Water Supply Organizations Research Articles

ESG transformation of water supply and sewerage enterprises in the Russian Federation to achieve sustainable development goals

Subject. This article discusses the issues of modernization of water supply and sewerage systems, housing and communal services as a whole, and the problem of rational use of water resources. Objectives. The article aims to determine areas for the development of water supply and wastewater disposal organizations, and develop mechanisms to reduce the negative impact of industry enterprises on the environment. Methods. For the study, I used the general scientific research methods. Results. The article finds that the key task of the industry is to reduce the depreciation of fixed assets. It is necessary to reduce water consumption and losses in production processes and during transportation. Conclusions. The introduction of green technologies will help increase the investment attractiveness of the industry. The Government of the Russian Federation considers water supply and wastewater disposal as a priority sector that ensure the country's sustainable development.

Impact of Seismic Geohazards on water supply systems and pipeline performance: Insights from the 2023 Kahramanmaras Earthquakes

This study delves into the profound repercussions of geohazards on water supply systems, specifically in the aftermath of the Kahramanmaras earthquakes. The influence of these geohazards was far-reaching, impacting a vast geographical expanse affected by the seismic events. The primary focus of this investigation centers on the provinces of Adiyaman, Gaziantep, and Hatay, providing representative damage examples from the earthquake-affected areas. The study illustrates various types of pipe failures induced by geohazards such as fault displacements, landslides, and liquefaction. The analysis encompasses diverse cases of damage, starting from the water resources, progressing through issues at transmission lines, and extending to challenges faced by pumping and treatment facilities. Key aspects of damages and geohazards are presented, shedding light on the intricate dynamics of these interactions. It is crucial to note the scarcity of real cases in the existing literature, emphasizing the need for extensive site investigations and dedicated research endeavors to construct a comprehensive database of case histories in this domain. This study addresses this gap, contributing valuable insights into the tangible impacts of geohazards on water supply systems. By comprehending and effectively addressing the risks associated with geohazards, water supply organizations can fortify the safety and resilience of their infrastructure. The findings presented herein offer a foundation for informed decision-making and strategic planning, fostering a proactive approach to mitigate potential damages and enhance the overall robustness of water supply systems in regions prone to seismic events and associated geohazards.

Zwalczanie pożarów w dawnym Wrocławiu – spojrzenie na sposoby obrony według porządków ogniowych z lat 1602 i 1630

This study is the first analysis of Wrocław’s fire regulations from 1602 and 1630. The origin of such acts can be derived from medieval city council regulations. One of the oldest dates back to March 19, 1324. Over time, the originally laconic sets of provisions evolved into multi-faceted fire protection regulations, which included issues concerning the organization of fire protection, fire alarms, fire tools, water supply and extinguishing methods. Both documents have a similar structure and content, as the one from 1630 is an amendment to the act of 1602. The main difference concerns the regulations related to the military defense of the city, which appeared for the last time in 1602. These documents were continued with amendments from 1751, 1760 and 1777, later replaced by regulations of state authorities.

Experiences of community-based water supply organizations partnerships in rural areas of Colombia

Abstract Clean water for human consumption in rural areas of Latin America and the Caribbean is usually provided by community-based water supply organizations (CBWSOs). Collaborative partnerships with community-based water supply organizations (CBWSOPs) are established to tackle technical and institutional challenges concerning safe water supply. This article analyses some features of the CBWSOs and their partnerships, based on the experience of ACUANARIÑO and ASDAL – Tres Esquinas, two CBWSOs located in Valle del Cauca – Colombia, following their participation at the local, municipal (ASOOCSAS Tuluá), subnational (Asociación de Organizaciones Comunitarias Prestadoras de Servicios Públicos de Agua y Saneamiento de Colombia (AQUACOL)), national (COCSASCOL), and transnational levels (CLOCSAS). The main findings of this work, after using a participatory approach, are that initial partnerships between CBWSOs emerge from informal agreements built on the neighbourhood logic typical of rurality; however, as moving towards higher scales, agreements become more formal to allow for dialogue and discussion with governmental organizations in the water and sanitation sector. This is also a strategy for the recognition of community water management. Thus, CBWSOPs are construed under a collaborative and non-profit approach, in the manner of water operator partnerships.

Geological and hydrogeological structure of the Sheshma terrigenous complex of the Belsky uplift

Relevance. The importance of industrial and technical water supply to an oil field in the north-east of Perm region. The requirements to subsoil use and environment protection demand a sanitary restriction zone of the water supply source in the northern part of the field. The current study of a geological structure and groundwater conditions and circulation of Sheshma aquifer complex will assess its resources and elaborate on organization of water supply to the oil field. Aim. To study geological structure and groundwater conditions of Sheshma aquifer complex. Objects. Formations rocks and groundwater conditions of Sheshma terrigenous complex. Methods. Studying the archival records, conducting a hydro-geological survey of the territory, drilling groundwater exploration wells, conducting pilot-filtration works on groundwater exploration wells in the flooding and low-water period. Results. The authors have discovered Sheshma formation thickness, which ranges from 100–150 to 300 m, and lithological composition of rocks and groundwater conditions of Sheshma aquifer complex. It was established that groundwater is deposited as a system of separate isolated water-bearing interlayers and blocks within the Durinsky trough. The most water-bearing zones were identified. Two aquifers of fine-grained and coarse-grained sandstones were detected in low-permeability thickness of Sheshma formation. The aquifers are not hydraulically connected and are separated from each other by a 40 m thick layer of water-resistant mudstones. Groundwater is deposited as strata with Neumann's boundary conditions, orientated sublatitudinally, from west to east. The obtained data can be further used to solve the issues of water supply within the area under study and the rational use of these waters.

Spatial variability of nitrate leaching and risk assessment of nitrate contamination in the Ghiss-Nekor alluvial aquifer system (Northeastern Morocco) through Disjunctive Kriging

In this study, groundwater nitrate monitoring data from water supply and water management organizations were processed in a GIS environment to evaluate spatial patterns of nitrate occurrence and explore its correlation with the corresponding land uses in Ghiss-Nekor alluvial groundwater (northeastern Morocco). Land-use/Land Cover within the Ghiss-Nekor plain incorporated rangeland, built area, crop fields, water bodies, dense vegetation, and bare ground categories, encompassing respectively about 39.06 %, 36.69 %, 17.57 %, 4.63 %, 1.24 %, and 0.81 % of the total area. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the selected thresholds are an acceptable concentration of nitrate for potable water (50 mg/L) and a human affected value (13 mg/L). Simple Kriging and Disjunctive Kriging (D.K.) geostatistical methods were compared with a deterministic interpolation method (GPI) to identify the convenient approach to predict nitrate concentrations at unsampled sites. D.K. provided more accurate predictive performance and highlighted that nitrate contamination is higher in wells in the southern half of the study area, where nitrate concentrations exceeded 50 mg/L in 29.2 % (33,3 km²) of the study area. Areas occupying 21.28 % of the total surface, with nitrate contents exceeding the human-affected value, are located near small industrial sites, residential septic tanks, and agricultural areas. No significant correlation was found between the nitrate concentrations and the depth of the wells. The probability of nitrate content exceeding the thresholds of 13 and 50 mg/L is respectively less than 0.5 in 61.35 % (69.94 km²) and 77.63 % (88.4 km²) of the total study area, whereas the maximum likelihood of nitrate contamination is found along uncontrolled urban discharges located within highly permeable deposits. The assessment also demonstrated that areas showing high predicted probabilities of nitrate contamination diminish with increasing threshold value. The present study shed light on the necessity of depicting the extent of polluted areas, particularly in vulnerable alluvial aquifers, where exposure to higher levels of drinking water contaminants threatens human health.

Willingness to Pay for Ancillary Water Service Improvements in Puerto Rico

Water scarcity impedes economic development and can be expensive or infeasible to resolve in many developing countries with recurring water service outages. In such circumstances, water supply organizations may be able to improve ancillary water service attributes to alleviate the burden of service interruptions. We use a discrete choice experiment to estimate households’ willingness to pay (WTP) for improved water quality, coordinated scheduling of planned service interruptions, water use restrictions, and improved dissemination of information about upcoming service interruptions in Puerto Rico. The results indicate that households’ WTP varies considerably across attributes and is greatest ($ 28/month per household) for ensuring adequate water quality. Preferences for water service improvements vary across geographic locations and latent user groups.

Management of the Risk of Blue-Green Algae Blooms in the Iskar Dam for Drinking Water Quality of Sofia City

The introduction of systems for ensuring quality and safe drinking water and risk management is the World Health Organization (WHO) good practice introduced as a legislative requirement for all water supply organizations (Directive EU 2020/2184) on the quality of water intended for human consumption. A specific object of this research is the implemented risk assessment and management system, part of the drinking water safety plan for Sofia city. The water supply system from the water source to the end user, operated by Sofiyska voda JSC and part of Veolia, was analyzed. The hazards and risk events were reviewed for each component of the system—the catchment, water source, supply water pipes, drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) and distribution water network. The results of the risk evaluation show that the risk of an algal bloom falls from medium risk, with a value of 36 in 2018. This risk was new for the Iskar Dam—the main water source for Sofia city. The purpose of the current study is to analyze the risk of blue-green algae blooming and the potential release of toxins in the Iskar Dam. A data analysis of phytoplankton counts, temperature of the water in the dam, precipitation, algal diversity and quantity of microcystins for a period of three years shows that there is a low probability of algae blooming. The concentration of microcystin LR was below 0.6 µg/L and of microcystin YR was below 0.1 µg/L. The highest phytoplankton count was 70,000 cells/mL in 2018, and it decreased to 30,000 cells/mL in 2020. The impact of the risk of “blue-green algae blooms in the Iskar Dam” is assessed as moderate (3) and that has not changed between 2018 and 2022. The likelihood of occurrence of this risk decreased from possible (3) to unlikely (2) after risk reassessment, and the current control effectiveness changed from weakly controlled (4) in 2018 to well controlled (2) in 2022, because more risk management actions were included in Sofiyska voda JSC. The results of the risk evaluation show that the risk of an algal bloom falls into the low-risk category with a value of 12, after measures were considered and a reassessment. As a preventive measure for better management and risk minimization, it is necessary to continue monitoring the phytoplankton count, species composition, concentration of algae toxins (microcystin LR) and nutrients in raw water from the Iskar Dam. This research has added value to the global database for surface water sources intended for human consumption and is focuses on a potential problem, valid for agricultural as well as for urban territories rich in diffused sources of pollution. The specific risk evaluation and management steps could be used and adapted by other water supply companies.

Environmental Management Accounting Adoption in Gunungpati Community Self-Help Group (CSHG) – A Case Study

Public organizations increase awareness of environmental issues by encouraging Environmental Management Accounting (EMA), which has been said to deliver numerous benefits to users. This paper proposes to investigate the adoption of EMA in public corporatized water supply organizations. This study was a case study in the Gunungpati Community Self-Help Group (CSHG). Data was from interviews with managers, internal data, and financial report documents. Data were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman technique including data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions. The findings show that Gunungpati CSHG provides water and sanitation services to 198 households, distributing to an estimated population of 103,000 individuals. Five broad categories were identified, four containing physical and monetary information. Product output, non-product output, waste flows, indirect costs, and externalities exist. They produce the volume of water purchased and extracted, water lost, environmental benefits from water recycling, potable water substituted with river saved, and damage to river health from operations. Meanwhile, the organization pay attention to the impact of the organization on the environment to maintain the ecosystem.

Screening for Tuberculosis Infection in Risk Groups in the Adult Population of Moscow

The objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of screening for tuberculosis infection in risk groups among adults using the skin test with tuberculous recombinant allergen (TRA) - Diaskintest®.Subjects and Methods. In 2019-2021, screening for tuberculosis infection in risk groups and in the population with an unknown risk was carried out covering 449,842 people. People aged 18 years and older were examined - patients of the Tuberculosis Control Center, polyclinics and hospitals of medical organizations of the Moscow Health Department. Questionable results were taken into account as positive results of the TRA test.Results. The frequency of positive results of the TRA test in healthy population was as follows: in those contacting pregnant women and newborns - 2.0% (95% CI 1,54-2,10); in decreed groups (workers in food industry, water supply organizations, utilities) - 2,68% (95% CI 2,54-2,82). The situation was different in social risk groups (foreign citizens and stateless persons) - they responded positively to the TRA test in 21,05% (95% CI 20,08-22,06). Most of them arrived to Moscow from states with a high burden of tuberculosis. High-risk groups also include those abusing alcohol and substances; they had positive results in 10,58% (95% CI 8,41-13,24). Among the medical risk groups, the highest rates were observed in those followed up by tuberculosis control services after tuberculosis treatment completion - 39,96% (95% CI 38,31-41,64).Conclusion. Screening in the groups facing the highest risk of developing tuberculosis had a positive effect and once again confirmed the need to screen both resident and migrating population. The immunological skin test with Diaskintest is a reliable tool for examining tuberculosis risk groups.

The surveillance of arsenic levels in the drinking water of primary schools and the assessment of the potential cancer-related health risks of children in Multan, Pakistan

To investigate the levels of arsenic (As) in the groundwater and drinking water of primary schools and their potential impact on human health is main objective of this study. To assess risk, the following parameters i.e., carcinogenic indices (CI), hazardous indexes (HI), carcinogenic risk (CR), and hazardous quotient (HQ) have been measured for both dermal and oral arsenic exposure. This study has been focused on primary schools located in four tehsils of Multan, where water samples were collected. Arsenic levels, with concentrations ranging from 3.31 to 191 mg/l, exceeding the safe limit set by the World Health Organization (WHO) have been detected in 99.9% of the samples. The results show that arsenic content ranged from 3.31 to 191 mg/l, with 99.9% of the samples exceeding the World Health Organization's safe limit of 10 mg/l. The CR and CI exceeded the USEPA limit of 10–6 in all four tehsils ranged from 2.6 × 10-6 to 9.4 × 10-6 and 0.00023 to 0.0009 respectively in both dermal and oral cases. , Multan Sadar (1.51, 1.39) and Multan City (1.76, 1.71) exhibited HI and HQ values that surpassed the threshold of 1.0, signaling a significant likelihood of chronic and cancer-causing health consequences for individuals who are exposed to polluted water causing health. The findings suggest that the groundwater in the Multan district poses a significant health risk to humans due to high levels of arsenic contamination. This contamination is associated with an increased risk of mortality from internal cancers (including liver, kidney, lung, and bladder), as well as a higher HI & CI incidence of skin cancer. Furthermore, pregnancy outcomes are affected, with associations found between arsenic exposure and lower birth weight, and infant mortality. The researchers propose that water supply organizations and educational institutions promptly take measures to ensure that the affected areas have access to arsenic-free drinking water for the well-being of students and residents.

Water Resource Management Policies: A Study for Sustained Growth of the Visakhapatnam Urban Area in India

Water is necessary essential for development and sustenance of healthy ecosystems. The rapid population growth and industrialization have significantly increased the water demand in developing countries. Meeting the growing demands is challenging owing to the simultaneous increase in consumption and continuous decrease in rainfall. Innovative water management practices should be focused on to provide sufficient water for the present and future generations. However, the planning and management of water resources and variables influencing them are dynamic and complex. Traditional approaches cannot capture the dynamic characteristics of variables and their effects on future water use. This study proposes a dynamic simulation model with real data on available resources, considering the future dynamics of the population, manufacturing, and service industries. In addition, recommendations for sustainable water supply are presented. The current situation in the Visakhapatnam urban area indicates that it cannot meet the water demands in the next 5 years, with a probable deficit of up to 40%. The deficit would increase to 55% from the sixth year onwards, indicating further deterioration. The deficits can be reduced to 28% with the proposed policy of increasing canal supplies or increasing industrial recycling and sewage plant efficiencies. Moreover, combining these policies can reduce the deficit to 5% of the current situation. Water supply organizations may consider these suggested policies during planning to meet fresh water demand.

ПЛАНИРОВАНИЕ СИСТЕМНОГО ВОДОРАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ: СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ И ПРИОРИТЕТНЫЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЯ

Purpose: analytical assessment of the current methodological approaches to the systemic water distribution planning and determination of priority areas for its improvement. Materials and methods. The research material was the regulatory-procedural, legal-regulatory framework, publications on the planning and implementation of water supply for irrigation, the results of scientific research work on assessing the current state of system water use, data of fund documents and own author's research. The methodological basis of the work was: information-analytical approach, systemic and comparative analysis, heuristic forecast. Results. The necessity of methodical and technological improvement of system planning of water distribution, which guarantees water supply stability and the equality of each water consumer, is revealed. Based on the results of the information analysis, the priority tasks of scientific methodological substantiation, development, implementation and maintenance of water use procedures are classified, which will contribute to the development of irrigation that meets the requirements of innovative agricultural production. The following tasks have been identified: enhancing the use of existing solutions, improving the current provisions of theory and practice, preparing the breakthrough solutions for planning water use measures. Priority measures to improve the efficiency of water use control actions are proposed, including the replacement of the traditionally accepted decade water supply planning with daily planning, the organization of irrigation water supply from the end user, multi-criteria consideration of the diverse interests of the water use process participants based on digitalization. Conclusions. Implementation of the research results will require a large-scale consolidation of efforts and capabilities of both specialists in the field of land reclamation science and education, and practicing farmers, but the predicted effect of the water use system transformation will exceed their price.

Possibilities for increasing energy and hydraulic efficiency in water supply systems

The article touches upon modern approaches to increasing the efficiency of water supply systems intended for drinking and economic needs. In particular, the problem of the possibility of converting the available hydraulic energy into electrical energy on the drinking water gravity aqueducts without disturbing the hydraulic regime of the system is observed. The presented example of the proposal introduction entailed the energy-economic indicators in the water supply systems of Yerevan, the Republic of Armenia. According to calculations, the amount of electricity produced by the proposed small hydropower plants (SHPP) on the aqueducts feeding Yerevan City can be at least 105 million kW per year, which exceeds the amount of electricity currently consumed in the water supply system for more than 3 times. In order to increase the energy and hydraulic efficiency of water supply systems, it has also been proposed to establish an appropriate performance indicator, the application of which will create an obligation for water supply organizations to make investments in the indicated area. The energy efficiency and loss reduction alternatives analyzed in the work can serve as an opportunity for decreasing the dependence of water supply systems on external energy sources and reducing operating costs.

Исследование многолетней динамики органолептических рисков здоровью населения волгоградского Заволжья, формируемых подземными водами, с использованием дистанционного зондирования

The paper considers the potential of using remote sensing methods in assessing the risks of olfactory effects in the population regularly drinking water from shallow underground sources vulnerable to climatic factors. The Volgograd Trans-Volga region, located on the territory of the Caspian lowland, is a typical representative of ardidized territories with highly mineralized groundwater. The xerophytic wormwood-fescue-feather-grass and solonetzic vegetation characteristic of the region determines the effectiveness of using the NDMI indicator to assess the degree of influence of soil aridity on the growth of hardness and total iron content in groundwater. A high degree of closeness of correlations between dependent indicators of the sanitary and hygienic quality of groundwater for drinking purposes and NDMI values in five-year dynamics for all groundwater basins (regions) of the North Caspian province was found. The data obtained can be useful in predicting and managing the risks of reflex-olfactory effects in consumers of water from underground sources in the organization of water supply and water treatment. Keywords: ORGANOLEPTIC RISK, NDMI, GROUNDWATER, HYDROGEOCHEMISTRY, ARIIDIZATION, HARDNESS, IRON

Public, Private, or Inter-Municipal Organizations: Actors’ Preferences in the Swiss Water Sector

To improve sustainable service provision, the public sector has been repeatedly subject to administrative reforms. Yet, the question arises of which types of organizations might be preferred. To address this, we systematically analyze which water supply organizations decision-makers and stakeholders, across different levels of government in Switzerland, prefer. We find that the actors prefer public organizations that involve coordination between municipalities and reject private organizations. Distinguishing between different actor levels reveals a distinct pattern, mainly related to the level of responsibility: the national (confederation) and regional (cantonal) actors only prefer coordination across municipalities, where local politicians lose a degree of control. In contrast, the local actors prefer those organizations where they can maintain democratic control the most. However, such organizations are not expected to perform sustainably, mainly because of lengthy decision-making processes, lack of access to external funds, and short-term financial planning. We, thus, conclude that, at the local level, there is potentially a trade-off between democratic values and performance.

The choice of an environmentally oriented technology for water softening at water treatment facilities

The processes of softening drinking water have been studied quite widely, and the technologies used have a wide range of equipment used and aggregation capabilities. The development of membrane technologies provides virtually unlimited technological possibilities for water treatment [1], and classical ion exchange solutions are also widely used, more in industry [2]. Of course, the use of such solutions is associated with certain and considerable operating costs. At the same time, it is a well-known fact that modern softening systems require not only qualified and timely maintenance, but also form wastewater flows. Utilization of the generated wastewater can be a difficult task to solve, despite the advantages of membrane and ion exchange technologies in the processes of drinking water treatment, since water supply organizations are usually underfunded due to the social function of the water supply tariff [3]. This article shows the possibility of implementing environmental technology to reduce water hardness without the formation of associated wastewater. Softening in a suspended layer of sand refers to modern methods of reagent softening of water. These are the so-called devices of intensified softening.

‘How will this affect our credit rating?’: municipal debt and governing the environment

ABSTRACT By analyzing the multiple forms of debt used by municipal water supply organizations, I present evidence to argue that the financial structures of contemporary public governance give financial interests undue influence over the management of natural resources. This study uses financial statistics and qualitative data pertaining to the largest provider of drinking water in the US, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWD), an empirically significant case study. Municipal water agencies collect revenues through traditional sources including water sales and tax collections, but they also raise significant funding with a variety of debt instruments. In this study, I first observe a strong increase in revenue-backed debt, supplanting tax-backed debt, as the primary source of funding. Next, I examine how revenues have shifted since mid-century with water sales growing primary and taxation becoming peripheral. Lastly, I analyze the influence of financial gatekeepers – credit rating agencies – considering the growing reliance on private financial capital. I find that rating agencies push finance-oriented objectives on water managers that include commodifying water to maximize revenue, avoiding expenditures, and flouting climatological realities of scarcity, among others. I propose the notions of financial feedbacks and the financial pathology of institutions as conceptual tools for characterizing these processes.

CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATION AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH SENATORIAL DISTRICT OF ENUGU STATE. NIGERIA (2007-2019)

Civil society organization and community development A study of Enugu north senatorial district of Enugu State (2007-2019). This study adopted three specific objectives: to ascertain the contributions of civil society organization to community road infrastructural development, to establish the linkage between civil society interventions and availability of potable water supply, and to examine the effect of civil society organizations activities in the improvement of community primary healthcare in Enugu North Senatorial District, Diffusion of innovation theory is the theoretical framework of analysis. Survey design utilized with population of 1,660,000 and sample size of 400. Data generated from primary and secondary sources. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis and hypotheses were tested with chi-square with the aid of SPSS. The major findings are; civil society organization does contribute positively to community road infrastructural development, there is linkage between civil society organization and availability of potable water supply in Enugu north senatorial district and civil society organization’s activities in Enugu north senatorial district did improve community primary healthcare significantly in Enugu north senatorial district. This study concludes that the citizens and other stakeholders are enjoined to advance the course of CSO’s activities towards community development for the betterment of the communities, states and the society at large. It was recommended that public sector should make enabling laws that will guarantee further engagement of various CSOs as development driver of the state and government should sensitize the populace to be actively involved in most CSO’s programmes.

Організація та особливості проведення профілактичних протиепідемічних дезінфекційних заходів серед цивільного населення й військовослужбовців у зоні локальних збройних конфліктів та бойових дій для запобігання спалахам та виникненню осередків інфекційних

Розглянуті питання надання профілактичної санітарно-протиепідемічної допомоги населенню та військовослужбовцям в умовах збройних конфліктів та бойових дій. Встановлені найважливіші чинники, що визначають особливості медико-санітарного протиепідемічного забезпечення населення й військовослужбовців при надзвичайних ситуаціях воєнного характеру. Визначено роль дезінфекційних формувань у здійсненні профілактичних заходів, особливості їх проведення для запобігання епідемічним ускладненням. Для забезпечення національної безпеки, епідемічного благополуччя населення та військовослужбовців необхідне розв’язання стратегічного завдання — наукового обґрунтування удосконалення законодавчої та нормативно-правової бази, кадрового забезпечення протиепідемічних структур із внесенням конструктивних змін до законодавства щодо їх функціонування в мирний час, ефективної роботи в зоні локальних збройних конфліктів та бойових дій для запобігання спалахам і виникненню осередків інфекційних захворювань.