Agricultural Water Use Efficiency Research Articles

Agricultural Water Use Efficiency: Is There Any Spatial Correlation between Different Regions?

Affected by global climate change and water shortages, food security continues to be challenged. Improving agricultural water use efficiency is essential to guarantee food security. China has been suffering from water scarcity for a long time, and insufficient water supply in the agricultural sector has seriously threatened regional food security and sustainable development. This study adopted the super-efficiency slack-based model (SBM) to measure the provincial agricultural water use efficiency (AWUE). Then, we applied the vector autoregression (VAR) Granger causality test and social network analysis (SNA) method to explore the spatial correlation of AWUE between different provinces and reveal the interprovincial transmission mechanism of spillover effects in AWUE. The results show the following: (1) In China, the provincial AWUE was significantly enhanced, and the gaps in provincial AWUE have widened in the past 20 years. (2) There were apparent spatial heterogeneity and correlations of provincial AWUE. The provinces with higher AWUE were mainly located in economically developed and coastal areas. (3) The correlation of AWUE between provinces showed significant network structure characteristics. Fujian, Hebei, Jiangsu, Shandong, and Hubei Qinghai were central to the network, with high centrality. (4) The AWUE spatial correlation network could be divided into four blocks. Each block played a different role in the cross-provincial transmission of spillover effects. Therefore, it is necessary to manage the agricultural water resources and improve water use efficiency from the perspective of the network.

Translational Platform for Increasing Water Use Efficiency in Agriculture: Comparative Analysis of Plantation Crops

Translational Platform for Increasing Water Use Efficiency in Agriculture: Comparative Analysis of Plantation Crops

A Review on Development Water-Saving Agriculture in Asia

The development of water-saving agriculture is of great significance not only for increasing farmers’ production and income, but also for protecting water resources. The purpose of this paper is to learn from the experience of Israel, Japan, Korea and Singapore, improve the low efficiency of agricultural water use in China, and solve the problem of water shortage, promote the development of agriculture. This article concludes that the experience of water-saving agriculture in Israel is advanced irrigation technology, sound laws and regulations, and emphasis on science and technology. Japan’s water-saving agriculture is characterized by an efficient irrigation program and a strict agricultural water management policy. Korea’s experience in water-saving agriculture is that it has a strict water management system, with the government subsidizing the cost of irrigation projects and integrating water into agricultural development planning. Singapore’s experience in water-saving agriculture is to raise awareness of water conservation and to use step water prices. In order to promote the sustainable development of water-saving agriculture in China, the research on water-saving agriculture in the future can be carried out from the aspects of agricultural production or related agricultural technology.

Water consumption by agriculture in Latin America and the Caribbean: impact of climate change and applications of nuclear and isotopic techniques

The main aim of this review is to examine agricultural water consumption in the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) regions to understand how climate change will impact water availability and how the application of nuclear and stable isotope techniques can be used as tools for improving water use efficiency (WUE) for crop production. The status of agricultural water management in some LAC countries, such as Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay, is also reviewed. In the LAC region, water consumption for agricultural irrigation ranged between 35% and 86% of the total available water. However, the WUE is very low in some LAC countries. Although the region, in general, has adequate water resources, there is still a need to improve WUE to increase the productivity of agricultural water. The impact of climate change in some LAC countries may lead to intensification and expansion of agricultural activity. In these areas, the WUE can be improved through soil and water conservation, minimizing soil evaporation (E), as well as through better irrigation management, especially by using an integrated approach on an area-wide basis to manage all land use activities and farming systems within an agricultural catchment. Nuclear and stable isotope techniques using Keeling Plot or IMB methods can play important roles in improving WUE in agriculture in LAC countries by providing information related to soil water losses for improving irrigation systems.

A Decoupling Analysis of the Crop Water Footprint Versus Economic Growth in Beijing, China

Beijing, the capital of China, is experiencing a serious lack of water, which is becoming a main factor in the restriction of the development of the social economy. Due to the low economic efficiency and high consumption proportion of agricultural water use, the relationship between economic growth and agricultural water use is worth investigating. The “decoupling” index is becoming increasingly popular for identifying the degree of non-synchronous variation between resource consumption and economic growth. However, few studies address the decoupling between the crop water consumption and agricultural economic growth. This paper involves the water footprint (WF) to assess the water consumption in the crop production process. After an evaluation of the crop WF in Beijing, this paper applies the decoupling indicators to examine the occurrence of non-synchronous variation between the agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) and crop WF in Beijing from 1981 to 2013. The results show that the WF of crop production in 2013 reduced by 62.1% compared to that in 1980 — in total, 1.81 × 109 m3. According to the decoupling states, the entire study period is divided into three periods. From 1981 to 2013, the decoupling states represented seventy-five percent of the years from 1981 to 1992 (Period I) with a moderate decoupling degree, more than ninety percent from 1993 to 2003 (Period II) with a very strong decoupling degree and moved from non-decoupling to strong decoupling from 2004 to 2013 (Period III). Adjusting plantation structure, technology innovation and raising awareness of water-saving, may promote the decoupling degree between WF and agricultural GDP in Beijing.

Impact on Knowledge of Blackgram Growers in Periyar Vaigai Command Area of Madurai District

The World Bank Supported TN IAM (Irrigated Agriculture Modernization) Project is a follow up of IAMWARM presently it was called as (Irrigated Agriculture Modernization and Water-Bodies Restoration and Management) Project which has made significant development and impacts in the Tamil Nadu state by modernizing irrigation infrastructure, improving water use efficiency, enhancing yield and productivity of agriculture in a climate resilient production systems, diversification towards high-value crops, strengthening the institutional reforms through Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) and Water Users Association (WUA). Madurai District of Tamil Nadu was purposively selected for this study because Tamil Nadu Irrigated Agriculture Modernization Project was conducted under Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. The foremost objective of the study is to assess the knowledge level of respondents in the study area. According to crop production technology aspects revealed that (79.00%) of the beneficiaries possessed knowledge in using VBN 6 variety for cultivation. The study concluded that majority (80.00%) of the beneficiaries were possessed knowledge on (cultural control) fixation of light traps, crop rotation (77.50%) and sowing carry out in proper season.

How agricultural water use efficiency varies in China—A spatial-temporal analysis considering unexpected outputs

Chinese agricultural production has grown rapidly over the past two decades. However, expanding large-scale production faces a sharp conflict with the supply of water resources. Meanwhile, to adapt to changes in consumer preferences and protect the environment, both the livestock and crop industries had to input more to achieve a high output of meat and grains and low graywater footprint emission. Using provincial panel data of China from 2008 to 2019, this study adopted a slacked-based model to measure the country's agricultural water use efficiency (AWUE) that considered graywater from crop and livestock production as an unexpected output. Based on the concept of sustainable development, using the graywater footprint as an undesired output included environmental pollution caused by agricultural production as part of the cost and could more accurately measure the water efficiency of current production. We also applied the Tobit model to identify the main factors influencing AWUE. Our results indicated the following. (1) Wealthy provinces produced more graywater than did poor provinces. If the province's gross domestic product climbed, the volume of graywater of livestock would surpass graywater of crops by a greater amount. (2) The AWUE in Southwest and South China fitted a "U" trend, while the remaining five regions showed an inverted U-shaped tendency. (3) To improve the AWUE, it is necessary to increase the crop area of economic crops and expand the scale of the livestock industry; compared with investment in irrigation infrastructure, investment in research and experimental development produces higher marginal benefits in enhancing the AWUE. (4) Environmental regulations inhibit the improvement of the AWUE, while irrigation infrastructure significantly improves the AWUE.

Retraction Note to: Groundwater level change based on edge computing and translation accuracy of urban English

For China, water resources are very scarce, mainly because of the rapid economic development. Especially in the north of China, in order to meet the needs of local social development, groundwater in North China has been overfished for many years, resulting in serious environmental problems. The plain area of S city is a typical groundwater overfishing area in North China Plain. Long-term overexploitation of groundwater disturbs the balance between recharge and drainage. The groundwater level in the plain of S city decreased rapidly, forming a large number of groundwater depression funnels in this area. In the past few decades, the scale of groundwater drawdown funnel has been expanding, causing geological and ecological problems such as cracks and collapses. In view of the fact that the groundwater level in S city has been declining and the scope of groundwater depression funnel has been continuously extended, comprehensive management has been implemented. Two governance methods can be used through edge computing. First, we should speed up the construction of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project and use the river water allocated by the South-to-North Water Diversion Project to replace the groundwater extracted from the receiving area. The second is underground water pressure mining. Control the intensity of water extraction, improve the efficiency of industrial and agricultural water use, and reduce the use of groundwater. On the basis of the analysis of language and usage standards, combined with examples, we can take the city English of Los Angeles as a reference, expand the analysis of language use and social pragmatics, and check the mistranslation of Chinese city English, so as to improve the accuracy of translation. Based on the study of groundwater level change and the accuracy of urban English translation, this paper applies it to edge computing, which promotes the development of groundwater treatment and urban English translation.

Application of Data Envelopment Analysis to Evaluate Investments in the Modernization of Collective Management Irrigation Systems in Valencia (Spain)

Climate change and increased competition for water resources are generating growing concern about how to improve water-use efficiency in agriculture. In turn, this has prompted substantial investments in the installation of water-saving technologies in irrigation systems. The first aim of this research is to use data envelopment analysis to quantify, in terms of gross water savings (GWS), the local-scale efficiency of the irrigation policies adopted in an area of Spain suffering from a structural water deficit. Second, the cross-efficiency method is used to produce a ranking of the irrigation organizations analysed, in order to identify patterns of water-use efficiency performance that can guide future lines of investment. The results reveal that water-use efficiency prior to modernization is a key determinant of the efficiency achieved in terms of GWS at local scale. However, the investments targeted at irrigation modernization often have objectives other than water savings. These and other aspects should be taken into account when allocating public funds to irrigation modernization.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Groundwater level change based on edge computing and translation accuracy of urban English

For China, water resources are very scarce, mainly because of the rapid economic development. Especially in the north of China, in order to meet the needs of local social development, groundwater in North China has been overfished for many years, resulting in serious environmental problems. The plain area of S city is a typical groundwater overfishing area in North China Plain. Long-term overexploitation of groundwater disturbs the balance between recharge and drainage. The groundwater level in the plain of S city decreased rapidly, forming a large number of groundwater depression funnels in this area. In the past few decades, the scale of groundwater drawdown funnel has been expanding, causing geological and ecological problems such as cracks and collapses. In view of the fact that the groundwater level in S city has been declining and the scope of groundwater depression funnel has been continuously extended, comprehensive management has been implemented. Two governance methods can be used through edge computing. First, we should speed up the construction of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project and use the river water allocated by the South-to-North Water Diversion Project to replace the groundwater extracted from the receiving area. The second is underground water pressure mining. Control the intensity of water extraction, improve the efficiency of industrial and agricultural water use, and reduce the use of groundwater. On the basis of the analysis of language and usage standards, combined with examples, we can take the city English of Los Angeles as a reference, expand the analysis of language use and social pragmatics, and check the mistranslation of Chinese city English, so as to improve the accuracy of translation. Based on the study of groundwater level change and the accuracy of urban English translation, this paper applies it to edge computing, which promotes the development of groundwater treatment and urban English translation.

A Biomimetic, Biocompatible OECT Sensor for the Real-Time Measurement of Concentration and Saturation of Ions in Plant Sap

Currently, the transport of ions and nutrients in the plant stem is determined by destructive techniques or by radiolabeled compounds. Here, we have combined materials science and mathematical modelling to develop a sensor device that can monitor in real time and simultaneously the concentration of ions and the saturation in the plant’s xylem. The device, based on the technology of organic electrochemical transistors, is biomimetic, biocompatible, low-cost and minimally invasive. The mathematical model decodes the sensor’s response and decouples the effects of concentration and saturation over time. In the work, we demonstrated the scheme by monitoring the condition of tomato plants subjected to vapor pressure deficit and drought stress for up to 25 days. Results of the work have the potential to impact on the analysis of plant’s physiology, improve water use efficiency in small and large-scale agriculture, and maximize yield with a minimum amount of fertilizer/nutrients.

Response of yield, yield components and water-nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat to different drip fertigation regimes in Northwest China

Understanding the response of spike density (SD), grain number per spike (GN), and thousand kernel weight (TKW) to the application amount of nitrogen and irrigation, and clarifying the contribution of nitrogen and irrigation to the increased yield are vital for achieving high grain yield (GY), water and nitrogen use efficiency (WUE and NUE) in precision agriculture. A two-year (2018–2020) drip fertigated winter wheat experiment was conducted with three irrigation levels (rain-fed (RF), deficit irrigation (DI, 75% ETc) and full irrigation (FI, 100% ETc)) as main plot and four nitrogen levels (0 (NN), 85 (N3), 170 (N2) and 255 (N1) kg N hm−2) as subplot in Northwest China. The results showed that the tillers per plant (TP) significantly increased with increasing nitrogen application amount (0–255 kg hm−2), but the SD had insignificant difference between N1 and N2 levels due to lower effective spike rate (ESR) of N1. The GN firstly increased and then decreased with increasing nitrogen application amount. However, the TKW continued to decrease with increasing nitrogen application amount. Irrigation significantly increased SD and GN, but the impact on TKW showed uncertainty during two growing seasons. The structure equation model showed that both irrigation and nitrogen indirectly affect GY by affecting yield components, and nitrogen had the stronger influence to SD, GN and TKW than irrigation in this study. The highest GY (9.10 and 9.28 t hm−2 in 2018–2019 and 2019–2020, respectively) was observed at DIN2, which increased by 200% and 277% in 2018–2019 and 2019–2020 growing seasons compared with RFNN treatment, respectively. And among these increased yield, more than 65% and approximately 20% were contributed by the application of nitrogen and irrigation, respectively. In addition, DIN2 also obtained the highest WUE and higher NUE due to lower actual evapotranspiration and nitrogen application amount. Therefore, deficit drip irrigation (75%ETc) coupled with 170 kg N hm−2 was the best management strategy of irrigation and nitrogen under drip fertigation in Northwest China.

Agricultural Water Use Efficiency and Driving Force Assessment to Improve Regional Productivity and Effectiveness

Water use efficiency (WUE) improvements in agricultural production are of great significance to regional food security and ecological sustainability. Based on modified water footprint (WF) calculations for corn cultivation in China, WUE indices of water productivity (WP) and water efficiency (WE) for production capacity and the effective ratio of water resources were developed and quantified in the current study. Approaches to achieving national productive and effective improvements concurrently were sought by determining the spatial-temporal patterns and determinants of WP and WE during 1996–2015. The results show that the annual crop WF was estimated at 197.3 m³, including 14.1 % blue, 62.4 % green and 23.4 % gray components. WP and WE were calculated as 0.781 kg/m³ and 0.687, respectively, both of which increased over time in all subregions. Both WP and WE showed obvious spatial differences in the observed period. Low-value provinces were concentrated in the northwest and on the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, and most high-value regions were distributed in the southeastern coastal zone. Agricultural production technology improvements contributed to WF reductions in specific areas, while meteorological elements and planting structure were the main factors affecting the spatial distribution of WP and WE. WF suppression in northwestern China and expansion of the production scale in southern China were conducive to increasing productive and effective agricultural water resource use in corn cultivation nationally. Agricultural production technology progress and crop spatial arrangement optimization are equally important to agricultural WUE enhancement in the WF framework.

Spatial–Temporal Evolution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Agricultural Water Use Efficiency in Northwest China—Based on a Super-DEA Model and a Spatial Panel Econometric Model

Improving agricultural water use efficiency (AWUE) is an important way to solve the shortage of water resources in arid and semi-arid regions. This study used the Super-DEA (data envelopment analysis) to measure the AWUE of 52 cities in Northwest China from 2000 to 2018. Based on spatial and temporal perspectives, it applied Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) to explore the dynamic evolution and regional differences of AWUE. A spatial econometric model was then used to analyze the main factors that influence the AWUE in Northwest China. The results showed firstly that the overall AWUE in Northwest China from 2000 to 2018 presented a steady upward trend. However, only a few cities achieved effective agricultural water usage by 2018, and the differences among cities were obvious. Secondly, AWUE showed an obvious spatial autocorrelation in Northwest China and showed significant high–high and low–low agglomeration characteristics. Thirdly, economic growth, urbanization development, and effective irrigation have significant, positive effects on AWUE, while per capita water resource has a significant, negative influence. Finally, when improving the AWUE in arid and semi-arid regions, plans should be formulated according to local conditions. The results of this study can provide new ideas on the study of AWUE in arid and semi-arid regions and provide references for the formulation of regional agricultural water resource utilization policies as well.

Evaluation of urban water ecological civilization: A case study of three urban agglomerations in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, China

Urbanization and economic development pose a challenge to the water ecological environment of cities. “Ecological Civilization” is a term that demonstrates the strategy to achieve the win-win goal of economic development and eco-environment protection. “Water Ecological Civilization” is a vital part of “Ecological Civilization”. This paper introduced a composite index to characterize the Urban Water Ecological Civilization (UWEC) and established an evaluation index system for UWEC based on a multicriteria analytical framework. The evaluation system contains 20 indicators selected from six criterion layers: water resources utilization (A, evaluating the efficiency of industrial, agricultural, domestic and public water use), water security assurance (B, evaluating the flood control, drainage and drinking water safety), water environmental protection (C, evaluating the water environment quality and water pollution prevention), water ecological restoration (D, evaluating the health of regional water ecosystem), water culture system (E, evaluating the inheritance of water culture and the popularization of UWEC awareness) and water management institution (F, evaluating the implementation of management systems). In our research, three major urban agglomerations (UAs) in Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) were chosen to be the study area. The results presented that the UWEC level of UAs gradually increased along the Yangtze River from west to east, showing obvious spatial differences. The main criteria restricting the UWEC level of UAs in the Yangtze River Delta were D and E, while E and F were the main restricting criteria for the UWEC level of UAs in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River and Cheng-Yu District. The indicator of “drainage compliance rate” got the lowest score among all indicators for three UAs. In addition, targeted measures for improving the UWEC level of UAs in YREB were proposed. Our study is supposed to provide a scientific reference to the improvement of UWEC level for UAs in YREB and trigger further research in the field of water ecological civilization.

Econometric analysis of optimization of water among different sectors

Water being a limited resource, its efficient use is very vital and basic to the very survival of the ever-increasing population. Every effort must be made for the best use of available water so as to make possible a high level of continuous production per unit volume of water per unit area of cropped land and per unit time. Water is a precious commodity that will become even more valuable as time goes by. Hence great emphasis is to be given for efficient use of this scarce resource but valuable resource especially in the command areas of the irrigation projects in order to reap the benefits offered by the technological innovations in farming. The increase in demand will be higher for urban and industrial uses than for agriculture. The total demand for water in India is projected to be 886 billion cubic metre in 2030. However supply expansion will not be sufficient to meet increasing demands. Comprehensive reforms are required to improve the incentives at each level of the water allocation process in order to improve the efficiency of agricultural water use and sustain crop yields and output growth to meet the rising food demand while allowing transfers of water out of agriculture. The proposed study was taken up in Bhavani basin where water transfer has been an increasing phenomenon over years. The study examined optimum water allocation among different sectors and ensuring equity in distribution of water to all the beneficiaries of the ayacut.

Water use efficiency data from 2000 to 2019 in measuring progress towards SDGs in Central Asia

ABSTRACT Central Asia, located in the hinterland of the Eurasian continent, is characterized with sparse rainfall, frequent droughts and low water use efficiency. Limited water resources have become a key factor restricting the sustainable development of this region. Accurately assessing the efficiency of water resources utilization is the first step to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Central Asia. However, since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the evaluation of water use efficiency is difficult due to low data availability and poor consistency. To fill this gap, this paper developed a Water Use Efficiency dataset (WUE) based on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Gross Primary Production (GPP) data and the MODIS evapotranspiration (ET) data. The WUE dataset ranges from 2000 to 2019 with a spatial resolution of 500 m. The agricultural WUE was then extracted based on the Global map of irrigated areas and MODIS land use map. As a complementary, the water use amount per GDP was estimated for each country. The present dataset could reflect changes in water use efficiency of agriculture and other sectors. The published data are available at http://www.dx.doi.org/10.11922/sciencedb.j00076.00012.

Analysis of Agricultural Water Use Efficiency Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation in Xinjiang, China

Improving agricultural water use efficiency (WUE) and reducing the proportion of agricultural water consumption are of great significance for coping with the water crisis in the world, particularly in northwest China. However, considering the lack of WUE indicators for the selection and an evaluation of system construction in Xinjiang, the implementation of the strictest water resources management system in this province has been seriously restricted. In order to evaluate the agricultural water utilization situation of 14 administrative regions in Xinjiang, a synthetical evaluation model is proposed combining the analytic hierarchy process method and the fuzzy evaluation method. Firstly, an evaluation system composed of the target layer (i.e., water use efficiency), the criterion layer (i.e., water use situation, engineering measure, planting structure) and the index layer (e.g., utilization coefficient of irrigation water, weighting irrigation quota, grain production per cubic meter of irrigation water, etc.) is constructed. Secondly, a classification standard of evaluation indicators is put forward and a fuzzy evaluation model is introduced into calculate agricultural WUE. Finally, key evaluation indicators that lead to these administrative regions with very low WUE are identified, and discussions on improving agricultural WUE in Kashgar are made. The evaluation results of this study are beneficial for providing support for reforming agricultural water use and promoting sustainable agricultural development in Xinjiang.

Performance Comparison of Experimental IoT Based Drip and Fibrous Capillary Irrigation Systems in The Cultivation of Cantaloupe Plants

The demand for freshwater and food is on the increase due to the rapid growth in the world’s population, while the effect of global warming and climate change poses a severe threat on water use and food security. Conventional irrigation system suffers due to an inefficient management of water and energy, while insufficient supply of water to plant increases their stress which often affects its growth and development. Hence, there is a need to increase research focus on water use efficiency in irrigation agriculture. This paper is aimed at investigating the performance of smart drip and subsurface fibrous capillary irrigation experiment for the cultivation of cantaloupe plant to increase the yield and quality of fruit while decreasing the water and energy usage. To achieve enhancement of subsurface fibrous capillary and drip irrigation system, an Internet of Things (IoT) approach was used to improve monitoring of soil, weather, plant and control of water application. The performance comparisons of both methods was evaluated in terms of water-saving in greenhouse cultivation experiment. The results obtained, shows that the smart fibrous capillary irrigation has water use efficiency of 19 g/Litre with average fruit sweetness of13.5 Brix. While, drip irrigation has 4.85 g/Litre and average sweetness of 10 Brix on the harvested fruit after 90 days of cantaloupe plant cultivation experiment. These have shown that precision irrigation through enhanced smart fibrous capillary irrigation can be used to achieve high water-saving and a good quality yield. It is expected that the research output will help to improve water-saving agriculture towards achieving food security.Keywords: Water Saving; Capillary Irrigation; Drip Irrigation; Internet of Things; Water Use Efficiency

Evaluation of land suitability for irrigation using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process

Use of new techniques to evaluate irrigation areas can enhance water use efficiency in agriculture. In this study, the fuzzy analytic hierarchy Process (FAHP) was used to qualitative land suitability for sprinkler irrigation and was compared with the parametric method. Evaluation based on parametric method showed that an area of about 1597.83 hectares (31%) of the lands was (S1) and an area of about 787.3 hectares (15%) was “moderately suitable” (S2). About 2242.9 hectares (43%) were marginally (S3). Permanently inappropriate suitability included about 546.91 hectares (11%). Inappropriate in present condition suitability matched no land in the study zone. Based on the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchical Process, there was not (S1) area in the plain. The parts with S2 suitability also included an area of about 432.96 hectares (8.3%). Moreover, areas of about 3100.98 hectares (59.9%) were marginally (S3). Some southwest and eastern parts of the plain were not currently (N1) that included an area of about 1277.68 hectares (24.6%). N2 suitability was also observed in some southern in two parts including an area of about 363.38 hectares (7%). Since about 31% of the lands were included as highly suitable areas based on the parametric method, and in contrast, there was no highly suitable areas in FAHP method, so considering the area of highly suitable shown that there was a significant difference between the two methods in terms of highly suitable land evaluation. Considering the gradual changes in soil properties, FAHP evaluation has higher accuracy than the ordinary parametric method in evaluating land suitability.