Changes In Water Temperature Research Articles

Aquarium Monitoring and Automatic Feeding System Based on Internet of Things

Now day ornamental fish enthusiasts are increasing, this is in line with the increasing number of people who have a hobby of keeping ornamental fish. In maintaining ornamental fish, several things must be considered to maintain the health of the fish, including water quality, changes in water temperature, and feeding. Therefore, to maintain the health of ornamental fish, a system is needed to monitor the aquarium's condition in real-time. This research aims to design a system that can monitor the aquarium's condition and provide feed automatically. Monitoring is carried out by utilizing Internet of Things (IoT) technology, which allows the information collected to be accessed in real-time through the Smart Aquarium application. The research method used in this research is analysis with a qualitative approach. The results showed that this automatic monitoring and feeding system can maintain health and reduce the risk of death of ornamental fish in the aquarium. The main concept of this system is monitoring water temperature conditions, water ph levels, and water turbidity, and doing automatic feeding. In addition, this system also has a feature that can see the current conditions in the aquarium. This system can make it easier for ornamental fish owners to monitor the conditions of the aquarium and can provide peace of mind when leaving the aquarium for some time.

The influence of hyporheic exchange with spur dikes: Laboratory experiments

It is important to understand heat transfer changes in the hyporheic zone of spur dikes when assessing ecological restoration and sustainability in rivers. To reveal the rule of hyporheic exchange under the action of a spur dike, the sinusoidal temperature change of surface water was set with a period of 24 h. The porous subsurface flow paths under different riverbed forms were plotted through dye tracing. In addition, the influences of surface water velocity (U), river width narrowing ratio (L/B), the number of spur dikes and riverbed shape on hyporheic exchange were also studied using the temperature tracing method. The results show that the hyporheic exchange path presents a trend of diagonal flow downstream, first conducting turbulent diffusion upstream and then sinking, with different riverbed morphologies having different path lengths. The temperature of surface water has a significant controlling effect on the temperature field of the riverbed. The sediment temperature change from the water–sediment interface to 0.3 m depth is closer to the sinusoidal trend. The change in surface water velocity (U) has the most significant effect on the temperature amplitude ratio. The temperature field below spur dikes is more susceptible to the impact of spur dikes and usually presents a “semielliptical” high-temperature area. With the increase in surface water velocity (U), river width narrowing ratio (L/B), and the number of spur dikes, the range of hyporheic exchange under the dam head also increases, which is positively related to the vertical section hyporheic exchange flux at the dam head. The local backwater area generated by spur dikes also affects pressure field distribution near spur dikes, but the changes caused by the fluctuation of the riverbed itself are greater than the impact of spur dikes on the riverbed. The water–sediment interface velocity at the spur dike increases sharply, and the upstream 1 m of the dam head gradually experiences upflow, drops sharply after reaching the maximum at the dam head, and then approaches zero after 1 m. There is no obvious upwelling and downwelling at the whole interface.

Drivers of the spatiotemporal patterns of the mangrove crab metacommunity in a tropical bay.

Revealing community patterns and driving forces is essential in community ecology and a prerequisite for effective management and conservation efforts. However, the mangrove ecosystem and its important fauna group such as the crabs, still lack multi-processes research under metacommunity framework, resulting in evidence and theorical application gaps. To fill these gaps, we selected China's most representative mangrove bay reserve in tropical zone as a stable experimental system and conducted a seasonal investigation (July 2020, October 2020, January 2021, and April 2021) of mangrove crabs. We performed a multi-approach analysis using both pattern-based and mechanistic method to distinguish the processes driving the mangrove crab metacommunity. Our results showed that the crab metacommunity exhibits a Clementsian pattern in the bay-wide mangrove ecosystem but is influenced by both local environmental heterogeneity and spatial processes, thus representing a combined paradigm of species sorting and mass effect. Moreover, the long-distance spatial constraints are more pronounced compared to the local environmental factors. This is reflected in the greater importance of the broad-scale Moran's Eigenvector Maps, the distance-decay pattern of similarity, and the difference in beta diversity dominated by the turnover component. This pattern changes throughout the year, mainly due to changes in dominant functional groups caused by the stress of changes in water salinity and temperature induced by air temperature and precipitation. This research provides multi-dimension research data and relevant analysis, offering clear evidence for understanding the patterns and related driving forces of crab metacommunity in tropical bay mangroves, and verifies the applicability of some general laws in the system. Future studies can address more diverse spatiotemporal scales, gaining a clearer understanding to serve the conservation of mangrove ecosystems and economically important fishery species.

Summary Study on Temperature Calculation Method for Water Accumulation in Permafrost Regions

With permafrost degeneration caused by climate change, water accumulation has increased in permafrost regions during recent decades. Water accumulation will deteriorate the existing status of engineering in cold regions. Water accumulation can have a thermal effect on permafrost during its formation, even resulting in failure of the subgrade. Moreover, the thermal effect is related to water temperature. However, temperature variation of water accumulation is complex, and its influencing factors include air temperature, environment, scope of water accumulation and so on. In order to conduct analysis of the damage mechanism of water accumulation on permafrost, it is necessary to explore the internal temperature change of water accumulation. This paper proposes a review of temperature calculation method for water accumulation in cold environment. The thermal calculation method for the space between the air and the water boundary of water accumulation is summarized. Water temperature change of water accumulation of various types is analyzed. The thermal calculation considering phase transformation in water accumulation is discussed, and heat transfer from the bottom of the water accumulation to the underlying soil is further studied. Finally, the key factors that are advantageous for conducting research about the thermal effect of water accumulation in permafrost are proposed to optimize the calculation method.

Sedimentary deformation relating to episodic seepage in the last 1.2 million years: a multi-scale seismic study from the Vestnesa Ridge, eastern Fram Strait

Seafloor hydrocarbon seepage is a natural fluid release process that occurs worldwide on continental shelves, slopes, and in deep oceanic basins. The Vestnesa sedimentary ridge in the eastern Fram Strait hosts a deep-water gas hydrate system that became charged with hydrocarbons ∼2.7 Ma and has experienced episodic seepage along the entire ridge until a few thousand years ago, when seepage activity apparently ceased in the west but persisted in the east. Although it has been documented that faults and fractures play a key role in feeding the seeps with thermogenic gases, the mechanisms controlling seepage periodicity remain poorly understood. Here we integrate high-resolution P-cable 3D seismic and Chirp data to investigate the spatial and temporal evolution of high-resolution fractures and fluid flow features in the west of the Vestnesa Ridge. We characterize sediment deformation using a fracture density seismic attribute workflow revealing two highly deformed stratigraphic intervals and associated small-scale pockmarks (<20 m diameter). Chronostratigraphic constraints from the region show that these two highly deformed intervals are influenced by at least three major climatic and oceanic events during the last 1.2 million years: the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (∼1.25–0.7 Ma), the penultimate deglaciation (∼130 ka) and the last deglaciation (Heinrich Stadial 1: ∼16 ka). These periods of deformation appear associated with seismic anomalies potentially correlated with buried methane-derived authigenic carbonate and have been sensitive to shifts in the boundary of the free gas-gas hydrate interface. Our results show shifts (up to ∼30 m) in the depth of the base of the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) associated with major changes in ocean bottom water temperatures. This ocean-driven effect on the base of the GHSZ since the Last Glacial Maximum coincides with the already highly deformed Mid-Pleistocene Transition sedimentary interval and likely enhanced deformation and gas leakage along the ridge. Our results have implications for understanding how glacial cycles impact fracture formation and associated seepage activity.

Variation of Gene Expression in the Endemic Dinaric Karst Cave-Dwelling Bivalve Mollusk Congeria kusceri during the Summer Season

The cave systems of the Neretva River basin in the Dinaric Karst are home to Congeria kusceri, one of the very few known examples of stygobiotic bivalve mollusks, which displays several unique life history traits and adaptations that allowed its adaptation to the subterranean environment. This endemic species is undergoing rapid decline, most likely linked with habitat degradation, which might seriously threaten its survival in the next few decades. Unfortunately, the urgent need for effective conservation efforts is hampered by the lack of effective regulations aimed at preserving remnant populations as well as by our limited knowledge of the biology of this species. Although the precise factors underlying the disappearance of C. kusceri from its type locations are not entirely clear, the alteration of seasonal changes in water temperatures and alkalinity is most likely involved, as these are the main drivers of shell growth, spawning, and the onset and progression of the new gametogenic cycle. While these aspects have so far only been studied using morphological and physiological observations, future conservation efforts would certainly benefit from an integrated multidisciplinary approach. Here, using RNA-sequencing, we provide an overview of the modulation of gene expression recorded in five key tissues (the mantle, gonads, gills, adductor muscle, and digestive gland) between early June and late September. We highlight the presence of markedly tissue-specific responses, with the most dramatic changes affecting the gonads, mantle, and gills. We further identified a drastic switch in the use of energy budgets between the two periods, with evidence of ongoing shell growth and high metabolic activity in the mantle and gills at the early time point, followed by a massive redirection of all available energy to the gonads for the generation of new gamete primordia in early autumn.

Temperature-Related Short-Term Succession Events of Bacterial Phylotypes in Potter Cove, Antarctica.

In recent years, our understanding of the roles of bacterial communities in the Antarctic Ocean has substantially improved. It became evident that Antarctic marine bacteria are metabolically versatile, and even closely related strains may differ in their functionality and, therefore, affect the ecosystem differently. Nevertheless, most studies have been focused on entire bacterial communities, with little attention given to individual taxonomic groups. Antarctic waters are strongly influenced by climate change; thus, it is crucial to understand how changes in environmental conditions, such as changes in water temperature and salinity fluctuations, affect bacterial species in this important area. In this study, we show that an increase in water temperature of 1 °C was enough to alter bacterial communities on a short-term temporal scale. We further show the high intraspecific diversity of Antarctic bacteria and, subsequently, rapid intra-species succession events most likely driven by various temperature-adapted phylotypes. Our results reveal pronounced changes in microbial communities in the Antarctic Ocean driven by a single strong temperature anomaly. This suggests that long-term warming may have profound effects on bacterial community composition and presumably functionality in light of continuous and future climate change.

Production of physiologically complete drinking water using modified reverse osmosis membrane elements

Drinking water prepared using the most effective and popular reverse osmosis method is absolutely safe but for the most part does not meet the requirements for physiologically complete water. The latter must meet, in addition to the basic requirements, the following requirements: salt content, at least 100, and not more than 1000 mg/dm3; total hardness; in the range of 1–7.0 mmol/dm3. Now, to fulfill these requirements, the stage after desalting employs various methods of domineralization of reverse osmosis water, each of which has certain disadvantages. This paper considers the task of obtaining safe physiologically complete water immediately after the stage of membrane desalting by using modified reverse osmosis membrane elements with the predefined selectivity. The study object was the process of obtaining reverse osmosis membrane elements with the predefined selectivity by modifying them with sodium hypochlorite solution for use in the process of obtaining physiologically complete drinking water. The required level of selectivity of modified elements was calculated to obtain safe physiologically complete water from starting water, depending on its salt content. Thus, for the starting water with a salt content of 200–300 mg/dm3, the specified selectivity of the membrane element should be no more than 60 % at a temperature of 25 °C. Rational conditions for conducting the modification process for obtaining a membrane element with such exact selectivity have been established. The nature of the influence of changes in water temperature on the selectivity of the modified element was studied. A prototype of the modified element was tested in a vending machine for pouring water, which purified tap water in the city of Kyiv, with a salt content of 230 mg/dm3 at a temperature of 8–12 °C. The test results showed the possibility of one-stage obtaining safe physiologically complete water by reverse osmosis using a modified membrane element with the predefined selectivity of 50 %.

Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Disk Abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) Caused by Water Temperature and pH Changes.

Ocean warming and acidification can induce oxidative stress in marine species, resulting in cellular damage and apoptosis. However, the effects of pH and water temperature conditions on oxidative stress and apoptosis in disk abalone are poorly understood. This study investigated, for the first time, the effects of different water temperatures (15, 20, and 25 °C) and pH levels (7.5 and 8.1) on oxidative stress and apoptosis in disk abalone by estimating levels of H2O2, malondialdehyde (MDA), dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and the apoptosis-related gene caspase-3. We also visually confirmed apoptotic effects of different water temperatures and pH levels via in situ hybridization and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assays. The levels of H2O2, MDA, SOD, CAT, and caspase-3 increased under low/high water temperature and/or low pH conditions. Expression of the genes was high under high temperature and low pH conditions. Additionally, the apoptotic rate was high under high temperatures and low pH conditions. These results indicate that changes in water temperature and pH conditions individually and in combination trigger oxidative stress in abalone, which can induce cell death. Specifically, high temperatures induce apoptosis by increasing the expression of the apoptosis-related gene caspase-3.

Holoplankton and meroplankton communities in surf zone waters of a temperate SW Atlantic sandy beach: Seasonal patterns

AbstractSandy beaches and their associated surf zones are the most common type of open shoreline, with significant ecological and socio‐economic importance. In this study, we explored the seasonal fluctuations of the surf zone holo‐ and meroplankton communities to understand the underlying environmental variables driving the temporal dynamics of each community. We also defined a surf‐zooplankton community on a temperate sandy beach (Monte Hermoso, Argentina) and related the organisms to those reported in a nearby estuary for a better understanding of the connection between adjacent coastal ecosystems. Holoplankton was very abundant (13.52–11070.4 ind m−3) and showed a strong seasonality, mainly related to the specific pattern of the two most abundant species: Acartia tonsa (>autumn) and Paracalanus parvus (>winter). This community was affected by seasonal changes in water temperature and salinity and variations in the velocity of currents, which showed that hydrodynamic forces were more significant on a short‐term time scale than seasonal ones. Meroplankton abundances (1.3–48.05 ind m−3) were significantly lower than those recorded for the holoplankton and were mainly dominated by Medusae and larvae of Bivalvia and Decapoda. This fraction also showed a clear seasonal pattern (>abundances in summer), primarily related to the seasonal changes in temperature. The abundances of the main surf‐zooplanktonic taxa were high and constant, emphasizing the importance of these waters as habitats for well‐established communities rather than being used as a transient area. Consequently, we proposed a “specific” surf‐zooplankton community for a temperate sandy beach, considering resident and non‐resident taxa. Finally, the comparison of the surf and estuarine communities indicated a faunal relationship between seascapes, highlighting the ecological role of coastal waters in planktonic life.

Soil functional indicators in different development stages of an oak (Quercus castaneifolia C.A. Mey.) stand

As the remaining widespread Tertiary forests, the Hyrcanian forest of northern Iran, together with the south-eastern forests of Azerbaijan, are the last habitat ecosystems for chestnut-leaved oak species (Quercus castaneifolia C.A. Mey.) in the world. The present study aimed to investigate the influence of oak forest stands with different development stages (i.e. initial, optimal and decay) on soil functional indicators, i.e. fertility and biological activities, in Loveh forest, northern Iran. During the summer season, a total of 18 forest floor and topsoil samples (30 × 30 × 10 cm) from each development stage were transferred to the laboratory. In order to obtain a temporal pattern of soil climate, biota and microbial characteristics, samples were also collected during the autumn season. Concerning the independent individual factors, including development stage, season, and development stage × season, two-way ANOVA and general linear models as well as a PCA were applied. The first factor explained the observed variations in the total earthworm density (36.3 %) and biomass (33.5 %), acarina (47.3 %), nematodes (52.3 %), protozoa (54.6 %), bacteria (60.9 %), fungi (53.4 %), basal respiration (35.9 %), substrate-induced respiration (37.2 %), microbial biomass C (25.7 %), microbial biomass N (35.4 %), and the ratio of microbial biomass C to microbial biomass N (18.8 %). In contrast, the season factor explained changes in soil water content (31.2 %), temperature (22.6 %) and collembola density (59.7 %). Based on heat plots (as a part of the principal component analysis output) of studied properties, the decay stage of the oak stand created hot spots of soil functional indicators in the study area. Although all forest stand stages of the oak have an important ecological role, and place value in the evolutionary process, the old-growth (i.e. decay) stage is crucial for the soil functions exhibiting the highest fertility and biological relevance. As a management strategy, forest decision-makers may be advised to introduce diverse tree species into the stands, especially in areas with patchy canopy, and thus enhance forest soil microbial activity, nutrient cycles and, finally, variation of soil properties within the area (pedodiversity).

Characterization factors for the impact of climate change on freshwater fish species

Human activities increasingly threaten the highly biodiverse freshwater ecosystems. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a useful tool to quantify the impacts of products and services on freshwater biodiversity. Current methodologies in LCA address the impact of climate change on freshwater fish diversity by changes in average river discharge only. Given the ectothermic nature of fish, previous studies have highlighted the importance of including water temperature changes as a driver of species loss. Moreover, the impact of climate extremes might be more important than changes in average conditions. In this study, we derived new characterization factors for 207 individual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that quantify the impact of an emission change on freshwater fish, accounting for climate-driven changes in both streamflow and water temperature extremes. We combined a novel dataset of fish range climate threats with a newly developed species-area relationship to quantify global freshwater fish extinction risks at various global warming levels. The global characterization factors range from 0.00 to 4.56·10−10 Potentially Disappeared Fraction (PDF)·yr·kg−1. Our results imply that freshwater fish diversity impacts per kg of GHG emission have been underestimated in previous LCA methods that excluded the impact of water temperature and climate extremes, as the newly developed effect factor is higher by 172%. Future contributions should focus on increasing taxonomic coverage (e.g., by including lentic fish species and macro-invertebrates) and developing complementary models to reflect other aspects of biodiversity in LCA.

Factors controlling the changes in surface water temperature in the Ebro River Basin

Study regionThe Ebro River Basin, northeast Spain. Study focusThe work analyzes the evolution of water temperature (Tw) in the Ebro River and its main tributaries, its annual cycle and its trends, as well as the effects of various natural and anthropogenic factors on them. New hydrological insights for the regionStations located downstream of nuclear power plants showed an anomalous increase in Tw not consistent with the river section where they are located, with higher values in the lower-flow months (August to December). The stations affected by the main reservoirs along the Ebro River showed a lower annual temperature range and the stations located in large irrigation systems showed a lower summer temperature compared to other stations with similar climatic conditions. Finally, there was a significant annual increase in Tw at all stations (mean ∆Tw=0.05 °C/year), except those located at the head of the tributaries. These trends were higher for the stations downstream of the Ascó nuclear power plant (∆Tw > 0.08 °C/year). Seasonally, the spring months showed the greatest changes, with higher increases at the stations downstream of Ascó (∆Tw ≥ 0.10 °C/year). The increase in air temperature associated with global warming and the decrease in flows associated with the increase in water consumption resulted in an increase in the temperature of the river.

Relationship between Holocene lake water temperature and glacier meltwater on the northwestern Tibetan Plateau

Understanding the relationship between glacier meltwater and lake water temperature changes on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is important for water resources management, environmental protection, and geological risk analysis. Summer temperature is one of the main factors affecting glacier evolution, yet we lack summer temperature records for high-altitude regions where glaciers are widely developed. In this study, we established a calibration between TEX86, which measures the abundance of aquatic isoprenoid glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (isoGDGTs) of Group I.1a aquatic Thaumarchaeota, and mean annual lake water temperature (MLWT) for 17 surface sediment samples from 10 lakes on the TP (MLWT = 4.1× TEX86 + 2.6 °C, R2 = 0.77). Given that lakes freeze during the cold season, MLWT is a record of the warm season temperature, especially the summer-biased temperature. We applied this calibration to reconstruct a Holocene MLWT record for Bangdag Co, a high-altitude hydrologically-closed lake (4909 m a.s.l.) on the northwestern TP, where glaciers are widely developed. The record shows low temperatures during the early Holocene, high temperatures during the middle Holocene, and a cooling trend during the middle to late Holocene. The MLWT is negatively correlated with the glacial meltwater volume during the early Holocene, indicating a large glacial meltwater influx to the lake at this time which resulted in low lake-water temperatures. Following the decrease in summer insolation during the middle to late Holocene, summer temperatures decreased and thus glacier meltwater production decreased. The MLWT shows a significant positive correlation with the glacial meltwater volume during the middle to late Holocene, which indicates that glacier meltwater barely influenced the MLWT, which was mainly controlled by the summer air temperature. Overall, when the air temperature decreased, the MLWT was low and the glacier meltwater production decreased. Our MLWT record for Bangdag Co agrees well with the cooling trend evident in summer temperature records and model simulations for the TP during the middle to late Holocene, which can be primarily attributed to decreasing summer insolation.

Insights into the Gut Microbiota of the Freshwater Crab Sinopotamon planum across Three Seasons and Its Associations with the Surrounding Aquatic Microbiota

Gut microbiota is closely related to the health of the host and its adaptation to environmental changes. Sinopotamon planum is a species of freshwater crab that lives in the water for three seasons and plays a key role in freshwater ecosystems as a benthic macroinvertebrate, an important indicator of aquatic ecological health. In this study, we sequenced 60 gut microbial samples of S. planum and nine microbial samples from the surrounding water in spring, summer, and autumn based on the 16S rRNA gene. The results showed that gut microbiota had the highest alpha diversity in summer, which may be related to increased adaptability in summer. Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidota were the most dominant phyla of gut microbiota across three seasons, with Candidatus Hepatoplasma and Candidatus Bacilloplasma being the main genera. These main phyla and genera may be key to maintaining a stable function of the intestinal environment. Firmicutes was the phylum with the highest relative abundance, which is probably related to the carnivorous behaviour of S. planum. The abundant C. Hepatoplasma may be related to the starvation of S. planum in the wild. In both gut and water microbiota, beta diversity analyses showed significant differences across seasons. Comparative analysis of gut microbes and surrounding water microbes showed significant differences in microbial diversity and composition between gut and surrounding water. In conclusion, the structure of the gut microbial community of S. planum differed significantly between the studied seasons, but the water microbial community around S. planum was less variable and significantly different from the gut microbes. The seasonal differences in gut microbes are more likely the result of self-internal adaptation to changes in water temperature and food resources between seasons.

ON THE POSSIBILITY OF USING REANALYSIS DATA TO ESTIMATE THE WATER TEMPERATURE OF THE CASPIAN SEA

Water temperature is one of the important hydrometeorological characteristics of large bodies of water, because of its influence on biological and chemical processes. In this work, water temperature data from coastal observation points of Kazakhstan and remote sensing data of the Earth, such as satellite images, and reanalysis, were considered. In the longterm context, in the Kazakh sector of the Caspian Sea, the water temperature ranged from 10.8 ⁰С (Peshnoi) to 12.7 ⁰С (Kulaly Island). The effectiveness of the use of reanalysis data with the use of statistical criteria was evaluated. These quality criteria characterize the reliability of the results, and ERA5 realism data are effective and can be used for analysis, and research. All the databases under consideration showed that SST the average monthly minimum values are observed in January, and the maximum values are observed in the summer period. The change in water temperature over the years has a positive trend.

Solar Activity Cause and Effect of Climate Variability and Their Various Impacts

This paper addresses the Solar Activity cause and effect of climate change and their various impacts. Earth’s climate is determined by complex interactions among the Sun, oceans, atmosphere, cryosphere, land surface and biosphere. The Sun is the principal driving force for Earth’s weather and climate. The Sun’s energy is distributed unevenly on Earth’s surface due to the tilt of Earth’s axis of rotation. Over the course of a year, the angle of rotation results in equatorial areas receiving more solar energy than those near the poles. As a result, the tropical oceans and land masses absorb a great deal more heat than the other regions of Earth. The atmosphere and oceans act together to redistribute this heat. As the equatorial waters warm air near the ocean surface, it expands, rises and drifts towards the poles; cooler denser air from the subtropics and the poles moves toward the equator to take its place. This continual redistribution of heat is modified by the planet’s west to east rotation and the Coriolis force associated with the planet’s spherical shape, giving rise to the high jet streams and the prevailing westerly trade winds. The winds, in turn, along with Earth’s rotation, drive large ocean currents such as the Gulf Stream in the North Atlantic, the Humboldt Current in the South Pacific, and the North and South Equatorial Currents. Ocean currents redistribute warmers waters away from the tropics towards the poles. The ocean and atmosphere exchange heat and water, carbon dioxide and other gases. By its mass and high heat capacity, the ocean moderates climate change from season to season and year to year. These complex, changing atmospheric and oceanic patterns help determine Earth’s weather and climate. Scientists all over the world are making predictions about the ill effects of Global warming and connecting events. The effect of global warming is increasing the average temperature of the Earth. A rise in Earth’s temperatures can in turn root to other alterations in the ecology, including an increasing sea level and modifying the quantity and pattern of rainfall. These modifications may boost the occurrence and concentration of severe climate events, such as floods, famines, heat waves, tornados, and twisters. Other consequences may comprise of higher or lower agricultural outputs, glacier melting, lesser summer stream flows, genus extinctions and rise in the ranges of disease vectors. As an effect of global warming species like golden toad, harlequin frog of Costa Rica has already become extinct. There are number of species that have a threat of disappearing soon as an effect of global warming. As an effect of global warming various new diseases have emerged lately. These diseases are occurring frequently due to the increase in Earths average temperature since the bacteria can survive better in elevated temperatures and even multiply faster when the conditions are favorable. The global warming is extending the distribution of mosquitoes due to the increase in humidity levels and their frequent growth in warmer atmosphere. Various diseases due to ebola, hanta and machupo virus are expected due to warmer climates. The marine life is also very sensitive to the increase in temperatures. The effect of global warming will definitely be seen on some species in the water. A survey was made in which the marine life reacted significantly to the changes in water temperatures. It is expected that many species will die off or become extinct due to the increase in the temperatures of the water, whereas various other species, which prefer warmer waters, will increase tremendously. Perhaps the most disturbing changes are expected in the coral reefs that are expected to die off as an effect of global warming. The global warming is expected to cause irreversible changes in the ecosystem and the behavior of animals

Liver transcriptome analysis revealing response to high-temperature stress in Glyptosternum maculatum (Sisoridae: Siluriformes)

Glyptosternum maculatum (G. maculatum) is a species of endemic fish to the aquatic ecosystem of Tibetan Plateau and has been listed as a critically endangered species in the Red List of China’s Vertebrates. The change in water temperature due to global warming may induce plasticity in G. maculatum to adapt to temperature stress. In this study, we performed transcriptome analysis to characterize the genes and pathways involved in temperature stress response in the liver of G. maculatum. Compared with group A (habitat temperature = 12 °C), changes in expression profiles were more significant in C (habitat temperature = 24 °C) group than that in B (habitat temperature = 4 °C) group. These results suggest the possible lack of reponse to cold stress in G. maculatum. A total of 1247 annotated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between groups A and C. Based on enrichment analysis, 17 candidate genes with potential roles in heat stress were identified. Additionally, eight important heat-stress-reducing pathways were identified and classified into folding, sorting and degradation, endocrine system, signal transduction, translation, infectious diseases (bacterial), glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, and digestive system. This study also showed that heat stress-regulated DEGs are not only related to intracellular biochemical reactions, metabolism, immune response, and protein folding, but also to the response to heat stress in the liver of G. maculatum. In conclusion, our present results revealed the response of G. maculatum to heat stress at the transcriptional level, which is beneficial for further research and conservation of G. maculatum.

Multi-timescale changes of water temperature due to the Three Gorges Reservoir and climate change in the Yangtze River, China

The water temperature in the Yangtze River has been found altering over the last decades. Although these alterations are expected to occur over multiple timescales and with multiple factors, including both reservoir operation and climate change, few efforts have been made to quantify the alterations and conduct attribution analysis on multiple timescales. It hinders the deep understanding of the thermal regime in the Yangtze River and how it responses to the driving forces. Here, a multiresolution analysis based on the maximal overlap discrete wavelet analysis is applied to quantify the multi-timescale alterations of the water temperature, and to distinguish the impacts caused by reservoirs and climate change. The results indicate that the water temperature displays a significant upward trend in past three decades, which is mostly driven by the climate change. Reservoir operation has reduced the intra-annual variability of the water temperature, especially for the short-term and annual scales, resulting in a smoother and flatter water temperature process. The correlation between the water and air temperature is also investigated on multiple timescales based on the wavelet cross-correlation coefficients. It is found that the correlation between the air and water temperature in the natural state shows an overall increasing trend with the increasing timescale and peaks on annual scale. Due to the reservoir operation, the correlation on the moderate scales (1–4 months) has been notably weakened. While for the longer scales, the correlation between air and water temperature remains high, although their phases difference on some scales may be extended by months due to the reservoir operation.

Initial insights on the thermal ecology of lake whitefish in northwestern Lake Michigan

Lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformisare a native coldwater species supporting important recreational and commercial fisheries in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Climate-related changes in water temperature may have important implications for the future sustainability of these fisheries. However, projecting future habitat availability is difficult because limited information is available on lake whitefish thermal ecology in the region. In this study, archival temperature loggers were implanted into 400 lake whitefish from northwestern Lake Michigan, including Green Bay, during October–November 2017. Loggers recorded temperature for 11 months at 4-hr intervals. Thirteen recovered temperature loggers were used in analyses. In winter (1 December–31 March), temperatures occupied by lake whitefish ranged from 0 to 8.0 °C, while in spring (1 April–31 May) temperatures ranged from 0 to 20.0 °C. In summer (1 June–15 September) and fall (16 September–7 November), lake whitefish occupied temperatures of 4–21.5 and 4–21.0 °C, respectively. Average temperatures in summer (10.8 °C) were within the previously proposed optimal temperature range (10–14 °C) and broad thermal niche (7–17 °C); however, 58% of observations were outside the optimal temperature range and 11% of observations were outside the broad thermal niche. Our results suggest that lake whitefish from northwestern Lake Michigan inhabit temperatures both above and below previously reported expected temperature ranges. This study provides initial insights on lake whitefish thermal ecology in Lake Michigan and can be used as a baseline for future work aimed at determining how lake whitefish habitat availability may change in the future.