplacian filter is used to make an image more defined and enhanced. In this study, a comparison is toke place between the effects of different places of performing Laplacian filter on the power of the watermark recovery in spatial domain image watermarking. This filter is applied in two different places in the watermark recovery algorithm; before performing the watermark recovery and before take the correlation in the middle of recovery algorithm. The distinction between the watermark and UN water marked parts of the image are increased by this filter. Thus, watermark could recover significantly better by recovery algorithm. We intend to determine which of these places is more appropriate to apply this filter. A typical correlation based method is used as a representative of spatial domain watermarking methods. Several experiment are done to compare the effect of different places in applying proposed filter on quality of extracted watermark in correlation based watermarking algorithm.

Effect of Locations of using High Boost Filtering on the Watermark Recovery in Spatial Domain Watermarking

Generally, High Boost filter is used to emphasize high frequency components representing the image details without eliminating low frequency components representing the basic form of the signal. The dissimilarity between the watermark and unwatermarked parts of the image are increased by this filter. Thus, watermark could be recovered significantly better by recovery algorithm. In this paper, a comparison is taken place between the effects of different places of preforming High Boost filter on the reliability of the recovery methods in spatial domain image watermarking. This filter is convolved in two different places in the watermark extraction algorithm; before running the watermark extraction and before calculate the correlation in the middle of extraction. This paper concentrate to conclude which of these places is more proper to convolve this filter. A classic correlation based method is used as a representative of spatial domain watermarking. Several experiment are done to show which one of this places is more proper for preforming proposed filter.

Effect of Locations of Using High Boost Filtering on the Watermark Recovery in Spatial Domain Watermarking

Generally, High Boost filter is used to emphasize high frequency components representing the image details without eliminating low frequency components representing the basic form of the signal. The dissimilarity between the watermark and unwatermarked parts of the image are increased by this filter. Thus, watermark could be recovered significantly better by recovery algorithm. In this paper, a comparison is taken place between the effects of different places of preforming High Boost filter on the reliability of the recovery methods in spatial domain image watermarking. This filter is convolved in two different places in the watermark extraction algorithm; before running the watermark extraction and before calculate the correlation in the middle of extraction. This paper concentrate to conclude which of these places is more proper to convolve this filter. A classic correlation based method is used as a representative of spatial domain watermarking. Several experiment are done to show which one of this places is more proper for preforming proposed filter.

A Study on the Resiliency of Spatial Domain Watermarking Techniques to Geometric Attacks Using Approximation Perspective versus Direct Correlation View

A Study on the Resiliency of Spatial Domain Watermarking Techniques to Geometric Attacks Using Approximation Perspective versus Direct Correlation View

Image Security with Integrated Watermarking and Encryption

Legalization and protection of data are the primary nuts and bolts in present day communication systems. Data authentication in image processing is achieved by watermarking and encryption techniques. Nonetheless, whatever be the technique of watermarking, one of the vital factors to be considered is robustness. In this paper, we have proposed an algorithm for image security comprising watermarking in spatial domain along with encryption. At the resource, hidden image (secret image) is encoded within another image i.e. cover image by the pixel merging technique for watermarking. Secondly, the watermarked image is encrypted using blowfish encryption. The secret image is finally decoded at the receiving end. Robustness is also checked by extracting the secret image perfectly without any degradation in the quality of original image.

Fidelity Analysis of Additive and Multiplicative Watermarked Images in Integrated Domain

The escalation of internet has increased the usage of multimedia contents for wide range of functions. The easy access of the digital contents paves way to manipulate, edit and duplicate the contents using available image processing software. Watermarking process ensures copy protection and data authentication to the multimedia content by embedding watermark. The present paper proposes fidelity analysis of additive and multiplicative watermarked images in the integrated domain using Peak Signal to Noise Ratio measures. This paper first embeds additive watermark in spatial domain and multiplicative watermark in frequency domain, then vice versa. The later one provides good fidelity and less image degradation by achieving acceptable Peak Signal to Noise Ratio values.

Using Curvelet transform for watermarking based on amplitude modulation

In this paper, we propose a precise and robust watermarking scheme based on the technique called amplitude modulation. A watermark is embedded in a color image by modifying the pixel values in the blue channel. At the receiver, the watermark bits are retrieved using a prediction system, by a linear combination of nearby pixel values around the embedded pixels, and without having the original image. Because amplitude modulation is a spatial-domain watermarking method, it may not be robust enough, i.e., incapable of exact watermark retrieval. In order to enhance the bit retrieval, we apply a Gaussian mask to equalize the luminance intensity; we employ the pixel value replacing technique to enhance the prediction performance, and we use two additional bits as a geometrical reference. In addition, we demonstrate that choosing an improper location (like singularities) for watermarking will lead the prediction system to malfunction. In order to increase the robustness, we propose using the Curvelet transform to detect singularities such as lines and curves and to prevent the system from using these locations in an image for embedding the watermark bits. The experimental results indicate that our proposed method has a better performance in comparison with two other similar approaches, and in addition, it is robust against various geometrical and nongeometrical attacks as well as having a good imperceptibility.

저작권 보호를 위한 DCT 영역에서의 향상된 CRT 기반 영상 워터마킹

디지털 워터마킹은 저작권 보호와 멀티미디어 데이터 인증의 수단으로 사용되어 왔다. 기존의 공간영역에서의 CRT 기반 워터마킹 방법은 JPEG 압축에 취약하여, JPEG 압축에서 잘 동작하는 DCT 영역에서의 CRT 기반 워터마킹이 제안되었다. 본 논문에서는 DCT 영역에서의 향상된 CRT 기반 워터마킹 방법을 제안한다. 제안한 방법은 DCT 변환시 발생되는 rounding 오류 또는 여러 가지 공격에도 나머지들의 차에 대한 절대값의 변화를 감소시켜 견고성을 향상시킨다. 실험을 통하여 제안한 방법이 기존의 DCT 영역에서의 CRT 기반 워터마킹 방법보다 여러 가지 공격에 대하여 견고성이 향상되는 것을 확인하였다. Digital watermarking techniques have been used as one of the means for copyright protection and authentication of multimedia data. Conventional Chinese Remainder Theorem(CRT)-based spatial domain watermarking techniques do not perform well under JPEG compression. However, it is seen that the CRT-based watermarking technique in Discrete Cosine Transform(DCT) domain performs well for JPEG compression. In this paper, an improved CRT-based image watermarking method in the DCT domain is proposed. The proposed method provides better robustness which decreases changes of absolute difference of residues against rounding errors due to DCT conversion and various attacks. Experimental results show that the proposed method has a good robustness against various attacks compared with the conventional CRT-based watermarking in DCT domain.