Water Vapor Permeability Properties Research Articles

Development of New Edible Biodegradable Films Containing Camu-Camu and Agro-Industry Residue.

The use of edible films has garnered significant interest in the food and environmental sectors due to their potential to prevent food deterioration and their biodegradability. This study aimed to develop and characterize edible films based on camu-camu residue, gelatin, and glycerol, evaluating their solubility, thermal, degradability, antioxidant, and water vapor permeability properties of the gelatin matrix. This is the first study incorporating camu-camu into a gelatin and glycerol matrix. The films produced with camu-camu residue were manageable and soluble, with some non-soluble residues, providing a shiny and well-presented appearance. In the biodegradation results, samples 3 and 4 appeared to degrade the most, being two of the three most affected samples in the triplicate. The films showed degradation modifications from the third day of the experiment. In the germination and plant growth analysis, sample 4 exhibited satisfactory development compared to the other samples, emerging as the sample with the best overall result in the analyses, attributed to a 13.84 cm increase in the growth of the upper part of the seedling. These results indicate that the produced materials have potential for food packaging applications.

Sustainable pectin-based film for carrying phenolic compounds and essential oil from Citrus sinensis peel waste

Currently, food science faces the challenge of finding methods to deliver functional and nutritional compounds in ready-to-eat products. Biopolymeric films enriched with essential oils are an emerging strategy for incorporating valuable components into edible carrier matrices. This study investigated the wastewater from orange peel hydrodistillation as a source of phenolic compounds and an innovative ingredient to develop bioactive limonene-loaded pectin-based films, addressing waste disposal challenges by developing a multi-functional packaging material. The objective was to evaluate the effects of formulation synergies, particularly pectin-phenolic interactions, on the physicochemical, rheological properties, and essential oil retention capacity of film-forming emulsions, and then assess the effects on the physicochemical and mechanical properties of the films. Films were analyzed for morphology, water vapor permeability, light transmittance, mechanical, chemical, and physical properties, and encapsulation efficiency. Three formulations were evaluated: pectin control (PC), pectin with Tween-80 surfactant (PT), and pectin with phenolic-rich wastewater (PPW). PPW emulsions displayed higher viscosity, consistency, kinetic stability, and essential oil retention compared to PC. The resulting environmentally-friendly films exhibited increased thickness, improved oil droplet distribution, a more crystalline structure, lower clarity, better flexibility, and increased water vapor permeability. Altered FTIR spectrum bands suggested potential pectin-phenolic interactions, influencing film physicochemical properties through mechanisms such as enhanced crosslinking. The PT film-forming emulsion demonstrated lower kinetic stability and less homogeneity than PC and PPW, showing that the use of the commercial surfactant (0.1g/100 g of film-forming emulsion) led to less favorable performance in terms of emulsion stability and film properties compared to PPW and PC. Conclusively, utilizing orange residue for bioactive pectin-based films offers valuable insights for promoting shelf life, reducing the need for formulation surfactants, and adding nutritional value in food applications, while simultaneously repurposing underutilized waste. This research also contributes to insights into the development of more stable emulsions for creating uniform films.

COMPARISON OF ANTIBACTERIAL AND SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF KNITTED FABRICS PRODUCED FROM BAMBOO, COTTON AND VISCOSE FIBER

Cotton, bamboo, and viscose fibers were examined in this study for their suitability in textile production. Bamboo, being a regenerated cellulosic fiber, has gained popularity in the industry due to its ecological properties. Fabrics made from bamboo exhibit comfort, wrinkle resistance, and thermal regulation. Additionally, they possess natural antibacterial, hypoallergenic, and biodegradable properties, along with high moisture absorption, shine, softness, and UV protection. The study compared knitted fabrics from these fibers, evaluating their water vapor permeability, air permeability, burst strength, water absorbency, abrasion resistance, and antibacterial properties according to international standards. Results showed that bamboo and cotton fibers have similar water vapor permeability, both higher than viscose fibers. Bamboo fiber's air permeability is notably higher than cotton and viscose fibers. Moreover, bamboo's water absorption surpasses cotton and viscose, leading to better sweat absorption. Bamboo fiber also demonstrated superior antibacterial properties compared to cotton and viscose, with higher bacterial eradication rates. Fabrics made from bamboo exhibited higher bursting strength and comparable pilling values to cotton, outperforming viscose. Overall, bamboo fiber demonstrated better air permeability, water absorbency, antibacterial properties, abrasion resistance, and bursting strength compared to cotton and viscose, making it a desirable choice for cool and comfortable textiles.

Physicochemical Properties of a Bioactive Polysaccharide Film from Cassia grandis with Immobilized Collagenase from Streptomyces parvulus (DPUA/1573)

(1) Background: Polysaccharide films are promising vehicles for the delivery of bioactive agents such as collagenases, as they provide controlled release at the wound site, facilitating tissue regeneration. This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical properties of Cassia grandis polysaccharide films with immobilized collagenase from Streptomyces parvulus (DPUA/1573). (2) Methods: Galactomannan was extracted from Cassia grandis seeds for film production with 0.8% (w/v) galactomannan and 0.2% (v/v) glycerol with or without collagenases. The films underwent physical-chemical analyses: Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), color and opacity (luminosity-L*, green to red-a*, yellow to blue-b*, opacity-Y%), moisture content, water vapor permeability (WVP), thickness, contact angle, and mechanical properties. (3) Results: The results showed similar FTIR spectra to the literature, indicating carbonyl functional groups. Immobilizing bioactive compounds increased surface roughness observed in SEM. TGA indicated a better viability for films with immobilized S. parvulus enzymes. Both collagenase-containing and control films exhibited a bright-yellowish color with slight opacity (Y%). Mechanical tests revealed decreased rigidity in PCF (−25%) and SCF (−41%) and increased deformability in films with the immobilized bioactive compounds, PCF (234%) and SCF (295%). (4) Conclusions: Polysaccharide-based films are promising biomaterials for controlled composition, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and wound healing, with a potential in pharmacological applications.

Starch-based films affected by the addition of collagen from Prochilodus magdalenae residues and HPMC: Application in Andean blackberry (Rubus glaucus Benth) coatings.

Starch-based films offer the advantages of biodegradability, edibility, barrier properties, flexibility, and adaptability. This study compared the physicochemical properties of starch-based films by adding raw fish collagen and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC). The tensile properties were evaluated, and the interaction with water was analyzed. Barrier properties, such as water vapor and oxygen permeability, were examined, and optical properties, such as gloss and good internal transmittance, were evaluated. The films were evaluated as coatings on Andean blackberries (Rubus glaucus Benth) for 2 weeks at 85% RH and 25°C. The results showed that the inclusion of collagen caused a reduction in the tensile strength and elastic modulus of the films. Also, the formulation with the highest collagen concentration (F7) exhibited the lowest weight loss and water vapor permeability, also it had the highest collagen concentration and showed the highest reduction in Xw and WAC, with values of 0.048 and 0.65 g water/g dry film, respectively. According to analyzing the optical properties, F1 presented the highest bright-ness and transmittance values, with 18GU and 82 nm values, respectively. In general, the films and coatings are alternatives to traditional packaging materials to prolong the shelf life of these fruits.

Novel soy protein isolate films incorporated with phage CAM-21 show strong antimicrobial effects against E. coli O157:H7

Due to their specificity, bacteriophages are becoming more widely used as antibacterial agents in the food industry. However, their effectiveness in food is often compromised by food components that can lead to a loss of their biological activity. In this study, soy protein isolate (SPI)-based packaging films incorporated with Escherichia phage CAM-21 were developed using a solution casting method. CAM-21 was relatively stable at pH 3–11 and temperatures up to 55 °C after 1 h of incubation. It remained active on the surface of raw beef, ground beef, and baby spinach after 36 h at 4 °C. The distribution of CAM-21 in the films was uniform, and its incorporation did not affect the film microstructure. No significant impact on the color, water vapor permeability, opacity, and mechanical properties of the films was observed. The antimicrobial activity of CAM-21-incorporated films was significantly enhanced in beef products inoculated with E. coli O157:H7. CAM-21-containing films significantly decreased the number of bacteria on raw beef samples by up to 1.5 and 2.0 log CFU/g after 3 and 5 days of refrigerated storage, respectively. These findings suggest that SPI films containing Escherichia phage CAM-21 have potential as antimicrobial packaging materials for preserving meat products.

Highly permeable membrane based on permax and PEG for air dehumidification

In this work, polyethylene glycol (PEG) with varying molecular weights was incorporated into the water-based polyurethane matrix (Permax232) to prepare Permax/PEG blend membranes for air dehumidification. The physical properties of the prepared membranes were characterized by FTIR, SEM, XRD and DSC. Furthermore, the influence of PEG molecular weight on the water vapor adsorption and permeability properties of the Permax/PEG blend membranes was investigated. The experimental results showed that blending PEG600 into the Permax232 matrix obtained optimal performance for air dehumidification. The water vapor sorption enthalpy and the permeation activation energy in the membranes were determined. Furthermore, Permax/20PEG600/PAN thin film composite membrane was developed via dip-coating method. The composite membrane showed superior water vapor permeance of 6578 GPU and water vapor/N2 selectivity of 4909 and a satisfactory long-term stability, which had potential industrial application for energy efficient dehumidification.

Peppermint oil‐infused polylactic acid films: A novel approach for antimicrobial and biodegradable food packaging

AbstractExtensive research is currently dedicated to creating biodegradable packaging materials that match the qualities of traditional synthetic packaging materials. Among these options, polylactic acid (PLA) is noteworthy. PLA is a renewable‐source‐derived thermoplastic polymer with excellent barrier properties, mechanical strength, and a strong safety profile. To enhance food product shelf life, active packaging materials, incorporating functional ingredients like antimicrobials, have gained prominence. Peppermint essential oil is one such active ingredient, offering potential improvements in preserving food freshness and safety. This study's objective is to craft antimicrobial, biodegradable food packaging materials by blending peppermint oil into PLA films. Various peppermint oil concentrations (1.25%, 1.875%, and 2.5% w/v) were blended with PLA to assess their impact on opacity, water vapor permeability (WVP), mechanical and thermal properties, and antimicrobial characteristics. Higher peppermint oil concentrations increased opacity, making them advantageous for light‐sensitive food items. These films reduced WVP without affecting PLA's thermal stability. Antimicrobial effectiveness was evaluated against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), showing inhibition with 1.875% and 2.5% w/v peppermint oil concentrations. Compared to control, PLA films with peppermint oil extended the shelf life of packaged chicken breast meats from 3 to 8 days. As a result, incorporating peppermint oil into PLA films presents a promising solution for advanced antimicrobial and biodegradable food packaging.Highlights The incorporation of peppermint oil resulted in higher opacity values. Peppermint incorporated PLA films showed antimicrobial activity. Peppermint oil addition decreased water vapor permeability of PLA films. Peppermint oil added PLA films increased the shelf life of chicken meat up to 8 days.

Exploring the integration of bio-based thermal insulations in compressed earth blocks walls

The growing concern about the environmental impact of contemporary construction has posed emphasis on the possibilities offered by bio-based and raw earth construction. The front challenge for the establishment of earth-based technologies in contemporary building markets is the guarantee of high structural and energy performances, while maintaining a low environmental impact. This work focuses on the performance analysis of compressed earth blocks (from now on CEBs) which are currently commercialized for the construction of massive vertical envelopes, with high thermal inertia. However, to obtain an acceptable comfort and an optimized thermal behavior, CEBs walls must also reach a high thermal resistance. This issue can be overcame by the design of insulated CEB stratigraphies using bio-based thermal insulations presenting hygrothermal properties compatible with raw earth-based materials. In this way, the thermal performance of CEBs walls can be increased, while preserving their hygroscopic behavior. In this spirit, this work reports the results of the experimental characterization of three materials: CEB, lime hemp and sugarcane bagasse bio-based insulation panels. It includes their composition, their main physical (dry density, porosity, capillary water absorption), thermal (specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity) and hygrometric (sorption isotherm, water vapor permeability) properties. Finally, these experimental data are used for the implementation of several numerical simulations at a wall scale in a reference climate to estimate the hygrothermal performances of both uninsulated and bio-insulated CEB walls. The simulations allow for a better comprehension of CEBs’ behavior in view of their combination with the chosen bio-based thermal insulations, and give insights into possible moisture-related issues as mold growth or increase of U-value.

Control of mechanical and hydrophobic properties of silylated chitosan-starch films by cross-linking using carboxylic acids

We prepared polysaccharide films from silylated chitosan cross-linked with starch using six kinds of carboxylic acids (oxalic, maleic, citric, succinic, azelaic and sebacic acids) to explore the effects of molecular structures of cross-linkers on the mechanical, hydrophobic and water vapor permeability properties of these hydrophobicity-enhanced films. The films were analyzed by FT-IR, SEM, mechanical tests (stress versus strain, tensile strength and elongation at break curves) as well as the measurements of water contact angle, water solubility and water vapor permeability rate. We observed that the cross-linkers with a long chain provide a large mechanical strength; the tensile strength increases from 6 to 27 MPa with the chain length of dicarboxylates. The hydrophobicity, evaluated by the contact angle (ranging 80° ∼ 120°), increased with the chain length of the cross-linkers and was correlated well with the decreases of the solubility (94 ∼ 17%) and vapor permeability rate of water (14.5 ∼ 1.5 × 10−12 g s−1 m−1 Pa−1). We demonstrate that these mechanical, hydrophobic and water permeability properties are varied considerably only by the choice of the cross-linking acid also in the hydrophobicity-enhanced film by pre-silylation, which may widen the range of potential applications of polysaccharide film such as food packaging.

Quick-dissolvable heat-sealable edible films made from orange peel powder and guar gum for instant beverage packaging

Water-soluble films provide convenience, notably in scenarios requiring single-dose or on-the-go packaging, such as dissolvable sachets for individual servings of beverages, effectively minimising excess packaging waste. The main aim of this study was to create edible films that are water-soluble and heat-sealable by utilising a blend of guar gum and orange peel powder. The study investigated the impact of varying orange peel powder content on guar gum edible films’ properties. Physical (thickness, moisture content, swelling index, density, solubility), optical (colour, opacity, light transmittance), and barrier (water vapour transmission rate, water vapour permeability) properties of the films with different concentrations of orange peel powder were evaluated. Moreover, within the scope of utilising these films for packaging dry instant beverages, they were heat-sealed to form pouches and then filled with dry orange peel powder to evaluate their ability to dissolve instantly. As the orange peel powder content in the films increased, thickness, density, and colour parameters such as redness, yellowness, ΔE, chroma, hue angle, and browning index also increased, resulting in more thick, vivid colours and significant colour changes. Conversely, moisture content, swelling index, and light transmittance decreased with higher orange peel levels, impacting the films' textural properties and rendering them more opaque for better protection against light, oxygen, and heat, essential for extending food product shelf life. Moreover, solubility increased as the orange peel content increased, indicating greater water interaction facilitated by the extract's potential plasticising effect.

Utilization of Waste Natural Fibers Mixed with Polylactic Acid (PLA) Bicomponent Fiber: Incorporating Kapok and Cattail Fibers for Nonwoven Medical Textile Applications.

Disposable surgical gowns are usually made from petroleum-based synthetic fibers that do not naturally decompose, impacting the environment. A promising approach to diminish the environmental impact of disposable gowns involves utilizing natural fibers and/or bio-based synthetic fibers. In this study, composite webs from polylactic acid (PLA) bicomponent fiber and natural fibers, cattail and kapok fibers, were prepared using the hot press method. Only the sheath region of the PLA bicomponent fiber melted, acting as an adhesive that enhanced the strength and reduced the thickness of the composite web compared with its state before hot pressing. The mechanical and physical properties of these composite webs were evaluated. Composite webs created from kapok fibers displayed a creamy yellowish-white color, while those made from cattail fibers showed a light yellowish-brown color. Additionally, the addition of natural fibers endowed the composite webs with hydrophobic properties. The maximum natural fiber content, at a ratio of 30:70 (natural fiber to PLA fiber), can be incorporated while maintaining proper water vapor permeability and mechanical properties. This nonwoven material presents an alternative with the potential to replace petroleum-based surgical gowns.

Structural and Physiological Properties of Footwear Textiles

Abstract Textile uppers in the form of fitted knitted fabrics are now gaining in importance in the production of commercial footwear. The subject of this study was twelve different textile uppers and two reference leather materials. Structural properties and parameters of physiological comfort were characterized for selected variants. In order to analyze the thermo-physiological properties of the upper parts of the footwear, air permeability, thermal insulation properties, water vapor permeability and sorption properties were measured. Among the variants of textile uppers analyzed, the most desirable functional properties were shown by knitted fabrics made on cylindrical crochet machines of large diameters. The varnished cowhide leather variant was characterized by the worst hygienic properties.

Characterization of active films of chitosan containing nettle Urtica dioica L. extract: Spectral and water properties, microstructure, and antioxidant activity

Chitosan films enriched with aqueous nettle extract (Urtica dioica L.) were evaluated by measuring their solubility, equilibrium moisture, water vapor permeability, spectral and antioxidant properties, and microstructure. Nettle extract showed a significant effect on the analyzed film properties. The addition of nettle extract manifested a sharp decrease in water vapor permeability, decreasing from 5.64 · 10−11 to 2.22 · 10−11 g/m·s·Pa. The chitosan- nettle extract films exhibited a high free-radical scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). Incorporation of nettle extract into the chitosan matrix was successfully carried out to obtain antioxidant films. The results obtained showed that the incorporation of nettle extract allowed obtaining chitosan films with antioxidant properties, including a total phenolic content up to 1.57 mg GAE/g film. Furthermore, the films with nettle extract boast an UV shielding ability with transmittance values close to zero in the UV region and a water solubility up to 1 %. The inherent biodegradability is also a strong advantage of the developed active films.

Dry Heat Treatment of Finger Millet Starch for Thin Films—Studies on Physicochemical, Mechanical, and Barrier Properties

AbstractThis research work aims to investigate the impact of dry heat treatment (DHT) on the morphological, structural, and physicochemical properties of native finger millet starch (FMS), with the goal of enhancing its applicability in thin films. The influence of DHT on FMS is examined through various parameters, including moisture content, amylose content, ash content, swelling power, and solubility. Subsequently, a sequential evaluation is conducted to assess the morphology, structural and thermal stability, film thickness, water vapor permeability, water solubility, and mechanical properties of thin films produced from both FMS and DHT‐modified FMS. Regarding the modification of FMS, the solubility of FMS exhibits improvement, while amylose content, swelling, ash, and moisture content exhibit a decline. Thin films fabricated using DHT‐modified FMS displays enhanced homogeneity and continuity, devoid of cracks and holes typically observed in native FMS‐based thin films. Furthermore, the mechanical properties, water solubility, and water vapor permeability of the films are also improved as a result of the DHT treatment.These results demonstrate that DHT can be useful for enhancing the physical and chemical properties of high amylose finger millet starch for its applications in edible films and coatings.

Thymol incorporation within chitosan/polyethylene oxide nanofibers by concurrent coaxial electrospinning and in-situ crosslinking from core-out for active antibacterial packaging

Active packaging systems that are sustainable and capable of delivering antimicrobial agents are in demand in food industry. In this work, Thymol (Thy) was encapsulated into Polyethylene oxide (PEO)/Chitosan (CS) to form core-shell nanofibers via coaxial electrospinning. Various dose of the crosslinker-genipin (GP) were encapsulated into the core layer to achieve in-situ etching crosslink with the CS of shell layer during the electrospinning process. The core-shell structure of the nanofiber was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The microstructures, mechanical properties, water vapor permeability, swelling ratios, wettability, thermal stability, biocompatibility and antibacterial properties of the crosslinked films were characterized. The results showed that the crosslinked films had compact structures, strong water resistance, better mechanical property and thermal stability, the sustained release profiles and antioxidant activity were also improved. More importantly, the antibacterial assays indicated that the Thy loaded nanofiber films could effectively inhibit the growth of two common food spoilage bacteria—E. coli and S. aureus.

Investigation of the dyeability and various performance properties of fabrics produced from flax and hemp fibres and their blends with cotton in comparison with cotton

AbstractIn this study, it is aimed to provide alternative fibres to cotton with enhanced comfort level, environmentally friendly and colour‐enriched in the cellulosic knitted fabric field. For this purpose, in addition to 100% cotton, 100% linen, 100% hemp yarns, knitted fabrics were produced from 70% cotton/30% linen and 70% cotton/30% hemp yarns. First of all, the properties of yarns such as tenacity, elongation at break, yarn unevenness, thin places, thick places and neps were examined comparatively. Then, pique fabrics were produced from these yarns and dyed with a reactive dye to a selected colour. Afterwards, physical (weight, wale/course density), mechanical (bursting strength, pilling, abrasion resistance) and comfort (air permeability and water vapour permeability) properties of all fabric samples, both in raw form and after dyeing and finishing processes, were compared. Furthermore, dyeing properties (colour, dye‐uptake, dyeing levelness, fastness) of fabric samples were also investigated. The dye uptake (%) values of the yarns decrease in the order of cotton > cotton/hemp > cotton/linen > hemp > linen. However, fastness values of dyed fabrics were nearly identical. Physical and mechanical properties of fabrics were very similar, while the air permeability of the fabrics decrease in the order of hemp > linen > cotton/hemp > cotton/linen > cotton. As a result of the study, it has been possible to produce knitted fabrics with superior performance characteristics (dyeability, comfort, etc.) from yarns produced via blending natural cellulosic fibres (flax and hemp) with certain proportions of cotton fibres, which contribute to sustainable production.

Effect of micro phase change materials on the thermal behavior of leather

Today, scientists are interested in the manufacturing and invention of smart textiles such as phase change materials (PCMs). The process of phase change from solid to liquid and vice versa takes place in such materials. Using materials such as PCM could change the properties of leather for better performance, and could be applied to many places such as the shoe industry. The background of the study is that using PCMs could increase thermoregulating properties of materials. For finishing leather with PCMs, several methods were suggested such as spraying, tanning, laminating, etc. In this study, first impregnated leather with 5% and 10% of PCM by spray technic are prepared and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Finally, water vapor permeability and physical properties of the samples were analyzed for an understanding of leather comfort. The results reveal that after impregnating with 10% PCMs, significant effects on the thermal behavior of samples were observed, and this finishing had no effect on the comfort of leather.

Influence of cellulose based on knitted fabric on thermal comfort properties performance

Thermal comfort properties are very important factors for knitted fabrics. Optimized comfort properties are demanding during the design of garments, especially for sportswear, outerwear and underwear. Knitted fabrics produced from regenerated fibers other than cotton are highly preferred due to their eco-friendly, environmentally friendly and superior performance properties. In this study, the comfort properties of woven fabrics were investigated. In this study, single jersey knitted fabrics with cotton 100%, bamboo 100%, Modal 100%, Tencel 100% and Cotton/Bamboo (50:50%), Cotton/Modal (50:50%), Cotton/Tencel (50:50%) blend ratios were used. Bursting strength, strength, pilling, air permability, thermal conductivity, thermal resistance and water-vapor permeability properties of single jersey knitted fabrics were investigated. The results of the study showed that the thermal comfort (busting strength, piiling, air permability, thermal conductivity, thermal resistance and water-vapor permeability) of Tencel 100% and Cotton/Tencel (50:50%) single jarsey knitted fabrics were the best. T-shirts were produced by evaluating the obtained data.

Novel electrospun nanofibers based on gelatin/oxidized xanthan gum containing propolis reinforced by Schiff base cross-linking for food packaging.

Gelatin-based electrospun fibers are promising materials for food packaging but suffer from high hydrophilicity and weak mechanical properties. To overcome these limitations, in the current study, gelatin-based nanofibers were reinforced by using oxidized xanthan gum (OXG) as a crosslinking agent. The nanofibers' morphology was investigated through SEM, and the observations showed that the fibers' diameter was decreased by enhancing OXG content. The resultant fibers with more OXG content exhibited high tensile stress so the optimal sample obtained showed a tensile stress of 13.24±0.76MPa, which is up to 10 times more than neat gelatin fiber. Adding OXG to gelatin fibers reduced water vapor permeability, water solubility, and moisture content properties while increasing thermal stability and porosity. Additionally, the nanofibers containing propolis displayed a homogenous morphology with high antioxidant and antibacterial activities. In general, the findings suggested that the designed fibers could be used as a matrix for active food packaging.