Volume Of Water Research Articles

The Effect of Preoperative Carbohydrate-containing Fluid Consumption on Maternal Oxidative Stress Markers During Elective Cesarean Delivery

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of carbohydrate loading prior to the cesarean surgery under spinal anesthesia on thiols and ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) levels. DesignProspective, randomized placebo-controlled study. MethodsSeventy-nine pregnant women planned for cesarean sections under spinal anesthesia at Karaman Training and Research Hospital were randomized into a control group (group C) (n = 42), and an oral carbohydrate preloading group (group OCH) (n = 37). OCH loading requires consuming 400 mL the night before surgery and 200 mL up to 2 hours before anesthesia. Group OCH consumed an oral carbohydrate-rich beverage (Nutricia-Fantomalt), and group C consumed an equal volume of water. This study investigated thiol-disulfide homeostasis after preoperative carbohydrate consumption. Preoperative gastric fluid, volume, antral cross-sectional area, hypotension following the birth, and fetal blood gas parameters were compared across groups. FindingsThiols and IMA levels did not differ across groups before and after surgery (P > .05). Gastric ultrasonography showed similar antral cross-sectional area and stomach volume between groups (P = .172, P = .128, respectively). When surgery caused hypotension, group OCH received more ephedrine for surgery-induced hypotension, although this difference is not statistically significant (P = .704). A clustered error bar (95% confidence interval) plot with an interpolation line was used for a time-based comparison of mean differences in heart rate and mean arterial pressure between the groups. ConclusionsThis study supports that mothers' thiols and IMA levels were unaffected by preoperative OCH loading before cesarean surgery. We did not examine thiol and its derivatives in umbilical cord blood; hence, we can not comment on thiol/disulfide homeostasis levels in neonates.

Heat transfer process and anti-frost performance of finned evaporator with air–water dual heat source for building heat supply

ABSTRACT In this research, a dual heat source heat pump evaporator (AWSHP) with low-temperature hot water and air energy as the heat source is presented for the frosting problem of an air-source heat pump (ASHP) in low-temperature operating conditions. The critical frost region of the AWSHP system was also mapped using air temperature and water spray temperature as variables. The heat transfer characteristics as well as the anti-frost performance of AWSHP under different operating conditions were analyzed through experiments and simulations. According to the study's findings, the AWSHP system's refrigerant evaporation temperature was higher at the same ambient temperature than that of the ASHP. With AWSHP spray water volume of 8L/min and heat pump condenser circulating water volume of 15L/min, the average refrigerant heat exchanger and COP of AWSHP increased by 14.8% and 11.1%, respectively, compared with the ASHP system. At the same time, the AWSHP anti-frost operation strategy is proposed for low-temperature operating conditions. When the water spray volume was adjusted to 0.25 and 1.75 m³/h, respectively, under varying hourly meteorological conditions, the frost-free operation time was 61.21% and 89.24%, respectively. This was an improvement of 18.17% and 46.20%, respectively, compared to the ASHP.

Enhanced thermophilic high-solids anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste with spatial separation from conductive materials in a single reactor volume

Despite benefits such as lower water and working volume requirements, thermophilic high solids anaerobic digestion (THSAD) often fails due to the rapid build-up of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and the associated drop in pH. Use of conductive materials (CM) can promote THSAD through stimulation of direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET), while the need for their constant dosing due to poor separation from effluent impairs economic feasibility. This study used an approach of spatially separating magnetite and granular activated carbon (GAC) from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) in a single reactor for THSAD. GAC and magnetite addition could both mitigate the severe inhibition of methanogenesis after VFAs build-up to ∼28–30 g/L, while negligible methane production was observed in the control group. The highest methane yield (286 mL CH4/g volatile solids (VS)) was achieved in magnetite-added reactors, while the highest maximum CH4 production rates (26.38 mL CH4/g VS/d) and lowest lag-phase (2.83 days) were obtained in GAC-added reactors. The enrichment of GAC and magnetite biofilms with various syntrophic and potentially electroactive microbial groups (Ruminiclostridium 1, Clostridia MBA03, Defluviitoga, Lentimicrobiaceae) in different relative abundances indicates the existence of specific preferences of these groups for the nature of CM. According to predicted basic metabolic functions, CM can enhance cellular processes and signals, lipid transport and metabolism, and methane metabolism, resulting in improved methane production. Rearrangement of metabolic pathways, formation of pili-like structures, enrichment of biofilms with electroactive groups and a significant improvement in THSAD performance was attributed to the enhancement of the DIET pathway. Promising results obtained in this work due to the spatial separation of the bulk OFMSW and CM can be useful for modeling larger-scale THSAD systems with better recovery of CM and cost-effectiveness.

Removal of microplastics from agricultural runoff using biochar: a column feasibility study

Plastics are extensively used in agriculture, but their weathering and degradation generates microplastics (MPs) that can be carried by runoff into water bodies where they can accumulate and impact wildlife. Due to its physicochemical properties, biochar has shown promise in mitigating contaminants in agricultural runoff. However, few studies have examined its effectiveness at removing MPs. In this study, we assessed MP pollution (>30 μm) in runoff from a farm in the Mississippi Delta and examined the effectiveness of biochar (pinewood and sugarcane) to remove MPs from aqueous solutions. Using micro-Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (µ-FTIR), we observed an average of 237 MPs/L (range 27–609) in the runoff, with most particles identified as polyethylene, polyamide, polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, and polyarylamide. Biochar columns effectively removed MPs from runoff samples with reductions ranging from 86.6% to 92.6%. MPs of different sizes, shapes, and types were stained with Nile red dye (to facilitate observation by fluorescence) and quantified their downward progress with multiple column volumes of water and wet/dry cycles. Smaller MPs penetrated the columns further, but ≥90% of MPs were retained in the ∼20 cm columns regardless of their shape, size, and type. We attribute these results to physical entrapment, hydrophobic behaviors, and electrostatic interactions. Overall, this proof-of-concept work suggests biochar may serve as a cost-effective approach to remove MPs from runoff, and that subsequent field studies are warranted.

تقييم الأداء الديناميكي لتكوين الحواز في حوض مرزق بليبيا كما يستدل عليه بتقنية التفسير السريع.

The evaluating of the Hawaz reservoir in the Murzuq basin based on the well recording data available for twelve exploratory were provided for this study. These records data have been examined through employing some cross-plots and use their outputs for controlling the interactive petrophysics software in order to identify the lithological constituents and fluid saturation parameters.The litho-saturation cross-plot indicated that the Hawaz Formation consists of sandstones with few shale.The Hawaz formation officially subdivided intoeight horizons, namely H1–H8. Horizons (H4 and H5) are the main reservoirs in Hawaz formation as all readings indicate its high resistivity, with positive differentiation between its different curves, high porosity, and low gamma ray. BVW min technology is introduced the fast method depends on calculating the minimum total water volume so that the reservoir is considered to contain irreducible water, meaning that water will not be produced with the oil. The value of BVW min was 0.05, meaning that any range for which the product of porosity multiplied by water saturation (Φ.SW) is greater than that value is excluded from any detailed calculations.Also, calculate the minimum value of electrical resistance (Rtmin=140ῼm) for oil production zones, where zones with electrical resistivity less than that value are excluded. Keywords: Hawaz Formation, H field of NC186, petrophysical parameters, well logging.

Simulation of the dynamic processes of microplastic suspension and deposition in a lake sediment-water system.

The occurrence of microplastics in aquatic environments has attracted increasing interest from both the public and scientists, especially their migration behaviors. Although several environmental behaviors of microplastics have been studied, the issue of microplastic suspension and deposition in lake sediment-water systems remains to be elucidated. In this study, we built an indoor sediment-water system with input and output rivers that simulated the actual situations in lakes, and aimed to explore the suspension and deposition behavior of microplastics using eight group experiments. The abundance of microplastics in overlying water and sediments in different periods was analyzed, and the characteristics of hydrodynamic disturbance on microplastic suspension and deposition were identified. Importantly, the exchange of microplastics in sediments and water under dynamic flow conditions was assessed. The results showed that the middle-scale experiment designed in this study effectively simulated the dynamic transport process of microplastics in lakes, and the hydrodynamic force had a significant impact on the suspension and deposition behaviors of microplastics. The average abundance of polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate and polyamide microplastics was 1.07, 0.60 and 0.83 particles/L in overlying water during the suspension experiments, respectively. This showed a pattern of first rising and then falling with the extension of suspension time. Even in the environment with the maximum input water volume (8000 ml/min) in this study, only microplastics at a depth of 0 to 2 cm from the sediment were suspended. The average abundance of microplastics was 313.02 particles/kg during the deposition experiments, which gradually increased with the extension of deposition time in sediments. Finally, microplastic sizes in water of the suspension experiments and in sediments of the deposition experiments were concentrated in the range of 500 to 1500 μm and 300 to 1000 μm, respectively.

Assessment of Landslide Susceptibility in the Moxi Tableland of China by Using a Combination of Deep-Learning and Factor-Refinement Methods

Precisely assessing the vulnerability of landslides is essential for effective risk assessment. The findings from such assessments will undoubtedly be in high demand, providing a solid scientific foundation for a range of critical initiatives aimed at disaster prevention and control. In the research, authors set the ancient core district of Sichuan Moxi Ancient Town as the research object; they conduct and give the final result of the geological survey. Fault influences are commonly utilized as key markers for delineating strata in the field of stratigraphy, and the slope distance, slope angle, slope aspect, elevation, terrain undulation, plane curvature, profile curvature, mean curvature, relative elevation, land use type, surface roughness, water influence, distance of the catchment, cumulative water volume, and the Normalized Vegetation Index (NDVI) are used along roads to calculate annual rainfall. With the purpose of the establishment of the evaluation system, there are 17 factors selected in total. Through the landslide-susceptibility assessment by the coupled models of DNN-I-SVM and DNN-I-LR nine factors had been selected; it was found that the Area Under the Curve (AUC) value of the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC) was high, and the accuracy of the model is relatively high. The coupler, DNN-I-LR, gives 0.875 of an evaluation accuracy of AUC, higher than DNN-I-SVM, which yielded 0.860. It is necessary to note that, in this region, compared to the DNN-I-SVM model, the DNN-I-LR coupling model has better fitting and prediction abilities.

Impacts of hydrologic management on the eutrophication of shallow lakes in an intensive agricultural landscape (Saskatchewan, Canada)

Abstract Hydrologic management of shallow lakes is often undertaken to prevent fluctuations in lake level, and to ensure sufficient water volume for economic, domestic, and recreational uses, but there is inconsistent evidence of whether lake‐level stabilisation through hydrological management promotes or hinders eutrophication. Here we used multi‐proxy paleolimnological assessments of water quality (sedimentary carbon, nitrogen, total phosphorus, fossil pigments), and zooplankton community ecology (fossil Cladocera assemblages), combined with Landsat‐derived estimates of lake surface area in two shallow eutrophic lakes, in the Prairies of southern Saskatchewan, Canada, to quantify how 8 decades of contrasting hydrological management strategies (continuous or intermittent) affect primary production and phytoplankton composition. Analysis revealed that irregular hydrological management of Pelican Lake led to sharp increases in primary production concomitant with lake‐level decline. In contrast, continuously managed Buffalo Pound Lake, a drinking water reservoir for regional cities, exhibited slow, persistent eutrophication over decades despite active regulation of water levels. In both lakes, strong correlations of δ 15N values with pigments from diazotrophic cyanobacteria (canthaxanthin) showed that N2‐fixation increased during eutrophication irrespective of the timing of change. Finally, variation in fossil cladoceran density and composition reflected changes in pelagic and littoral habitats (e.g., reduced macrophyte cover) due to changes in both lake level and water quality. Basin comparison shows that while hydrologic management can moderate water quality degradation due to lake‐level change, it does not prevent eutrophication when nutrient influx remains high. Given that regional water availability is forecast to decline in coming decades, we anticipate that continued hydrological management will be unavoidable and will be unable to improve water quality unless nutrient influx is also controlled.

Artificial Rainfall Aquifer to Supply Clean Water Requirement During the Dry Season in Selengen Village, North Lombok Regency

Selengen Village is one of the villages in North Lombok Regency that always experiences drought and lack of clean water every year. The problem of clean water availability is caused by limited water sources on the surface. The frequency of rainwater in Selengen Village is very small and with very low intensity. In order to meet the need for clean water, the community has to pay additional costs to buy clean water or wait for a drop from the government. The Selengan Village community has limited information regarding simple methods that can be used to collect clean water sourced from rainwater. The method used to introduce rainwater capture as a source of clean water is to provide direct outreach to the Selengen Village community about rainwater storage in the form of ABSAH (Artificial Aquifer for Rainwater Savings). The ABSAH method can be done individually or in groups. The socialization was carried out at the Panggung Barat Hamlet office involving the community consisting of farmer groups, community leaders, youth organizations and housewives. The result of the socialization regarding the introduction of artificial rainwater aquifers is the high desire of the community to create rainwater storage, either independently/individually or in groups. In the process of making it, the community hopes to get assistance from the implementation team so that the calculation of the storage volume is in accordance with the volume of water used. Apart from that, the community also hopes to be given drawings of storage designs, installations for collecting water from the roofs of houses and designs of distribution networks to people's homes.

Assessing energy efficiency of water services and its drivers: A case study from water companies in England and Wales

Understanding how energy efficient the water services are and what drives inefficiency can greatly assist water utilities in delivering sustainable services. This study employs a neural network (NN) approach to measure the energy efficiency of water services in relation to the volume of drinking water supplied and the number of connected properties. Unlike other non-parametric approaches, NN allows capturing the complex relationships and dependencies between various factors influencing energy efficiency of water companies. An empirical application for English and Welsh water utilities embracing water only companies (WoCs) and water and sewerage companies (WaSCs) over 2008–2020 was conducted. The average energy efficiency score was found to be 0.411, indicating that water utilities could potentially save 0.54 kWh per cubic meter of drinking water supplied. Notably, WaSCs exhibited better energy performance compared to WoCs, with energy efficiency scores of 0.559 and 0.239, respectively. Nevertheless, based on the volume of water delivered, WaSCs could save 0.65 kWh/m3 whereas WoCs potential energy savings are 0.24 kWh/m3. Energy efficiency remained relatively stable across the years, with average values of 0.440, 0.388 and 0.454 for the periods 2008–2010, 2011–2015, and 2016–2020, respectively. The analysis conducted using decision tree methods highlighted the relevance of water treatment quality and the source of raw water as key variables influencing the energy efficiency of water utilities. These findings can be valuable for policymakers, enabling them to gain a deeper understanding of the driving factors behind energy efficiency in water service provision.

The increasing energy intensity of drinking water supply

Supplying water to cities is an energy-intensive activity, but few longitudinal studies exist of water utilities’ energy intensity (energy use per unit water volume). Using t-tests and regression on public records from the state of Wisconsin, USA, we analyze over 500 drinking water utilities’ performance from 2001 to 2020. This is the first long-term panel analysis of its kind. The annual data show energy intensity has increased by 12 % in large, 8 % in medium, and 28 % in small water utilities. The large utilities remain the least energy intensive (0.49 kWh/m³ as of 2020, compared to 0.53 kWh/m³ and 0.67 kWh/m³ for medium and small utilities), and the small ones have diverged the most from the other two. At the same trajectory, energy intensity will increase by another 27 % for small water systems by 2040. Our analysis demonstrates economies of scale, highlights disadvantages of small utilities, and confirms predictions that water services would become more energy intensive. It motivates sustainability of coupled energy and water infrastructure and emphasizes responsible use of natural resources.

In-water lidar simulations: the ALADIN ADM-Aeolus backscattered signal at 355 nm

The Lidar Ocean Color (LiOC) Monte Carlo code has been developed to simulate the in-water propagation of the lidar beam emitted by the ALADIN ADM-Aeolus instrument in the ultraviolet (UV) spectral region (∼ 355 nm). To this end, LiOC accounts for reflection/transmission processes at the sea surface, absorption and multiple scattering in the water volume, and reflection from the sea bottom. The water volume components included in the model are pure seawater, Chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a), Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM), and/or a generic absorbing species. By considering the transmission/reception measurement geometry of ALADIN ADM-Aeolus, the study documents the variability of the normalized backscattered signal in different bio-optical conditions. The potential for data product retrieval based on information at 355 nm is considered by developing a demonstrative lookup table to estimate the absorption budget exceeding that explained by Chl-a. Results acknowledge the interest of space programs in exploiting UV bands for ocean color remote sensing, as, for instance, addressed by the PACE mission of NASA.

Enhancing groundwater level prediction accuracy using interpolation techniques in deep learning models

Groundwater surface (GWS), which denotes the vertical extent of the water table or the volume of subterranean water within geologic formations, is pivotal for effective groundwater resource management. Accurately predicting GWS requires comprehensive and precise data to fully understand the influencing factors. The inherent temporal complexity and often incomplete datasets of GWS pose significant challenges to accurate assessments. This research aims to devise a comprehensive method that merges interpolation and prediction techniques to develop a functional model and dynamic system for GWS prediction. The study was conducted on the Azarshahr Plain aquifer in Iran, involving 34 observation wells with partially or entirely missing data. Initial analysis utilized three interpolation methods—Kriging, Support Vector Machine (SVM), and M5P—with the M5P method emerging as the most accurate, evidenced by the lowest Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 1.83. Two subsequent scenarios were examined: (1) using the M5P method to interpolate missing data for all 34 wells, and (2) using only data from 15 wells with complete records. GWS levels were predicted using Deep Neural Network (DNN) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models. Comparative analysis highlighted the superior performance of the CNN model in both scenarios, particularly noting its effectiveness in GWS prediction. The improvement of data quality through interpolation significantly enhanced predictive accuracy by approximately 90 percent, thereby increasing the reliability of the predictive models for future groundwater management decisions.

Design an energy storage system for a 1 MW photovoltaic powerplant based on compressed-gas-refrigeration for buildings cooling and ice production

An energy storage system was designed for a 1 (MW) photovoltaic solar power plant. This power plant is located in a university campus in the hot desert region, which requires continuous cooling of its buildings consists of a large number of classrooms. Due to the desert nature of the region, it was not possible to use conventional energy storage systems based on pumped-hydro; because in considered climate, it is not possible to provide a large volume of water and compensate for the evaporated water. Therefore, an energy storage system based on compressed gas refrigeration was used. The effect of system parameters including the maximum pressure on its performance including COP, total space can be cooled, ice making capacity and also the required volume for high-pressure vessel was studied. The effect of using different gases including air, nitrogen, ammonia, carbon dioxide and argon as the working fluid was studied. Also, the effect of the mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide and different molar percentages of them on the performance of the system was studied. The results showed that the designed energy storage system can well supply the cooling load of the university building where the solar power plant is located.

Using Deficit Irrigation Strategies and Adding Sugarcane Waste Biochar as a Sustainable Material to Sandy Soils for Improving Yield and Water Productivity of Cucumber

This study investigates the potential of biochar to mitigate drought stress in crops. Biochar amendments are increasingly recognized for their ability to enhance soil properties that promote water retention and plant resilience during dry periods. In a study conducted in Egypt, impacts of the application of sugarcane biochar on cucumber production, water productivity, and quality characteristics under deficient irrigation conditions were evaluated. Increasing the biochar application rate under arid region conditions resulted in significant improvements in cucumber yield, water productivity, vitamin C, soluble sugar content, and total soluble solids. The activated sugarcane biochar exhibited desirable properties, including a large surface area (250 m2g−1) and pore size (0.28 cm3g−1), with a microporous nature. The positive effects observed can be attributed to reduced water volume leaving the root zone, enhanced nutrient absorption, increased water holding capacity, and augmented nutrient availability. Based on the results, it is recommended to implement under-irrigation at 75% of full irrigation and apply a biochar rate of 10 tons per hectare to mitigate the environmental impacts of water scarcity and support the development of sustainable agricultural systems. In conclusion, biochar emerges as a valuable soil amendment for bolstering cucumber production and water use efficiency (WUE) under limited irrigation scenarios. Its potential lies in promoting improved soil moisture retention, enhancing nutrient availability for cucumber plants, and potentially mitigating plant stress.

Operation strategy optimization and heat transfer characteristic analysis of photovoltaic/thermal module series connected with flat plate solar collector: System experimental study

Flat plate solar collector (FPSC) produces only thermal energy without electricity, whereas the photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) module produces electricity and low-temperature thermal energy. This paper presents a low-cost method to strengthen the functional uniqueness of individual PV/T and FPSC components through connecting a PV/T module in series with the other component. Under various water volume conditions, an experimental test on high mass flow rate was carried out. Results showed that the FPSC produced a better heating contribution and that reverse heat transfer of the PV/T module might be reduced by changing the operation strategy. The water volume is a crucial factor that influences the system's available heating time, a system that operates in the optimal water volume range will produce greater energy savings. Furthermore, the maximum values of the thermal, electrical, exergy, and primary energy-saving efficiency were 51.91 %, 13.52 %, 19.13 %, and 87.20 %, respectively. The optimal water volume distribution range of the system is 160–180 L. With an average annual decrease of 2.96 t in CO2 emissions, the system provides a 4.28-year payback period and saves 5285.71 USD in electricity costs throughout its life cycle. The novel system performs extremely well in terms of energy and cost efficiency.

Evaluation of carbon dioxide storage potential in wells of the Bredasdorp Basin offshore South Africa

This study focuses on determining how carbon dioxide (CO2) storage can be stored in the central Bredasdorp basin offshore South Africa. Logs, seismic lines, and reports of three exploration wells were used to build a 3D static model, and the compressibility method was used to estimate the CO2 static storage capacity of the reservoir. The wells displayed fair to good porosity and moderate permeability. The zone of interest had little to no faulting, and there is evidence of differential deposition of marine sandstones that overlie fluvial shales. The sandstones have good reservoir characteristics and are overlain by thick shales that serve as seals. The reservoir displayed thinning in the eastern direction and over structural highs. A static storage assessment of the reservoir showed 0.64 Mt of CO2, and the effect of changing pore volume and water saturation on overall CO2 storage volume was observed. The results revealed that an increase in pore volume would also increase the amount of CO2 stored in the reservoir. Conversely, increased water saturation leads to decreased CO2 that can be stored in the reservoir. This study has shown that the pre-existing reservoir fluid has an impact on CO2 storage volume; the greater the volume of water in the reservoir, the less the volume of CO2 that can be stored in the reservoir; this is because water is less compressible than rock, oil or gas.

Wastewater and Grey Water Footprint Assessment of the Olive Oil Production Process in Northwest Argentina

Argentina stands as the leading producer and exporter of olive products in the Americas, with the province of La Rioja as its main productive area. Since the 1990s, the olive grove cultivated area and related agro-industry in La Rioja have expanded. However, the resulting wastewater has generally been neglected. The water footprint (WF) provides information about the water volume consumed and polluted by a production process. Since the 1990s, agricultural and agro-industrial activities in La Rioja have experienced substantial growth. This study aims to analyze the generation, quality, and management of Oil Mill Wastewater (OMWW) using the grey WF of chloride and nitrate as an indicator and focusing on two olive mills (OM) in La Rioja. Additionally, it seeks to examine the relationship between the international trade of provincial olive oil and the estimated grey WF. For the diagnosis of OMWW generation, a description of the production process was made coupled with flow and physico-chemical characterization. The total grey WF was 8.69 and 45.5 L water/L olive oil for OM 1 and OM 2, respectively. Nitrate was identified as the critical pollutant. The grey virtual water export related to the export of olive oil was 5569 m3 for OM 1 and 28,000 m3 for OM 2. The provincial grey virtual water export related to olive oil was 161,955 m3 with major trade destinations including Spain, the United States, and Brazil. The article analyses for the first time the grey WF of olive oil industries and assess the related grey virtual water exports. This research represents a step forward in the knowledge of wastewater management in the olive oil sector and facilitates the search for solutions to minimize negative environmental impacts while promoting cleaner production.

Research on the Advocacy for Water Conservation in the Promotion of Water Resource Protection

The question to pose is how to use an assumption to encourage water conservation in a situation where water is scarce. First, the washing time and water consumption are recorded in this article using a stopwatch and measuring cup. Second, we utilized a formula to record the duration of each person's hand washing session. We multiplied the number of seconds by the water flow rate per second to determine the total volume of water each person used. This paper then examined the change in people's hand-washing time following the poster by contrasting the change in people's hand-washing time with the control variable technique. It is possible to draw the conclusion that posters in women's restrooms use the least amount of water, followed by posters in men's restrooms and none at all in women's restrooms. These statistics demonstrate that posters have an effect on how long people spend washing their hands. As a result, after seeing the signs, people will wash their hands less frequently, fulfilling the goal of conserving water.

Computational Evaluation of Pulsating Heat Pipe for Fluid Flow Behavior and its Thermal Performance

Computational fluid analysis of a single circuit heat pipe was undertaken to ascertain the thermal efficiency of water at various fill ratios, specifically 40%, 50%, and 60% under varying heating conditions. The analysis employed the ANSYS Fluent computational fluid dynamics software, utilizing a k-epsilon to the heat pipe as the solver. The analysis was carried out on a copper tube with an internal diameter measuring 3/16 inches. During the analysis, the thermal inflow at the adiabatic region was adjusted to zero, while the condenser region’s temperature remained constant at 25°C. Meanwhile, the heat input at the evaporator region was systematically adjusted to 105°C, 110°C, 115°C, and 120°C. Key Performance characteristics of heat pipe i.e. thermal resistance, and water volume fraction were evaluated during analysis. The temperature variations noted in both regions affirmed that the pulsating pipe’s performance was influenced by the phase transition between liquid and vapor. Furthermore, the concentration of volume within the evaporator section was monitored, confirming the presence of a dual-phase phenomenon within the heat pipe. Through the analysis, it was noted that the thermal resistance of the water is minimized at a 50% fill ratio for each level of heat input. Notably, the promising results were obtained at an input temperature of 120°C with a value of 1.025°C /W which was 7.3% and 9.8% lower than thermal resistance at 40% and 60% fill ratios, respectively. The reduced thermal resistance in this scenario is attributed to the flow dynamics within the capillary, propelled by rapid phase change mechanisms. This shows the importance of Pulsating Heat Pipes (PHPs) in thermal control, as well as the intricacies of their operating mechanisms. Experimental and theoretical investigations have investigated numerous elements influencing PHP performance, with numerical modeling providing insight into thermal resistance and water volume fraction dynamics under varying heating temperatures and fill ratios.