Shortage Of Water Supply Research Articles

Evaluation of the vulnerability in water distribution systems through targeted attacks

Abstract This paper presents the results of a vulnerability analysis in different water distribution system (WDS) benchmarks, performed under a framework based on a graph model that integrates topological features and hydraulic characteristics, allowing the comparison between different attack strategies and centrality measures in terms of their ability to predict the shortage of water supply. This vulnerability framework has been previously applied to electric power systems and it employs a vulnerability prediction measure to quantify the amount of damage caused in terms of the physical damage measure. Different attack strategies and centrality measures were applied to four WDS benchmarks: the New York Tunnel, the Hanoi, the Modena, and the Balerma networks. It was determined that removing the most central element and recalculating the centrality for each stage are the most damaging attack strategies. Degree, eigenvector, and Katz centrality measures presented the best performance to predict the elements that are more relevant to the network and can have a larger impact on the water supply. It was demonstrated that the vulnerability framework can be applied to the WDS in the same way it was previously applied to electric power systems. Future work will be oriented to the design of the WDS using optimization techniques to minimize the vulnerability of the network under faults that can be generated by droughts and other extreme weather conditions.

Design and Development of Water Supply and Drainage Virtual Simulation Training System

Traditional practical teaching of water supply and drainage is often faced with problems such as limited faculty and course time, easy worn-out of equipment and safety risk in practical training, which brings many inconveniences to schools, teachers and students. In order to make up for the shortage of traditional water supply and drainage practical training teaching, the teaching environment and the process was simulated by virtual reality technology, and a virtual simulation training system for water supply and drainage was developed. Taking the course project of steel pipe threading as an example, this paper shows the construction situation of manual and electric steel pipe threading project, systematically explains the principle involved in the virtual training system of water supply and drainage, emphatically expounds the key technologies, and the implementation scheme was given.

Wastewater Treatment and its Reuse in Jordan

The prospective agriculture development, in Jordan, is tied up by severe water scarcity that induces imbalances and shortages of water supply for various uses, especially under high population growth rates, natural and non-voluntary migration, and climate change. This paper provides highlights on the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) expansion, development, and treated wastewater reuse for the current and past 100 years in Jordan, examples of inefficient utilization of some WWTPs effluent and some of its constituents (such as Nitrogen and Phosphorus). It also suggests the necessary measures in the near future and long-term for the effective use of treated wastewater that improve and increase the reuse of treated wastewater in agricultural irrigation.

Estimation of genetic variability and frequency distribution in F2 generation of rice under normal and deficit water supply

The investigation was conducted at the experimental farm of the Rice Research and Training Centre, Kafr el Sheikh, Egypt, during the summer seasons from 2017 to 2019 using the experimental material consisting two populations with their two parents (P1, P2, F1 and F2) to study the variability in the F2 population of four crosses: IR 78,936-B-B-B-B (water deficit tolerant) x Giza 177 (water deficit sensitive), FL-496 (moderately water deficit tolerant) x Giza 177, IR 78,936-B-B-B-B (water deficit tolerant) x Giza 178 (moderately water deficit tolerant), FL-496 × Giza 178 under normal (NWS) and deficit water supply (DWS). The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results indicated that the phenotypic values of the measured characters were significantly different between the two parents of all the studied crosses under the two water supply conditions. The means of all the studied characters under DWS were lower than the means under NWS, but the yields and the yield components under DWS varied greatly among the parents due to stress. The averages of the measured traits of the F1 plants and the F2 populations in all crosses were near the averages of those of the parents. The results showed no consistent reduction in heritability under DWS compared to NWS. High heritability in a broad sense coupled with high genetic advance (GA) was observed for grain yield in Cross 1 under the two studied conditions offering good scope for selection.

Effects of soil water content on forest ecosystem water use efficiency through changes in transpiration/evapotranspiration ratio

Ecosystem water use efficiency (WUE), defined as the ratio of gross primary production (GPP) over evapotranspiration (ET), is a crucial variable that describes the tradeoff between ecosystem carbon uptake and water loss. However, the effects of soil moisture on WUE remain unclear. Based on hourly observations from 36 forest eddy-covariance sites globally and two percentile-based statistical models, we investigate the effects of soil water supply (i.e., volumetric soil water content, SWC) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) on carbon-water coupling at the hourly timescale. We further decompose WUE into two components, i.e., the ratio between GPP and plant transpiration (T), WUEt (GPP/T), and the ratio of plant transpiration to total evapotranspiration, T/ET. Results show that the sensitivities of WUE to SWC significantly increased with the increase of VPD. The sensitivities of WUE to SWC are high at high VPD, due to a rapid decrease of T/ET with SWC at high VPD. At low VPD, WUE is largely independent of SWC. The contribution linked to WUEt is much weaker and no significant relationships are observed between the sensitivities of WUEt to SWC and VPD. Our study suggests that the change of ecosystem WUE with SWC is largely due to changes in T/ET, while WUEt remains rather constant.

Perhitungan Kebutuhan Air Bersih dan Perencanaan Kebutuhan Infrastruktur Perpipaan PDAM di Kel Sako, Sako Baru, Sialang dan Sukamaju Kec. Sako Kota Palembang

The service of clean water in urban areas is very important to be given special attention. PDAM Tirta Musi The Sako Kenten Service Unit serves 4 sub-districts in Sako sub-district, including Sako, Sako Baru, Sialang, and Sukamaju. As the area grows, the population also increases. It is estimated that in 2029 the total population in Sako sub-district will reach 106,273 people. Meanwhile, for now the population which only reaches 93,326 people, it is felt that there is a shortage of clean water supply from PDAM. Based on the results of surveys and interviews, information was obtained that the availability of clean water from PDAM in the Sako area is only 6,000 liters per month on average. This is not enough for the population. It becomes a big task for PDAM Tirta Musi to prepare it by building an adequate pipeline network. Another problem is the existing piping system does not support the flow with such a large discharge, so it requires a network using the latest material, namely using HDPE pipes. The use of this material was chosen because HDPE does not require much connection and the pipe is stronger than PVC pipe. After carrying out the survey and calculation of the RAB, it was found that the need for a new network system reached Rp. 53,756,600,000, - in order to meet service standards for 80% of the population in Sako District. Keywords : PDAM Tirta Musi, Projection of water demand, Pipeline Network Budget Plan

Investigation of Soil Physicochemical Effects on the Corrosion of Buried Iron Pipes

Soil corrosivity was an active problem of water pipeline damaged by corrosion that affects the performance of pipe manufacturers. In Addis ababa, groundwater pipelines were facing breakage and like due to corrosion damage of the pipes. The population of nearly four million were facing a shortage of clean and continuous water supply. Maintenace and replacing old pipes with new ones increased additional cost and delay of water supply for the city. For this investigation of corrosion, causes were conducted which soil property is the one factor. Investigation of soil corrosivity for a given specific location before installation is important to design robust pipes that can serve for long life. Soil physicochemical behaviors of the soil parameters were pH, moisture content, and electrical resistivity for any type of soil. In addition, soil bulk density, total nitrogen, soil texture, and electrical conductivity were also the main factors to be studied. The laboratory result indicated that pH of 6.98-7.04, moisture content of 23.7-37.5%, and electrical conductivity of 0.105-313 ds/m were observed. Total nitrogen was small as 0.06-0.10 for a type of soil were class and loam soils. From the analysis of eight soil samples taken from different cities. The results show that the corrosivity behavior of buried iron pipes in the capital city of Ethiopia was moderately corrosive. As confirmed from various soil samples tested from corroded pipes at different depths of 40, 80, and 120 cm. The influence of soil corrosiveness factors initiates pits formation and propagates its width and depth on the surface of pipes.

Reuse of industrial wastewater for agriculture area

Now a days we see that a large amount of water has been wasted either in sewage or soil. it suffers from shortage of water supply for irrigation uses. On the other hand, the production system in the Rajasthan region is characterized by many agricultural food industries, the activity of which produces large amounts of wastewater.

Save reservoirs of humid subtropical cities from eutrophication threat.

Reservoir water is the most important freshwater resource for many cities, especially in densely populated humid subtropical areas. Economic growth, population increase, and urbanization have been putting reservoir water of Shenzhen (China), a humid subtropical city, under severe threat of eutrophication and water supply shortage. In this study, we focused on an upstream reservoir of Shenzhen and established a 3-dimensional hydrodynamic-ecological model to investigate the water dynamics and nutrient budget. Tributaries to the reservoir were identified as the greatest contributors to nitrogen and phosphorus loads. Zones with weak flows and high nutrient concentration have high risks of causing blooms. Several mitigation measures were proposed, including improving flow by adding additional water exit locations in the reservoir, reducing nutrients in tributaries, and enhancingalgal predation, and were evaluated with the established model. The strategies combining hydrodynamic improvement and phosphorus reduction were suggested to decision makers and government managers for short-term management. However, for future water safety, excessive nitrogen is a potential danger. This study provides a modeling framework that can be applied to anthropogenic-influenced reservoirs elsewhere.

GIS-based mapping of water-level fluctuations (WLF) and its impact on groundwater in an Agrarian District in Tamil Nadu, India

This study describes the results of groundwater table variation in Thanjavur District before and after the monsoon seasons. Groundwater-level data acquired by the field measurement and the elevation data have been obtained from the topographic survey. Groundwater is the major source for different sectors in this region, and the major portion was used for irrigation. The impacts of geology, soil types, topographic elevation, land-use changes were critically analyzed and identified that these factors are controlling the infiltration capacity. The maximum fluctuation in the water table was 2 m below the ground level; still, 50% of the study area is under threat of overexploitation. This is projecting to a severe shortage in water supply soon. Groundwater quality is threatening by the saline intrusion in the coastal region, and the irrigation return flows inland. The spatial variation maps were useful in visualizing the seasonal water level and fluctuation in Thanjavur. A proper monitoring system, efficient irrigation practices, and effective groundwater recharge structures are recommended.

A scenario-based approach for urban water management in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and a case study for the Tabriz metropolitan area, Iran

The world's poorest countries were hit hardest by COVID-19 due to their limited capacities to combat the pandemic. The urban water supply and water consumption are affected by the pandemic because it intensified the existing deficits in the urban water supply and sanitation services. In this study, we develop an integrated spatial analysis approach to investigate the impacts of COVID-19 on multi-dimensional Urban Water Consumption Patterns (UWCPs) with the aim of forecasting the water demand. We selected the Tabriz metropolitan area as a case study area and applied an integrated approach of GIS spatial analysis and regression-based autocorrelation assessment to develop the UWCPs for 2018, 2019 and 2020. We then employed GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis and a CA-Markov model to analyze the water demand under the impacts of COVID-19 and to forecast the UWCPs for 2021, 2022 and 2023. In addition, we tested the spatial uncertainty of the prediction maps using the Dempster Shafer Theory. The results show that the domestic water consumption increased by 17.57% during the year 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The maximum increase in water consumption was observed in spring 2020 (April–June) when strict quarantine regulations were in place. Based on our results, the annual water deficit in Tabriz has increased from ~18% to about 30% in 2020. In addition, our projections show that this may further increase to about 40–45% in 2021. Relevant stakeholders can use the findings to develop evidence-informed strategies for sustainable water resource management in the post-COVID era. This research also makes other significant contributions. From the environmental perspective, since COVID-19 has affected resource management in many parts of the world, the proposed method can be applied to similar contexts to mitigate the adverse impacts and developed better informed recovery plans.

Desalinated drinking-water provision in water-stressed regions: challenges of consumer-perception and environmental impact lessons from Antofagasta, Chile

ABSTRACT Desalination is increasingly popular for ensuring potable water. Using the City Blueprint Approach methodology in Antofagasta, Chile, we identify the barriers, opportunities and transferable lessons that can enhance governance capacity towards the successful implementation of desalination. Antofagasta’s desalinization programme is associated with negative water-quality perceptions, environmental impacts and high energy demands. Additionally, the supply has a moderate impeding influence on water-use efficiency efforts. Consequently, we draft a priority ladder for water provision in water-scarce regions to: ensure access; reduce consumption; apply reuse; and explore renewable water resources – and if a combination of previous steps is insufficient, desalination may be applied to meet water supply shortages.

Using Production Well Behavior to Evaluate Risk in the Depleted Cambrian‐Ordovician Sandstone Aquifer System, Midwestern USA

AbstractAs shallow aquifers become depleted or contaminated worldwide, use of deep aquifers will likely increase to meet growing water demands despite expensive drilling costs and well maintenance, and limited recharge to many of these deep systems. We discuss depletion of the Cambrian‐Ordovician sandstone aquifer, a deep bedrock aquifer that has been a major source of water in the Midwestern US for over 150 years. Using a participatory groundwater modeling approach with active stakeholder engagement, we developed a conceptual framework to assess risk to different sandstone units of the aquifer based on simulated heads and production well behavior (pumping levels and specific capacities). Over 320 m of static head decline has occurred since predevelopment in the deepest sandstone unit. Shallower units are actively being dewatered. Drawdown and head separation between sandstone units is even greater under pumping conditions and is most acute near a regional fault zone. Current depletion is prompting massive infrastructure changes to mitigate anticipated water supply shortages. Our results show that even with a substantial reduction in water use by 35% in 2030, many areas of the aquifer remain at High or Severe risk out to 2070. Head decline, as opposed to storage loss, is a critical metric for understanding depletion of deep bedrock aquifers. The participatory modeling process made clear that pumping levels at production wells should not be ignored in evaluations of aquifer sustainability and risk. Our conceptual risk framework could be applied to other deep bedrock aquifers undergoing depletion.

Optimisation of stormwater purification in progressive freeze concentration: Stirring speed and initial concentration

A method has been earnestly studied which is progressive freeze concentration (PFC). In this study, zinc chloride dissolved in distilled water has been used to signify stormwater as its amount is the highest and high toxicity in actual stormwater. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to determine the optimum condition of the process. The experiment was run by using the data generated from STATISTICA software with constant coolant temperature and rotation time which is at −8 °C and 15 minutes. The interaction between the process conditions gave significant effects to the effective partition constant (K) and solute recovery (Y). The predicted optimum condition for the system within the experimental ranges would be a stirring speed of 245 rpm and initial concentration of 6.846 mg/L with the best value for K and Y are predicted at 0.3357 and 0.5856, respectively. Shortage of clean water supply, flooding and excessive stormwater runoff became a concern towards the human being as these problems cannot be simply solved by building a specific pipeline system. Thus, an excellent approach and process needed to manage and purify the stormwater as well as transform it as one of the clean water resources.

Boron nanosheets loaded with MoS2 porous sponges for water purification

Utilizing solar steam generation to treat seawater and sewage, as an emerging and effective technology, can obtain clean water. There is an abundance of water demand and a shortage of water supply in the world today. Herein, we demonstrate an integrated evaporator of boron nanosheets modified with molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) as a photothermal materials and a konjac glucomannan (KGM) sponge with excellent pore structure as a thermal insulator and water supplier for solar clean water generation. A rapid evaporation rate (1.538 kg m−2 h-1) and high solar evaporation efficiency (96.5 %) under 1-sun radiation (1 kW m−2) can be achieved in the two-dimensional structure system. This work provides a new way to design and manufacture renewable solar steam generation for water purification.

Combined effects of hydrometeorological hazards and urbanisation on dengue risk in Brazil: a spatiotemporal modelling study

Temperature and rainfall patterns are known to influence seasonal patterns of dengue transmission. However, the effect of severe drought and extremely wet conditions on the timing and intensity of dengue epidemics is poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to quantify the non-linear and delayed effects of extreme hydrometeorological hazards on dengue risk by level of urbanisation in Brazil using a spatiotemporal model. We combined distributed lag non-linear models with a spatiotemporal Bayesian hierarchical model framework to determine the exposure-lag-response association between the relative risk (RR) of dengue and a drought severity index. We fit the model to monthly dengue case data for the 558 microregions of Brazil between January, 2001, and January, 2019, accounting for unobserved confounding factors, spatial autocorrelation, seasonality, and interannual variability. We assessed the variation in RR by level of urbanisation through an interaction between the drought severity index and urbanisation. We also assessed the effect of hydrometeorological hazards on dengue risk in areas with a high frequency of water supply shortages. The dataset included 12 895 293 dengue cases reported between 2001 and 2019 in Brazil. Overall, the risk of dengue increased between 0-3 months after extremely wet conditions (maximum RR at 1 month lag 1·56 [95% CI 1·41-1·73]) and 3-5 months after drought conditions (maximum RR at 4 months lag 1·43 [1·22-1·67]). Including a linear interaction between the drought severity index and level of urbanisation improved the model fit and showed the risk of dengue was higher in more rural areas than highly urbanised areas during extremely wet conditions (maximum RR 1·77 [1·32-2·37] at 0 months lag vs maximum RR 1·58 [1·39-1·81] at 2 months lag), but higher in highly urbanised areas than rural areas after extreme drought (maximum RR 1·60 [1·33-1·92] vs 1·15 [1·08-1·22], both at 4 months lag). We also found the dengue risk following extreme drought was higher in areas that had a higher frequency of water supply shortages. Wet conditions and extreme drought can increase the risk of dengue with different delays. The risk associated with extremely wet conditions was higher in more rural areas and the risk associated with extreme drought was exacerbated in highly urbanised areas, which have water shortages and intermittent water supply during droughts. These findings have implications for targeting mosquito control activities in poorly serviced urban areas, not only during the wet and warm season, but also during drought periods. Royal Society, Medical Research Council, Wellcome Trust, National Institutes of Health, Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico. For the Portuguese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Energy-water nexus in East Iraq: capacity potential analysis and spatial assessment for an integrated CSP solar power & RO brackish water desalination plant in Khanaqin area

Abstract In this research, an analysis of site suitability and potential desalination capacity for an integrated concentrated solar power (CSP) and reverse osmosis (RO) system can be established to overcome water-energy nexus problems such as water supply shortage, fossil fuel carbon emission, and increasing power consumption in Khanaqin area, East Iraq. Regarding various environmental and economic criteria, the analysis employed different methods and tools: analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method, additive weighting method for location selection (SL), and kriging interpolation with map algebra spatial analysis tools in ArcGIS software. The chosen criteria were assessed by using the rating method, and then the relative weight of each criterion was determined. Site suitability assessment results showed that only 0.05% of the study area, represented by thirteen sites, was highly suitable for the integrated CSP-RO system. Considering higher potential desalination capacity of the integrated CSP-RO system, the number of suitable sites was further refined, therefore only two plant sites were suggested for optimum desalination capacity. The current study helps to quantify factors related to establishing and operating combined CSP and RO plant, which aid for further insight investigations on solar and water resources availability of similar systems for different areas around the world.

Use of surface water and groundwater under climate change: Khorramabad basin, Iran

The impacts of climate change on the conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater resources of the Khorramabad basin were evaluated. Monthly temperature and rainfall modelled using HadCM3 and CGCM2 under greenhouse gas emissions scenarios (GHGESs) A2 and B2 were downscaled to baseline (1971–2000) and future periods (2040–2069 and 2070–2099). Simulations were performed for four climate change scenarios (CCSs) (A2-2040–2069, A2-2070–2099, B2-2040–2069 and B2-2070–2099). The projections indicated an increase in temperature and a decrease in rainfall. Future surface water resources were simulated using IHACRES. The results indicated that average annual runoff under GHGESs A2 and B2 would decrease by, respectively, 2.03% and 4.17% in 2040–2069 and by 6.64% and 8.94% in 2070–2099. Groundwater simulation was carried out using ModFlow. The results showed that under, the four CCSs, groundwater level would decline by 2.3, 3.0, 2.5 and 3.4%, respectively, relative to the baseline. Aquifer recharge under the four scenarios would decline by 1.43, 5.71, 2.86 and 7.14%, respectively. The results from IHACRES and ModFlow were employed to develop a conjunctive operation model with the Weap model. Several CCSs with various levels of future water demand were assessed using Weap. A 20% increase in water demand relative to the baseline, for instance, was projected to produce annual deficits in future agricultural water supply of 3.3, 5.08, 3.05 and 5.18 (× 106 m3), respectively, under the four CCSs.

Evaluation of WASH at Sana’a University as per IWRM Perspective

The Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) is considered to be a key in achieving a sustainable improved WASH sector. Water supply and sanitation are among the most essential sectors of development Enhancement of community water supplies and sanitation results in improved social, economic conditions and health. Students are likely to be affected in different ways by inadequate Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) conditions in schools and universities, so this may contribute to reduce in getting the right learning opportunities. Due to the importance of the WASH sector in improving the community’s level and standards, this paper will help to assess the WASH at Sana’a University.A multi-disciplinary approach to reach the objective targeted in this paper has been used; an intensive literature review has been done, a closedended questionnaire was developed with the help of some INGOs standards such as WHO, UNICEF and Sphere to collect the required data from the beneficiaries, a checklist was developed and used to acquire the requireddata and information from the fields and meet face-to-face with the key informants of each faculty, and all the collected data and information are analyzed with the help of Kobo Toolbox. The findings of the research showed that water shortages and inadequate sanitation were due to weak infrastructure although its own a very strong infrastructure; systems were not repaired or maintained and fell into disuse. In addition, the water supply shortages were also due to insufficient water capacity, physical contaminatedexisting water sources, lack of communication between university officials, and the obstacles to (WASH) sector which include lack of human resources, lack of financial resources, and unclear roles and responsibilities. The recommendation was based on the findings and related issues with water institution, water sector and resource, sanitation, and hygiene in addition to NGOs to support the university WASH infrastructure.Keywords: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH), Sana’a University, KoboToolbox and IWRM.

Evaluation of WASH at Sana’a University as per IWRM Perspective

The Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) is considered to be a key in achieving a sustainable improved WASH sector. Water supply and sanitation are among the most essential sectors of development Enhancement of community water supplies and sanitation results in improved social, economic conditions and health. Students are likely to be affected in different ways by inadequate Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) conditions in schools and universities, so this may contribute to reduce in getting the right learning opportunities. Due to the importance of the WASH sector in improving the community’s level and standards, this paper will help to assess the WASH at Sana’a University.A multi-disciplinary approach to reach the objective targeted in this paper has been used; an intensive literature review has been done, a closedended questionnaire was developed with the help of some INGOs standards such as WHO, UNICEF and Sphere to collect the required data from the beneficiaries, a checklist was developed and used to acquire the requireddata and information from the fields and meet face-to-face with the key informants of each faculty, and all the collected data and information are analyzed with the help of Kobo Toolbox. The findings of the research showed that water shortages and inadequate sanitation were due to weak infrastructure although its own a very strong infrastructure; systems were not repaired or maintained and fell into disuse. In addition, the water supply shortages were also due to insufficient water capacity, physical contaminatedexisting water sources, lack of communication between university officials, and the obstacles to (WASH) sector which include lack of human resources, lack of financial resources, and unclear roles and responsibilities. The recommendation was based on the findings and related issues with water institution, water sector and resource, sanitation, and hygiene in addition to NGOs to support the university WASH infrastructure.Keywords: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH), Sana’a University, KoboToolbox and IWRM.