Water Temperature Distribution Research Articles

Near-infrared measurement of water temperature near micro-magnetic particle layer in a fluidic channel under induction heating

This paper presents an experimental method for measuring the water temperature near micro-magnetic particle (MMP) layers in a fluidic channel under induction heating. This method is based on the temperature dependence of the spectrum of the ν1 + ν3 absorption band of water in the near-infrared (NIR) region. The absorbance images at the wavelength of 1412 nm, which is the most temperature-sensitive wavelength in the band, were obtained through a U-shaped channel with an optical path length of 1 mm using a narrow-bandpass filter and an NIR camera. An MMP layer was formed on the inner surface of the channel by an external strong permanent magnet and then heated inductively by applying a 760-kHz magnetic field. The temperature distribution of water was found to depend on the heating time, heating power level, and MMP layer thickness (0.5, 0.6, and 1.0 mm). The maximum increase in temperature near the MMP layer was approximately 5 °C, and the temperature resolution was 0.2 °C. A numerical simulation was used to verify the measured temperature profiles then apply the residual fitting method to determine the heat generation rates (HGRs) of the MMPs. The HGRs were independent of the heating time, and varied consistently with the heating power level. This method is useful for the quantitative understanding and control of temperature fields in applications that use MMPs for chemical reactions and cell/tissue therapy.

Summer stream temperature changes following forest harvest in the headwaters of the Trask River watershed, Oregon Coast Range

AbstractThe Trask River Watershed Study in the northern Oregon Coast Range was designed to examine physical, chemical, and biological effects of contemporary forest management practices on aquatic ecosystems. We measured stream temperature for 11 summers in 15 small watersheds, eight of which were harvested in 2012. Three riparian buffer treatments, which varied by landowner, were implemented. Using half‐hourly data, we characterized summer water temperature distributions with five percentiles: 5th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 95th. Each percentile was analysed as a separate response variable using a linear mixed model. After harvest, streams without overstory buffer requirements showed shifts in all the percentiles of the temperature distribution; the largest increase (3.6°C) occurred at the 95th percentile. Sites with narrow riparian buffers showed little to no change. We also calculated changes in duration of thermal exposure above 15°C and 16°C for two species of native stream amphibians; these temperatures occurred 4.7% and 1.3% of the time postharvest in the sites clearcut with no buffer. Analysis of distributions of summer temperatures preharvest and postharvest enabled us to more fully characterize site‐to‐site variability and responses to forest management.

Mechanisms of sediment trapping in coastal embayments off the Shandong Peninsula in summer—A case study in Weihai Bay

This paper investigates sediment trapping in coastal embayments during summer seasons based on observation data obtained from two instrumented tripods that were placed at the mouth of Weihai Bay on north coast of Shandong Peninsula, China, over a 15-day period between 5 and August 20, 2018. The data consisted of time series of water depths, current profiles, wave parameters, near-bed flow velocities, turbidity, water salinity and temperature. Distributions of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and water temperature in the bay and adjacent sea areas were also investigated at 87 grid stations from July 31 to August 4, 2018. From these data the bed shear stresses, residual currents and suspended sediment fluxes (SSF) were calculated. The results indicated that the variability in the SSC at the northern mouth was mainly controlled by local sediment resuspension while at the southern mouth horizontal advection due to the SSC gradient was the dominant mechanism. To identify the main drivers of the sediment transport, the SSF was analyzed using the decomposition method. The seaward advective transport due to residual flow and landward tidal pumping effect dominated the total near-bed sediment transport at the northern and southern mouths, respectively. Therefore, trapping processes occurred mainly through the southern mouth. The suspended sediment fluxes (SSF) during neap and spring tides at the southern mouth were 0.053 and 0.321 g m−2 s−1, respectively, while during moderate wave conditions (Hs > 0.8 m), the SSF was two times larger than the spring tide. In summer, the fine-grained sediments trapped in the bay were mainly derived from resuspension off the eastern tip of the Shandong Peninsula and thus is indirectly from the Yellow River. During such sediment transport and trapping processes, upwelling and winds can also play important roles.

Hydromorphologically-driven variability of thermal and oxygen conditions at the block ramp hydraulic structure: The Porębianka River, Polish Carpathians

Growing anthropopressure in mountain streams aimed at limiting erosion and flood protection often caused adverse effects on the natural environment. In recent years, great attention has been paid to the restoration and conservation of natural habitats in mountain streams using environmentally friendly solutions such as the Block Ramp (BR) Hydraulic Structures. In this study we investigated the factors responsible for spatial variability in thermal and oxygen conditions at the single BR structure in the growing season, and the relation between water temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration. This has been done by measurements of hydraulic characteristics along with physicochemical properties of water, such as water temperature and DO concentration, at two different discharges. The redundancy analysis has been applied in order to describe the relationships among hydraulic parameters and physicochemical variables, and extract potential sources of water temperature and DO variability within the BR hydraulic structure. Results have shown that DO and water temperature distributions within the BR hydraulic structure depend on discharge conditions and are associated with the submergence of the block ramp. The highest heterogeneity in hydraulic, DO and water temperature conditions occurs at low flow and is associated with the presence of crevices between protruding cobbles at the block ramp. The lowest variability, in turn, occurs at high discharge, when the block ramp is completely submerged. The results indicated that thermal and oxygen conditions within the BR hydraulic structure are independent of hydraulic parameters at low flow. Moreover, the relation between DO concentration and water temperature is positive at low flow indicating potential impact of biological processes. On the contrary, at high discharge both, the DO concentrations and water temperature within the BR structure, depend on bed shear velocity and maximum Reynolds number.

Sezonowe zróżnicowanie temperatury wody na przykładzie wybranych rzek nizinnych Mazowsza = Seasonal differentiation of water temperature on the example of lowland Mazovian rivers

Thermal regime has a critical impact on the lotic environment, as maximum temperature determines the boundaries of the occurrence of aquatic species, seasonal and diurnal water temperature variations affect their bioenergetics, while the timing of specific water temperature values during the year is important in the context of spawning and migrations. However, despite the great importance of water temperature studies in the context of environmental management and fisheries, as well as the development of accurate measurement techniques, such investigations have received relatively limited attention in Poland. The current study attempted to examine the seasonal differentiation of water temperature in lowland rivers. For this purpose, water temperature was recorded from the 1st of May 2015 to the 30th of April 2019 with a temporal resolution of 30-minutes. Digital temperature reorders used to make the measurements were distributed across six sites in Jeziorka, Świder and Utrata catchments located on the Mazovian Lowland and the Southern Podlachia Lowland near Warsaw. The hydrometeorological background of the water temperature monitoring was determined on the basis of data from the Warszawa-Okęcie station and water gauging stations. On the basis of the measurement data, mean, maximum, and minimum monthly water temperatures were calculated and presented on the background of the appropriate air temperature data, while statistical distribution of the 30-minute water temperature, aggregated in a monthly timescale, was presented on the box and whiskers plots. The Ward method was used to group months similar in terms of their thermal conditions, while the Pearson correlation coefficient was applied to evaluate the strength of the relationship between water and air temperature. The results indicate that the seasonal course of water temperature follows the course of air temperature, with the highest mean monthly water temperatures recorded in July, while the lowest in January. Statistical distribution analysis of water temperature in individual months and its grouping by the Ward method allowed to identify two periods characterized by relatively stable thermal conditions and two periods of dynamic changes of water temperature. In contrast to the maximum values of water temperature, which were observed in the summer as a result of intensive solar radiation and low streamflow rates, the greatest variability of water temperature, as indicated by reference to mean daily range and standard deviation, was found in the spring months, i.e. in April and May, while the lowest in winter, from December to February. The relationship between daily mean water temperature and air temperature, established with the use of the Pearson correlation coefficient on a monthly basis, was clearly stronger during the spring increase and the autumn fall of the water temperature, which can be linked with greater vulnerability to atmospheric heat fluxes. A definitely weaker relationship was found in the winter and summer months, when greater importance can be attached to other drivers of stream temperature, like the presence of ice cover, cloudiness, riparian shading, and groundwater inflows.

Impacts of Varying Dam Outflow Elevations on Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, and Nutrient Distributions in a Large Prairie Reservoir

Dam operations are known to have significant impacts on reservoir hydrodynamics and solute transport processes. The Gardiner Dam, one of the structures that forms the Lake Diefenbaker reservoir located in the Canadian Prairies, is managed for hydropower generation and agricultural irrigation and is known to have widely altering temperature regimes and nutrient circulations. This study applies the hydrodynamic and nutrient CE-QUAL-W2 model to explore how various withdrawal depths (5, 15, 25, 35, 45, and 55 m) influence the concentrations and distribution of nutrients, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) within the Lake Diefenbaker reservoir. As expected, the highest dissolved nutrient (phosphate, and nitrate, ) concentrations were associated with hypoxic depth horizons in both studied years. During summer high flow period spillway operations impact the distribution of nutrients, water temperatures, and DO as increased epilimnion flow velocities route the incoming water through the surface of the reservoir and reduce mixing and surface warming. This reduces reservoir concentrations but can lead to increased outflow nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations. Lower withdrawal elevations pull warmer surface water deeper within the reservoir and decrease reservoir DO during summer stratification. During fall turnover low outflow elevations increase water column mixing and draws warmer water deeper, leading to slightly higher temperatures and nutrient concentrations than shallow withdrawal elevations. The 15 m depth (540 m above sea level) outflow generally provided the best compromise for overall reservoir and outflow nutrient reduction.

An Analytical Approach to Wet Cooling Towers Based on Functional Analysis

An analytical solution for computing the temperature distribution of air and water over the height through the cooling tower is so complex that finding the exact solution takes too much time. The purpose of this paper is to present efficient and accurate analytical expressions for the heat and mass transfer model in cooling towers. Based on the method of functional analysis, we derived an analytical solution for temperature distribution of water and air by using the method of solving linear differential equations. The error estimation, the existence, and uniqueness of the solution are given by using Banach contraction mapping theorem. The basic equation of the model on the basis of the additional assumptions on the cooling tower is solved, and the outlet parameters are also obtained.

THE METHOD FOR CALCULATIONS THE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE FIELDS OF THERMOHALINE CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE BLACK SEA DEEP-WATER AREA BY REMOTE MEASUREMENTS DATA

Problem Statement and Purpose. The results of studies on the development of methods for calculations of the vertical distribution of temperature and salinity fields in the active layer of the Black Sea by remote measurements data was presents in article. To solve the many practical problems, it is necessary to use vertical distribution of hydrological characteristics of the marine environment. Today there isn't an easy way to get a in situ data for evaluation of the vertical distribution of these characteristics. Indirect definitions of the vertical distribution of water temperature and salinity through the development of various methods for the calculation of the vertical profile of water temperature are used to date.Main purpose of this work is to estimate an ability of using of satellite data for calculation of the spatial distribution of thermohaline characteristics (on the example of the Black Sea).Data & Methods. The initial data of the actual water temperature and salinity values were station data or measurement from the ship data (OSD – Ocean Station data), data measured with the help of floats (PFL – Profiling float data) and satellite data of the sea surface temperature.Calculations of the vertical distribution of temperature and salinity fields in the active layer of the Black Sea by remote measurements data are based on original methods developed by the State Institution “Hydroacoustics Branch of Institute of Geophysics of NAS of Ukraine”. The development of methods was based on mathematical, physical and statistical methods of calculation.Study of vertical distribution of water temperature and salinity in the Black Sea were carried out in the deep-water part sea at standard levels (0, 10, 20, 25, 30, 50 meters) in spring – autumn period.Results. In the process of research, the following tasks were solved: the possibility of calculating the speed of sound from the values of water temperature calculated on the basis of satellite information are estimated; the possibility of calculating the salinity of water by the values of water temperature, sound speed in water and hydrostatic pressure are estimated; a method for calculations the vertical distribution of the fields of thermohaline characteristics in the active layer of the Black Sea by remote measurements data has been developed.A prototype of a computer program for calculations the vertical distribution of temperature and salinity fields in the Black Sea based on remote measurements data has been developed. The program automatically determines where and by what equations the vertical distribution of the fields of thermohaline characteristics in the active layer of the Black Sea can be calculated.The initial data for the calculations are only daily satellite data of the sea surface temperature and the month of the year.Designed by us, the prototype of a computer program to calculate the vertical distribution of the fields of thermohaline characteristics in the active layer of the Black Sea based on the remote measurements could serve as a basis for the establishment of a "Operational Forecast System of the fields of thermohaline characteristics in the Black Sea based on the remote measurements" (OFS). With the help of which the dynamics of characteristics and effects of their change on hydrobiological, hydrochemical, hydrophysical processes in the Black Sea and the ecosystem of the sea in general can be evaluated.In our opinion the developed method for calculating of the vertical distribution of the fields of thermohaline characteristics by remote measurements data can be applied to others water area of the World Ocean taking into account their hydrological conditions.

The Rising and Decreasing Heat of Waters

According to the investigation data of Jiaozhou Bay in May, August and October of 1979, the vertical distribution and seasonal variation of water temperature at surface and bottom in inside and outside waters were studied, and the seasonal distribution, variation range and horizontal distribution trend were determined. The results showed that, in inside waters, bay mouth and outside waters, from May to August and to October, the seasonal variation was spring, autumn and spring, respectively, from high to low. It indicated that the water temperature was transported to everywhere in the ocean after the current transport in horizontal and vortex motion mixing in vertical direction. In terms of variation range, it was basically the same at surface and bottom in May, August and October. When it was low at surface, it was low at corresponding bottom; otherwise, it was opposite. From inside waters to bay mouth, the horizontal distribution of water temperature at surface was inconsistent with that at bottom in May, contrary in August and consistent in October. From bay mouth to outside waters, it was contrary in May, consistent in August and inconsistent in October. The horizontal distribution trend of water temperature disclosed that the source of high water temperature was the rising and decreasing heat.

The influence mechanism research of inflow temperature in different time scale on the water temperature structure

A 3D hydraulic-thermodynamic mathematical model is established to predict the temporal and spatial distribution of temperature in a large reservoir in different time scale inflow temperature condition, and a further research on the influence mechanism of inflow temperature on the water temperature structure is made. it is found that the convection current between the upper and the lower of the reservoir always appear when the storage heat in a reservoir decreases; the stratification phenomenon appears in most time of a year in a large reservoir which is controlled by the climate, and there is a close relationship between the water temperature distribution and the inflow temperature. Different inflow temperature has different affected area where the density current propagates, in the affected area, the difference of water temperature distribution occurs by the cumulative effect of the previous months, for the other area, the more detailed the inflow temperature is, the more accurate the simulation results are.

The Variation of Water Temperature at Bottom in Bay Mouth of Jiaozhou Bay

According to investigation data of Jiaozhou Bay in May, August and October of 1979, the variation and horizontal distribution of water temperature at bottom in Jiaozhou Bay were studied. The results showed that in May, August and October, the variation was 10.90-23.97°C. From May to October, the water temperature was more than 10.90°C, and the variation range reached 13.07°C, showing that the water temperature at bottom was high. The variation range was 10.90-11.80°C in May, 22.50-23.97°C in August and 17.62-18.39°C in October. In inside waters and bay mouth, the variation range was 0.00°C in May, 0.01°C in August and 0.00°C in October. And in outside waters, bay mouth and inside waters, it was 0.90°C in May, 1.02°C in August and 0.77°C in October. The water temperature reached 11.80°C in May and 23.97°C in August in inside waters, and 18.39°C in October in outside waters, forming the high-temperature respectively. In May, August and October, at bottom, the water temperature in bay mouth was consistent with the high temperature in inside waters or outside waters.

Potential Impact of a Large-Scale Cascade Reservoir on the Spawning Conditions of Critical Species in the Yangtze River, China

Dam building and reservoir operations alter the downstream hydrological regime, and as a result, affect the health of the river aquatic ecosystem, particularly for large-scale cascade reservoirs. This study investigated the impact of the Gezhouba Reservoir (GR) and the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) on the spawning conditions of two critical taxa, i.e., the endemic four major carps and the endangered Chinese sturgeon in the Yangtze River. We analyzed the flow, sediment, and thermal regime in these two taxa spawning seasons and compared their features between the predam and postdam periods. Our results revealed that the GR and the TGR had altered the frequency distributions of flow, sediment, and water temperature to different degrees, with the impact by the GR on the carps and Chinese sturgeon ranked as water temperature > flow, sediment > water temperature > flow, and the effect of the TGR on these two taxa were ordered as flow > water temperature, sediment > flow > water temperature. For the GR, the satisfying degree of the suitable flow and water temperature of the carps increased, whilst the suitable flow, sediment, and water temperature for the Chinese sturgeon decreased. These changes in TGR showed a significant ascending (descending) trend in the suitable flow (water temperature) for the carps, and a clear decreasing trend in the flow, sediment, and temperature for Chinese sturgeon. Both the TGR and the GR had negative impacts on the spawning of these two taxa in terms of the rising/falling flow characteristics.

Study on Influences of Water Temperature on Stress Distribution for High Arch Dam in Impounding Period

Water temperature affects not only the water quality and ecological balance of the reservoir, but the temperature and stress field distribution of the high arch dam during water storage and operation management. During low water storage and initial operation, the concrete in reservoirs over 100 m deep in particular can easily crack or expand because of low temperature reservoir water. This paper studies the water temperature distribution law of the reservoir during initial storage by establishing a three-dimensional fluid dynamics model. Based on this, this paper explores the three-dimensional temperature field and stress field of the dam body during the storage period, the causes of cracking, and stress distribution in key parts of the arch dam.

Investigation on the performance and optimization of heat pump water heater with wrap-around condenser coil

A numerical investigation on the performance of heat pump water heater (HPWH) with wrap-around condenser coil was carried out. In this study, a coupled model was developed to simulate the static energy storage process of HPWH, which consisted of a multi-heat flux CFD model to describe the flow and heat transfer in water tank and a vapor-compression system model established in MATLAB to simulate the system operation characteristics. Heat flux in superheated steam, two-phase flow, and subcooled liquid regions of the condenser was obtained from the system model as boundary conditions of water tank model. The simulation results of the coupled model were in good agreement with experimental results. Heat transfer coefficient, COP and water temperature distribution of variable-pitch and constant-pitch coil were obtained by simulation. The results indicated that the heat transfer coefficient and average COP of variable-pitch coil were increased by 21.91% and 10.75% respectively, compared with constant-pitch coil. In addition, it was found that by appropriately reducing spiral pitch and coil diameter, average water temperature was increased by about 1 °C and maximum temperature difference in the vertical direction was no more than 7.50 °C. This work provides meaningful guidance for performance optimization of heat pump water heater.

The use of a PCM heat accumulator to improve the efficiency of the district heating substation

One of the ways to decrease atmospheric pollution resulting from low-emissions is the widespread use of district heating systems. An important problem for the efficiency of district heating systems is a significant source-end-users difference of heat demand. This causes increased return water temperature. A solution that can reduce that difference is modern heat storage technology. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the impact of new element of district heating system – phase change material heat accumulator – on the return water temperature distribution in the district heating substation and to improve its efficiency. As a result, the analysis of selection and use of a heat accumulator in the district heating substation was conducted. Also a method for determining the amount of heat for accumulation has been proposed. Using the TRNSYS software, two cases were compared for a heat substation with a thermal power of 150 kW: without and with the use of a heat accumulator. After using the PCM heat accumulator, the difference in average return water temperatures was reduced from 7.15K to the value of 2.29K. This allowed for the accumulation of 69.5% of surplus heat and improvement of the efficiency of the entire heating system by 22%.

SEBARAN DAERAH TANGKAP IKAN TONGKOL (Euthynnus sp.) DI PERAIRAN SELATAN JAWA

Tingginya pemanfaatan masyarakat terhadap ikan tongkol kontradiksi dengan mayoritas armada kapal yang dimiliki nelayan di Selatan Jawa berupa gill net dan long line yang spesifikasi untuk menangkap tuna dan pelagis besar lainya. Peta daerah penangkapan ikan tongkol sangat dibutuhkan oleh nelayan, terutama ketika musim paceklik ikan berlangsung menjadi tulang punggung hasil tangkap nelayan. Raw data penangkapan diperoleh dari logbook penangkapan Pelabuhan Perikanan Samudera Cilacap (PPS Cilacap) sepanjang tahun 2017. Penelitian ini bertujuan (1) menganalisis sebaran daerah penangkapan ikan tongkol (Euthynnus sp.) untuk alat tangkap gill net dan long line di perairan selatan Jawa dan (2) menganalisis sebaran menegak lapisan rata-rata bulanan suhu dan salinitas perairan yang optimum untuk ikan tongkol. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan sebaran daerah penangkapan ikan tongkol (Euthynnus sp.) untuk alat tangkap gill net adalah 105,56⁰-110,78⁰ BT dan 7,48⁰-11,57⁰ LS serta untuk alat tangkap long line adalah 106,69⁰-109,46⁰ BT dan 7,84⁰-9,37⁰ LS. Sebaran daerah penangkapan ikan tongkol menggunakan gill net tertinggi pada bulan Agustus dengan perolehan hasil tangkap 76.634 kg, sedangkan menggunakan long line pada bulan Juli dengan perolehan hasil tangkap 18.741 kg. Sebaran menegak lapisan rata-rata bulanan suhu perairan untuk ikan tongkol optimum pada bulan Juli, Agustus, September untuk gill net dan bulan Juli serta November untuk long line yaitu 26-27⁰ C. Sebaran menegak rata-rata bulanan salinitas perairan untuk ikan tongkol juga optimum bulan Juli, Agustus, September untuk gill net dan long line sepanjang tahun kecuali bulan Januari merupakan kisaran optimum yaitu berkisar 34,0-43,3 %o.

The Distribution and Prediction of Summer Near-Surface Water Temperatures in Lakes of the Coterminous United States and Southern Canada

The goals of the study were: (i) To describe the distribution of summer near-surface water temperatures in lakes of the coterminous United States and southern Canada (ii) to determine the geographic, meteorological and limnological factors related to summer water temperatures and (iii) to develop and test predictive models for summer near-surface water temperatures. We used data from the United States National Lakes Assessments of 2007 and 2012 as well as data collected from several different studies of Canadian lakes. Using multiple regressions, we quantified the general observations that summer water temperatures decreased when going from south to north, from east to west, and from lower elevations to higher elevations. Our empirical model using 8-day average air temperatures, latitude, longitude, elevations and month was able to predict water temperatures in individual lakes on individual summer days with a standard deviation of 1.7 °C for United States lakes and 2.3 °C for lakes in the southern regions of Canada.

Effect mechanism of exit-water temperature distribution characteristics on the anti-freezing of natural draft dry cooling tower

For thermal power plants with natural draft dry cooling towers (NDDCTs) in arid and severely cold regions, the anti-freezing of finned-tube bundles is critical for the safe and economic running of a thermodynamic system. Using volume source term models representing the water flow in each pass of a cooling column, a 3D numerical model for NDDCT was established and validated. The exit water temperature and its relevant distribution characteristics could then be analyzed from cooling columns, deltas to the whole tower. Based on the analyses, the non-equilibrium temperature difference and relevant anti-freezing parameters were defined. It could be observed that the ambient crosswind, ambient temperature, heat load, circulating water flow rate, and convection pattern have different impact mechanisms on the exit water temperature distribution characteristics, among which, the ambient crosswind plays a major role but the ambient temperature has a negligible effect. Finally, the critical anti-freezing average exit-water temperatures were presented based on real work conditions, which would facilitate the safe and economic operation of NDDCTs in severely cold weather.

Peculiarities of the Thermal Regime of the Magnitogorsk Reservoir in the Zone of Water Use by PJSC “Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works”

The solution of a wide range of tasks of protection and rational use of water bodies requires, first of all, an assessment of the levels of impact of industrial complexes. The solution of such problems for extreme technological and hydrometeorological conditions is carried out on the basis of appropriate computational experiments. However, verification of the underlying mathematical models can be performed only on the basis of correct input data. The paper presents materials of field studies of the temperature distribution of water both in the water area and in the depth of the Magnitogorsk reservoir, in the zone of influence of thermal effluents of PJSC “Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works” (PJSC MMK). It is shown that in the warmest limiting period, a significant vertical temperature inhomogeneity is formed.

Experimental Measurements of Hot Water Stratification in a Heat Storage Tank in Laboratory Conditions

The paper focuses on the experimental measurement of the accumulation of hot water storage with its thermal stratificational thermal layers by means created of elementary conical elements. The basic principle of these elements is the automatic distribution of water temperatures according to temperature and volume flow for a specified time of storage of heat energy. This process involves maintaining the thermal stratification at different height levels of the storage tank, which minimizes the process of balancing the hot water. The aim of the experiments was to demonstrate the thermal energy layering in the 1050 l water storage accumulator in 1 hour depending on the different water flow rates from 250 to 1000 l/h from the heat source.