Water Supply Pipe Research Articles

Material Selection Techniques of Water Supply Pipe based on Analytic Hierarchy Process

Material Selection Techniques of Water Supply Pipe based on Analytic Hierarchy Process

Application of time-frequency image feature extraction method based on gray level co-occurrence matrix in coal mine pipeline leakage detection

The underground mining environment of coal mine is complex. Once the water supply or gas supply pipes leak, the location and time of leakage are unpredictable. If the leakage can not be found in time, it will seriously threaten the life safety of underground workers. Therefore, it is very necessary to automatically detect the pipeline leakage. In order to solve the problem of automatic detection of coal mine pipeline leakage, this paper proposes an image processing method based on gray level co-occurrence matrix to extract the features of time-frequency image of vibration signal. Firstly, the data in a relatively short time is divided into one frame to reduce the amount of calculation. Secondly, each frame of signal is processed by SPWVD to get the time-frequency image. Then, the time-frequency image after time-frequency analysis is transformed into gray-scale image, and the gray-scale co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) of the image is extracted. Finally, the energy, contrast and correlation of the co-occurrence matrix are extracted and input to SVM for learning and training. Through the design and build of the experimental pipeline to test the algorithm proposed in this paper, the detection result of SVM is 96.67%, which shows that this method can effectively detect the pipeline leakage.

Chapter 8 Swelling and shrinking soils

Abstract Swelling and shrinking soils are soils that can experience large changes in volume due to changes in water content. This may be due to seasonal changes in moisture content, local site changes such as leakage from water supply pipes or drains, changes to surface drainage and landscaping, or following the planting, removal or severe pruning of trees or hedges. These soils represent a significant hazard to structural engineers across the world due to their shrink–swell behaviour, with the cost of mitigation alone running into several billion pounds annually. These soils usually contain some form of clay mineral, such as smectite or vermiculite, and can be found in humid and arid/semi-arid environments where their expansive nature can cause significant damage to properties and infrastructure. This chapter discusses the properties and costs associated with shrink–swell soils, their formation and distribution throughout the UK and the rest of the world, and their geological and geotechnical characterization. It also considers the mechanisms of shrink-swell soils and their behaviour, reviewing strategies for managing them in an engineering context, before finally outlining the problem of trees and shrink–swell soils.

Central Prediction System for Time Series Comparison and Analysis of Water Usage Data

Revenue water flow is defined as the amount of water for which the water rate has been collected, against tap water production, whereas non-revenue water (NRW) is defined as water that has been produced, but for which payment cannot be charged. In South Korea, there are big differences in NRW among the regions, and the NRW ratio in urban areas is higher than in rural regions. To reduce regional differences and effectively manage the water system, a management system to lower the NRW ratio is required. In particular, the NRW ratio can be reduced through an automatic leakage detection and sensor-error automatic checking system for feed water pipes and piping in household, and through leakage detection of water supply and drainage pipes that transport large volumes of water. Therefore, this study develops a system that can generate automatic alarms whenever abnormal usage is predicted via analysis of household water flow rate. Linear regression, ARIMA model, and additive regression model are compared to find the best method with high accuracy. The proposed method can support efficient water system management to lower the NRW ratio.

ДВУХПРУДОВОЙ НАГУЛЬНО-ВЫРОСТНОЙ РЫБОВОДНЫЙ КОМПЛЕКС

Purpose: development and description of the layout and design solution for a two-pond feeding nursery fish-breeding complex, which characterizes by compact placement of its constituent structures and their adaptation to the topographic conditions of the territory. Materials and methods. The theoretical and empirical basis for the development was made up of well-known recommendations on design and construction of pond complexes and survey data of operating fish-breeding facilities and their structures. During the development, the technologies of search design of engineering projects in compliance with fish breeding requirements and restrictions were used. Results. The fish-breeding complex includes: two fish-breeding ponds with a common dividing dam and a water supply system including a pumping station; water supply pipe system; a system of devices and structures that ensure the release of fish grown in ponds into a fish trap; spillway devices for discharging water from ponds and a fish trap with a set of regulating elements. Fish ponds are located on the floodplain lands of the river Don and are formed by protecting dikes. The bed of the reservoirs is planned with sections with longitudinal and transverse slopes to the water-fish collecting and-transporting ditches arranged in their bottom, allowing them to be emptied and the fish grown in the ponds to be directed to the outlet structures. The release of fish from the ponds is carried out by two tower water outlets. The design of the fish trap provides for the accumulation and seine fishing, it is equipped with means for regulating water discharge and maintaining conditions for fish. Conclusions. The developed layout and design solution for a two-pond fish-breeding complex with one fish trap is adapted to the local relief and the difference in water levels in ponds and in water intake. The implemented layout and design solutions can be used in the development of similar objects

Hepatitis E Outbreak in Jaipur due to Genotype IA

AbstractPurpose: Suddenly, many cases of fever with jaundice were reported from Sodala area at Jaipur. This outbreak of acute hepatitis at Jaipur Rajasthan was investigated for aetiology and subsequent phylogenetic analysis. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 106 symptomatic patients of acute hepatitis and 39 pregnant females (with or without symptoms of hepatitis) during an outbreak at Jaipur. The samples were tested for hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) by serological and molecular methods (polymerase chain reaction [PCR]). Sequencing of nested PCR product was done for phylogenetic analysis. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs antigen), anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV), anti-Leptospira and anti-scrub typhus IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was done for patients negative for HEV and HAV. Results: Among 106 symptomatic patients, HEV IgM was positive in 84/106 (79.2%) patients and HEV RNA in 72/106 (67.9%) patients. Among pregnant women, 6/39 (15.4%) were HEV IgM positive and 5/39 (12.8%) for HEV RNA. One (2.5%) pregnant woman died due to hepatitis. All the isolates belonged to genotype 1A of HEV. All HAV, HEV-negative samples were negative for HBs antigen, HCV antibody, Leptospira and scrub typhus IgM ELISA. Conclusion: The outbreak was due to HEV genotype 1A. The municipal water supply was contaminated and sanitary conditions and waste disposal were poor in the area. Boiling of drinking water, fixing the water supply pipes and frequent hand washing helped in controlling the outbreak.

Main water quality safeguard of healthy building

<p indent="0mm">Human beings cannot live without water. As the living space of human beings, architecture cannot do without water. The water quality safeguard of healthy buildings includes water quality safeguard for municipal water supply and secondary water supply systems. Compared with municipal water supply system, water quality assurance of secondary water supply system is often ignored in people’s traditional concept, while the latter is more likely to cause water quality deterioration. Healthy building is a building that can provide healthier environment, facilities and services for building users and promote their physical and mental health. The water supply system of a healthy building should be able to provide safe and high quality water to building users. Water quality safeguard technology is the key support to achieve the above goals. This paper mainly analyzes and introduces the water quality safeguard for secondary water supply system of healthy buildings. The water quality guarantee measures that can be adopted in the system setting, operation and maintenance of healthy buildings are summarized into three main aspects: Prevention of water quality deterioration, water quality monitoring and water treatment. Prevention of water quality deterioration is the first line of defense to ensure healthy building water quality. Water quality deterioration is usually caused by two factors: Microbial breeding in the water and pollution in the water supply. Problems such as long storage time, inadequate cleaning and maintenance of storage facilities, improper selection of water pipes for transmission and distribution, and insufficient water supply temperature of centralized domestic hot water system will lead to the breeding of bacteria and other microorganisms in water. Problems such as improper installation of water storage facilities and wrong connection of pipes in quality water supply system will lead to water pollution. The prevention of water quality deterioration of secondary water supply system mainly involves water storage facilities, water supply pipes and central domestic hot water system. The water quality online monitoring system can detect water quality indicators in real time through the configuration of online testing equipment, and then upload the monitoring data to the remote data management platform, and finally analyze the monitoring data and alarm the accident by the data management platform. Online monitoring of water quality can help managers to know the abnormal changes of water quality in time, so as to take effective measures to avoid the increase of water quality deterioration accidents. The main technologies and management measures involved in water quality monitoring include water quality online monitoring, regular testing and monitoring results publicity. Water treatment is the ultimate defense of healthy building water quality. Healthy building water supply system can adopt water treatment technology to ensure the safety, improvement and improvement of water quality. Water treatment technologies that can be used in healthy buildings generally include disinfection, filtration, softening and other major water treatment technologies and direct drinking water treatment systems. Different buildings can make economic and technological comparison according to the user’s demand for water quality, and finally choose a reasonable one or a variety of comprehensive water treatment technology. The aim of this paper is to provide suggestions and broaden ideas for the water quality safeguard of healthy buildings, and help health building users understand health building water quality safeguard.

충격 감쇄용 신축이음관의 상수도 배관 적용을 위한 피로 내구성 해석

Pipe for water supply is one of the important parts that supply water to home, factory and so on. Water leakage in pipe for water supply due to deterioration, ground sinking and earthquake leads to enormous economical loss. Therefore, pipe for water supply should be designed to satisfy the requirement of, for instance, structural stability and fatigue durability. The purpose of this study was to investigate the fatigue durability of flexible joint for relaxing the impact due to earthquake and ground sinking. For this purpose, flexible joint was simulated using dynamic characteristics and fatigue life. As the results, the problem of fatigue durability may occur when flexible joint and pipe for water supply are treated as rigid body in simulation. Thus it means that the role of packing in flexible joint is very important and packing should be designed as optimal conditions that are considered fatigue durability as well as waterproof.

Verificação do comportamento hidráulico de bloqueadores de ar para abastecimento de água

Por diversos motivos, é possível a presença de ar nas tubulações de fornecimento de água e, consequentemente, que volumes de ar sejam contabilizados pelos hidrômetros. Esse fenômeno, além de ocorrer no Brasil, se apresenta também em países como Porto Rico, Peru e México. Existem à venda no mercado brasileiro equipamentos denominados “bloqueadores de ar” que, segundo os fabricantes, impedem a indevida cobrança. Porém, até o momento, não há uma norma específica nem literatura consolidada para aferição e certificação desses dispositivos. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo verificar o comportamento hidráulico dos bloqueadores de ar, a fim de servir como base para futuras discussões entre usuários, fabricantes e órgãos fiscalizadores sobre o adequado uso destes equipamentos. Nos testes experimentais realizados, foram obtidas as curvas perda de carga versus vazão para cinco bloqueadores avaliados. Como complementação, uma modelagem computacional permitiu verificar os possíveis efeitos causados no fornecimento de água. Os resultados mostraram uma grande variação dos valores de pressão mínima necessária para ocorrer o escoamento, desde 0,92 até 8,60 m.c.a., assim como das curvas de perda de carga, significando, em alguns casos, redução drástica da vazão da água fornecida. Como principal conclusão, observou-se a necessidade de uma regulamentação desses dispositivos para possibilitar a elaboração de instruções sobre o correto dimensionamento e uso em cada situação.

Estimation of Equivalent Sand–Grain Roughness for Coated Water Supply Pipes

AbstractThe Colebrook equation gives the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor for fluid flow in pipes as a function of sand-grain roughness and the Reynolds number. Values of equivalent sand-grain roughn...

Effects of Variations in Pipe Leakage Diameter and Pipe Leakage Distance to the FFT Diagrams

A method for detecting leaks in plastic water supply pipes through analysis of the pipe’s surface vibration using an accelerometer is proposed. Various diameter of leaks and distance of leaks are examined. The method involves identification of the changes vibration spectrum in Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) diagram caused on the pipe by various leak scenario. It is showing that FFT diagram on pipe small leak is difficult to be distinguished with FFT diagram with pipe no leak scenario. However, pipe big leak shows narrow frequency dominant in FFT diagram with high values on acceleration. The further leakage points from accelerometer, trend of frequency dominant in the FFT diagram is getting lower.

충격 감쇄용 신축이음관의 상수도 배관 적용을 위한 구조 안정성 해석

The pipe for water supply is essential part among SOC (Social Overhead Capital) fields. Pipe for water supply is mainly damaged by deterioration of pipe, earthquake, ground sinking and so on. The leakage of water have been led to enormous economical loss in our country. The purpose of this study was to investigate the structural stability of flexible joint for relaxing impact due to earthquake and ground sinking. For this purpose, flexible joint was simulated using tensile load and internal pressure. As the results, flexible joint for structural stability was needed the tensile load of below 3 ton and internal pressure of below 60 kgf/cm2. However, it is considered that real flexible joint should be applied more high safety factor than that of simulation result because of combined stress.

COMMUNAL SEPTIC TANKS AS APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY TO ACHIEVE SURABAYA OPEN DEFECATION FREE (ODF)

Sanitation access is one of the important things in sustainable development. With reduced open defecation, it is expected to be able to achieve a high level of public health. However, the current condition in Surabaya, some people are still defecating in open places like open ditches and yards. This condition occurs for several reasons, such as the unavailability of land and the high cost of treating wastewater. Therefore, it is necessary to build a communal septic tank to create a healthier environment. The dimensions of the communal septic tank are actually regulated in National Standard (SNI) 03-2398 -2002 about Procedure for Planning Septic Tanks with Infiltration Systems. However, for the application, it must be aware with field condition, such as the width of the road, the presence of drainage canals water supply pipes, and the depth of the ground water level. Therefore, the dimensions of communal septic tanks were calculated with the number of house connection based on the field condition. As SNI 03-2398-2002 provides merely for 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10 house connection for communal septic tanks, this assessment proposes a standard of 8 house connections as field conditions will not allow rigid dimension as mentioned in the Standard. Eight house connections will allow the implementation of septic tanks in small foot-path as in densely populated sub-district with 2 to 3 meters width, the water table of 2 to 3 meters depth, and allow easy adjustment due to other local infrastructures like water supply pipe and the small path along local creeks.

Research of hydraulic reliability of water supply network based on the simulation of EPANET

Based on cascading failure, the model of EPANET is used to analyze the system reliability of water supply network and node impact evaluation and pipeline evaluation. Then three conclusions are obtained by calculation. The first conclusion is the hydraulic reliability of the water supply pipe network is related to the node and the pipe section. And the results of the analysis can correspond to the consequences of pipeline failure which can be used as a basis for evaluating pipeline. The second conclusion is the node can be divided into the failure node and the influence node based on node impact evaluation of the water supply network. And the failure node can be set to monitor the water supply system focus because of the sensitivity of these two types of nodes to cascading failure. The third conclusion is the pipeline evaluation is a comprehensive evaluation of pipeline operation and node influence, and pipeline can be divided into key sections, the main pipe, the general pipe, and the key pipe and the main pipe are the greatest threats to the hydraulic reliability of the water supply pipe network, so they should be considered as the key part of system optimization and system monitoring.

Lift-type and drag-type hydro turbine with vertical axis for power generation from water pipelines

Pipeline turbines are designed to supply power for smart sensors installed in water pipelines. They are installed in the water supply pipe network directly and should meet the performance requirements for starting up at low flow rates and having low pressure loss at high flow rates. To this end, we designed two types of vertical axis pipeline turbines with lift-type runner and drag-type runner respectively, and conducted both experimental test and numerical simulations on the hydraulic performance of both the turbines. The results show that both the lift-type and drag-type turbines can meet the performance requirements. Under the same incoming flow conditions, the critical startup flow rate, the tip speed ratio, and the power coefficient of the lift-type turbine is larger. And the startup process of the lift-type turbine is unstable. While the drag-type turbine shows the opposite performances in these respects. In the range of incoming flow velocity studied, the pressure loss of both the turbines increases with the incoming flow velocity, however, the maximum pressure loss is controlled in an acceptable range, which will not affect the normal water supply.

Comparative life-cycle assessment of water supply pipes made from bamboo vs. polyvinyl chloride

Bamboo is one of earth's most plentiful natural materials and provides a high-quality alternative to many other raw materials. Utilizing bamboo can help to curtail global warming by decelerating the destruction of forests because it can be a good alternative to wood in its various applications. Bamboo winding composite pipe is a new developed product for water supply application. Life-cycle assessment is a tool used to evaluate the environmental impacts for the use of bamboo in pipes considering all stages of a water pipe's life from raw material extraction to the end of pipe life. In this study, the environmental impacts of polyvinyl chloride pipe and bamboo winding composite pipe were compared using SimaPro (Version 8.5) software. The results demonstrated that, all major indices of environmental impacts (except for the Eutrophication index) were significantly reduced by 1.1–488.8 times when bamboo winding composite pipes were used to replace polyvinyl chloride pipes for the water supply system. In addition, when the bamboo pipe was used to replace the polyvinyl chloride pipe, the cumulative energy demands were reduced by 3.40 times and the total environmental burdens (eco-indicator 99 points) were reduced by 7.19 times. The Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability index (which is represented by equivalent CO2 uptake value in SimaPro software) was used to compare the different life cycle stages affecting environments. The results showed that the eq.CO2 index for the stage of production of bamboo winding composite pipe was 5.35 times of that of the stage of waste pipe disposal/degradation. In addition, the environmental impacts of six raw materials for the bamboo winding composite pipe (per functional unit), i.e., bamboo slivers, modified urea-formaldehyde resin, filling powder of walnut husk, Styrene E, cotton textile and bamboo fiber fabric, were compared using the eq.CO2 index. It was discovered that the urea-formaldehyde resin, Styrene E and cotton textile took the major parts affecting environment. The sensitivity analysis results indicated that the environmental impacts could be further reduced if 10% Styrene E and urea-formaldehyde was replaced with bamboo slivers. As a conclusion for this study, the major environmental impact indices were significantly reduced when the bamboo winding composite pipe was used to replace polyvinyl chloride pipe.

A Case Study: Water Quality Content between Water Supply and Water Vending Machine at Parit Raja, Johor

Water quality study was conducted on water vendor machines with different types of systems that are available around Parit Raja, Batu Pahat such as reverse osmosis systems, systems nanotechnology nano-silver system and water supply pipes. The aim of this study is to distinguish the water quality from the vending machine that follow the standard quality whether authorized or not. Standard water quality parameters such pH, iron concentration experiments, experimental manganese, aluminum and experimental testing ammoniacal nitrogen were computed as comparison. Nanotechnology system water produces better quality when comparing to the pipe water as its pH value shows 6.62. From the experiments the concentration of iron, manganese, aluminium and ammoniacal nitrogen shows 0.08-, 0.07-, 0.05-, and 0.01 mg/L respectively which all the values are in compliance with the National Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS). As for water from reverse osmosis system and pipe water supply both its pH is 6.2 and 6.4 correspondingly which both are not concurrence with National Drinking Water Quality Standards. However, iron content for water from reverse osmosis (0.30 mg/L) is higher than water supply pipe (0.12 mg/L) and both are in the standard range. Iron content of the water supply pipe which is not allowed by 0.14 mg/L. Compared with water from a reverse osmosis system in which the iron content is at a maximum of 0.10mg / L. The parameters of aluminium and ammoniacal nitrogen, the two systems are at acceptable levels. For water from nano-silver system, all parameters are in compliance with the National Drinking Water Quality Standards.

Water Hammer Control Analysis of an Intelligent Surge Tank with Spring Self-Adaptive Auxiliary Control System

The water hammer can cause great risks in water supply pipe systems. A surge tank is a kind of general water hammer control device. In order to improve the behavior of the surge tank, a self-adaptive auxiliary control (SAC) system was proposed in this paper. The system can optimize the response of the surge tank according to the transient pressure. The numerical model and the matched boundary conditions were established to simulate the improved surge tank and optimize the SAC system. Then, various transient responses were simulated by the proposed model with different parameters set. The proposed system is validated by comparing the water hammer process in a river-pipe-valve (RLV) system with and without SAC. The results show that the SAC can greatly improve the water hammer control of the pipeline and the water level oscillation of the surge tank. With the SAC system, the required vertical size of the surge tank can be significantly reduced with the desired water hammer control function.

Investigation of Water Loss from Pipes Located in Various Relief Features of Iaşi County

Abstract Water losses are present in all water supply system pipes. Their parameters and value vary depending on the constructional and functional features of the pipes (diameter, material, pressure, embedding environment, location, position etc.). The phenomenon is present in all water supply systems networks in Romania as well as globally. The water supply pipes within the regional water supply system are located in areas with diversified relief, from plateaus and hills to plains. The studies and researches were carried out in the geographical placement area of the Timişeşti-Iaşi pipeline. The geographic area studied is enclosed in Siret and Prut hydrographic basins. The paper aims to establish a correlation between the detection methods of water leaks from pipes and the areal relief features in Iaşi County. At the same time, it is highlighted the impact of the variation of the geographical relief characteristics on the water loss management on different type of pipes.

Identification of multiple leaks in pipeline III: Experimental results

Abstract Identifying multiple leaks in a water supply pipe is challenging because pipe systems are complex and many parameters need to be estimated. In order to solve this problem, in Part I and Part II of the series of papers Wang and Ghidaoui (2018, 2019), a linearized model of transient wave in pipes was introduced, a maximum likelihood (ML) scheme to estimate leaks was proposed (for large leak number, the iterative beamforming method was used to simplify the ML solution), and the model selection methods were used to decide the leak number. In the present paper (Part III), these methods are experimentally justified via transient tests from a newly-built high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe system in the Water Resources Research Laboratory at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. Since the experiments are conducted in a viscoelastic pipe, the previous transient wave model (for elastic pipes) is modified to quantify the viscoelastic behavior of pipe wall. Experimental results with two and three leaks show that the proposed approaches are able to accurately localize the multiple leaks and decide the number of leaks.