Water Supply Lines Research Articles

Analysis on the Interaction of Parameters of Single-contaminant Regeneration Recycling Water Systems

Method for constructing the optimal water supply line and formulas for calculating the targets for single-contaminant regeneration recycling water systems are improved to apply to the situation of variational parameters in this article. Based on these extending methods, the effect of varying freshwater consumption and regenerated water flow rate on the optimizing results are investigated. The interactions of parameters of regeneration recycling systems are summarized. Finally, all the conclusions are illustrated from the results of mathematical programming through an example.

Selection of Route of Temporary Irrigation Water Supply Line with GIS in Emergency Situation

Selection of Route of Temporary Irrigation Water Supply Line with GIS in Emergency Situation

Research on water discharge characteristics of PEM fuel cells by using neutron imaging technology at the NRF, HANARO

An investigation into the water discharge characteristics of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells is carried out by using a feasibility test apparatus and the Neutron Radiography Facility (NRF) at HANARO. The feasibility test apparatus was composed of a distilled water supply line, a compressed air supply line, heating systems, and single PEM fuel cells, which were a 1-parallel serpentine type with a 100 cm 2 active area. Three kinds of methods were used: compressed air supply-only; heating-only; and a combination of the methods of a compressed air supply and heating, respectively. The resultant water discharge characteristics are different according to the applied methods. The compressed air supply only is suitable for removing the water at a flow field and a heating only is suitable for water at the MEA. Therefore, in order to remove all the water at PEM fuel cells, the combination method is needed at the moment.

Ultrapure Dialysate for Home Hemodialysis?

Use of ultrapure dialysate (bacteria < 0.1 CFU/mL and endotoxin < 0.03 EU/mL) is associated with a reduction in inflammation and morbidity in patients treated with conventional thrice-weekly dialysis. The improved outcomes obtained with more frequent dialysis schedules have reawakened interest in home hemodialysis. More frequent dialysis also appears to reduce inflammation, and whether combining more frequent dialysis with use of ultrapure dialysate will have an additive effect on inflammation and its consequences remains unclear. Routinely producing ultrapure dialysate in a home environment with a conventional hemodialysis machine poses technical challenges related to the design of the equipment and the intermittent nature of hemodialysis. Solutions to these problems include use of a system in which the water-treatment equipment is fully integrated with the dialysis machine, use of dry-powder cartridges or sterile prepackaged liquids for bicarbonate concentrate, and use of a bacteria-retentive and endotoxin-retentive filter for final purification of the dialysate immediately before it enters the dialyzer. Alternatively, ultrapure dialysate may be achieved with newer machines designed specifically for home hemodialysis that use a new batch of dialysate for each treatment. The volume of dialysate available with these machines, however, currently limits their use to short-daily dialysis.

On the use of graphical method to determine the targets of single-contaminant regeneration recycling water systems

Water system integration with regeneration recycling can reduce freshwater consumption and wastewater discharge to the maximum extent. In this paper, by analyzing the limiting composite curve of a single-contaminant water system, a method is proposed to construct the optimal water supply line for regeneration recycling. Accordingly the targets for regeneration recycling water systems are obtained. The targets in sequence are the minimum freshwater consumption (the minimum wastewater discharge), the minimum regenerated water flowrate, and the optimal regeneration concentration. The post-regeneration concentration is taken to be fixed in the sequential targeting procedure. The interactions of these targets are analyzed, and formulas for calculating these targets are proposed. The results show that for a single-contaminant regeneration recycling water system, the minimum freshwater consumption is determined by the shape of the limiting composite curve below the post-regeneration concentration. The optimal regeneration concentration is defined as the minimum regeneration concentration at the minimum freshwater consumption and the corresponding minimum regenerated water flowrate. The minimum regenerated water flowrate and the optimal regeneration concentration are both related to the geometrical features of the limiting composite curve of the water-using system and to the post-regeneration concentration. The optimal regeneration concentration has no direct relationship with the pinch concentration.

Graphically Based Optimization of Single-Contaminant Regeneration Reuse Water Systems

In this paper, graphical method is employed to optimize single-contaminant regeneration reuse water systems. On the concentration-mass load diagram, three categories of water-using systems with regeneration reuse are analyzed in terms of the geometric features of limiting composite curve. Total regeneration and partial regeneration are identified first. Then based on sequential optimization and at a specified post-regeneration concentration, the optimal water supply lines for regeneration reuse systems can be constructed. The optimal water supply line corresponds to minimum freshwater consumption, minimum regenerated water flowrate and minimum contaminant regeneration load. Formulas for calculating these targets are summarized and interactions of these parameters are discussed. The concepts of limiting points for regeneration reuse, which are the counterpart of pinch for direct reuse, are proposed to indicate the bottlenecks of a water system with regeneration reuse. Different locations of the limiting points for different systems underlie that the optimal regeneration concentration can be greater than, equal to or smaller than the pinch concentration of the system.

Expanded Summary: Modeling intentional distribution system Contamination and Detection

The objective of this study was to utilize commercial distribution system modeling software to understand how a drinking water system could be affected by the intentional introduction of chemical contaminants. The hydraulic model results are used to estimate the risk involved in several feed scenarios and chemical contaminants. The model results are then combined with concentration‐response sensitivity data from routine monitoring instruments to determine the ability of each chemical contaminant to be detected. Because the four chemicals studied ‐‐ parathion, VX, sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) and cyanide ‐‐ are modeled as highly persistent, their comparative effects are determined by the toxicity of the highest practical dosage. The results of the modeling scenarios show that large‐scale contamination of a drinking water system may be accomplished through backflow into major network water supply lines. Strategically located points of attack outside of the major supply lines can also produce large‐scale contamination at lesser concentrations. Points chosen at random for a covert contamination attack within the distribution system will optimally affect an area of a few neighboring streets of up to 1 square mile, depending on the pipe velocities and flow patterns within the distribution system as well as other factors.

B101 地震断水対応貯水槽内の水循環解析 続報

A water storage tank is proposed to be used at the heavy damage of water supply lines in a city. Though the tank is a part of water pipeline in usual case, it works as the storage tank for drinking water at the emergency case like as an earthquake. As water is used for drinking, it is not expecting to have spoiled water in the stagnation zones. In this study several inlet nozzles were tested in the CFD, flow visualization and concentration measurement in a one fifth scale transparent model of the storage tank. It is shown from the results that the axial angle of water injection from the center line of the cylinder is important parameter to control the flow in the tank. Difference of flow rate brings various flow patterns at the beginning and show almost same patterns finally. The exchange rates of water are independent from the flow rate.

A122 地震断水対応貯水槽内の水循環解析

A water storage tank is proposed to be used at the heavy damage of water supply line of a city. Though, it is a part of pipeline and is expecting that the fresh water flows normally and works as the storage tank for the drinking water at the emergency due to the earthquake. As water is used for drinking, it is not expecting to have a dead water stagnation zone in the tank. In this study we made a one fifth scale transparent model of the water storage tank. It was used for the experiments by the dye injection method, PIV and compared with numerical simulations. The experiments were made using three types of inlet nozzles with different lengths and angles. The injected dye flow was recorded by video camera and PIV measurement was also made in several cases. And numerical simulation of flows was made for the model tank with the same condition of experiments. From the results of experiments we have demonstrated that controlling inlet nozzle makes no part of stagnation area.

Tunneling and underground-structure projects in Korea: general report

Korea is arguably one of the countries where the largest amounts of tunneling and underground projects are being performed. Since approximately 65% of the Korean peninsula is mountainous, tunneling cannot be avoided when constructing railroads, high-speed railroads, roads and freeways. There are also abundant urban tunneling works to construct subways, power lines, telecommunication lines, and water-supply lines, etc. Joints and fractures are well-developed in most Korean rock types. Moreover, it is common to construct tunnels through residual soils in urban tunneling. These factors make the tunneling work complicated in most cases. This paper will describe the whole picture of tunneling works in Korea and will introduce some of the challenging projects that have been encountered when designing and constructing tunnels on the Korean peninsula.

Decision of water supply line under uncertainty

Alternatives that are generally considered as a water supply line for conveying the collected and treated water from the source to community are studied. To evaluate and rank these alternatives, several indicators are then made based on the technical feasibility of methods for constructing a water supply pipeline, the safety of hydraulic pressure or velocity, and the reasonableness of the cost required. However, assessing technical feasibility, safety and cost contains elements of uncertainty due to a lack of available information, the randomness of future situations, and the incomplete knowledge of the expert. In this study, a methodology using fuzzy sets is presented to assist decision makers in evaluating various water supply lines with uncertain information, in order to decide a proper line. The methodology allows decision makers to characterize associated uncertainty and incorporate it directly into the decision-making process so decisions can be made that are more appropriate and realistic than those made without taking uncertainty into account.

Penalties Did Not Violate Due Process

Frank Irish is a farmer with property in South Burlington, Vermont. This dispute involved a 26‐acre (10‐ha) parcel of the farm. In the middle of the parcel is a wetland demarcated on the National Wetland Inventory maps. The Irish Development Corp. applied to the city for a 48‐lot subdivision for the property. A state wetlands coordinator visited the site and told the owner that the site contained significant wetlands requiring a conditional use determination by the state agency secretary before any development could occur. Later, Irish hired a contractor to excavate a drainage ditch along two boundaries of the parcel to intercept water draining onto the land from an existing water supply line. On a subsequent visit, the wetlands coordinator found substantial erosion in the ditch that was causing a continual discharge of silt into a nearby brook. Irish received two zoning violation notices from the city. The state also sent a notice of violation. Later, the state issued an order finding Irish violated the Wetland Rules. A court imposed penalties on Irish. He appealed. Irish argued that the Vermont Wetland Rules failed to provide sufficient notice that the portion of his property was a significant wetland. The court said the Wetland Rules were sufficient to put Irish on reasonable notice of the existence of significant wetland areas and the possibility that the planned excavation might require environmental review and approval. Although the Wetland Rules did not define the precise boundaries of the wetland areas, the state clearly put him on notice of the existence of those areas, offered its administrative expertise and advice to clarify the precise boundaries, and delineated methods to identify those areas. Thus, the imposition of civil penalties did not violate due process.

Effect of Frost Heaving on the Failure of Deep Structures

frost. At the outset of the 1950s, a small single-story commercial brick building was constructed in th e northern suburbs of Moscow. This building was in normal service until the beginning of the 1990s. It wa s then preserved. In 1997, a 24-m long and 7-m wide area, which was oriented from east to west with respec t to length, was graded in front of the facade. The area abuts a 6-m-wide highway carrying rather heavy traffic . A shallow sand-gravel cover layer was placed on the surface of the site. Snow was carefully removed from the area from the outset of the winter of 1997-1998, and stored o n its western side. In mid-December 1998, a water line running parallel to the highway failed beneath the site . This suggests that deep freezing of the soils in the roadway bed is frequently responsible for the failure o f water-supply lines near these roads. A cast-iron water-supply pipe 250 mm in diameter was placed at a depth of 2.5 m in morainic claye y loams. The water table is located at a depth of 18 m. Rupture of the pipe occurred at a distance of 5 m to th e east of the snow pile. As in the previous year, snow was removed from the site from the outset of the winter of 1998-1999 , and in March 1999, a second failure of the pipeline was observed at a distance 6 m to the east of the prev i ous year’s failure. A third failure of the water line beneath this site was observed at the beginning of Febr u ary 2000. Nonuniform heaving of cohesive soils, which results in the failure of highway pavement, is one of th e most dangerous forms of deformations of an earth roadbed in regions with seasonal frost and unfavorable we t ting conditions . The number of these emergency situations has recently increased considerably in the towns and vi l

Family Ordered to Connect to Public Water Supply

The town of Berkeley, N.J., enacted an ordinance that required property owners to hook up their buildings to a municipal water supply line within 90 days after it was made available and to permanently disconnect their private wells from their buildings' potable water supply. The Sterns owned real property in the town that was served by privately owned well water. The municipality ordered the Sterns to connect to the municipal water supply. They refused and brought this suit alleging that the mandatory connection requirement was unconstitutional because it was a taking of their property without just compensation and unlawfully forced them into an unwanted contract. The trial court ruled against the Sterns. The appellate court said that the challenged ordinance's goal of protecting the health, safety, and general welfare of township inhabitants was plainly in the public interest. The potential harms of private wells ‐ carcinogenic radon, salt from road‐salting stockpiles, pesticides, fertilizers, and bacteria‐laden waste ‐ amply justify government action to safeguard citizens. Mandatory connection to public water is a legitimate exercise of the police power, the court said. The court also concluded that the ordinance did not result in a compensable taking of the Sterns' property. The lower court decision was affirmed.

World's First 4.5-in. Coiled-Tubing Pipeline

Summary Coiled tubing (CT) is a rapidly growing pipeline technology. Use of CT as pipeline is a new application to an existing technology. Until recently, CT was primarily used by service companies for CT workovers. As the technology expanded, the industry began using CT for other applications such as drilling, coring, logging, well cleanout operations, and artificial lift. As the tubing mills began producing larger sizes, the use of CT as pipelines was considered possible. The application of CT as a pipeline began in the Gulf of Mexico. The early results supported the application as being a low cost, time saving, economic alternative to conventional welded pipe for flowlines. CT applications have been used in 4 to 100 ft of water in the Gulf of Mexico area and the installation techniques have varied significantly. In 1994, the Gulf of Suez Petroleum Co. (Gupco), a joint venture company between Amoco Production Co. and the Egyptian Petroleum Co., embarked on the first international application of the 3.5-in. coiled pipe with a dynamic lay procedure. The cost savings from the first two jobs were estimated to be in excess of 70% when compared to the traditional lay vessel charges. Ref. 1 presents engineering design and field experience. Subsequently, Gupco has taken a leading role in the application of CT technology with the 1996 installations of the first production of 4.5-in. coiled pipe, one of which is a record-setting 62,000-ft high-pressure water supply line. Cost savings of this larger diameter pipe are still yielding 55% over the conventional barge lay techniques. In this paper, we will cover the significant findings of that engineering work and present actual field case histories on Egypt's first 4.5-in. coiled pipeline projects.

Microbial contamination of dental unit waterlines: the scientific argument

The quality of dental unit water is of considerable importance since patients and dental staff are regularly exposed to water and aerosols generated from the dental unit. The unique feature of dental chair water lines is the capacity for rapid development of a biofilm on the dental water supply lines combined with the generation of potentially contaminated aerosols. The biofilm, which is derived from bacteria in the incoming water and is intrinsically resistant to most biocides, then becomes the primary reservoir for continued contamination of the system. Dental water may become heavily contaminated with opportunistic respiratory pathogens such as Legionella and Mycobacterium spp. The significance of such exposure to patients and the dental team is discussed. There is at the present time, no evidence of a widespread public health problem from exposure to dental unit water. Nevertheless, the goal of infection control is to minimise the risk from exposure to potential pathogens and to create a safe working environment in which to treat patients. This paper evaluates the range of currently available infection control methods and prevention strategies which are designed to reduce the impact of the biofilm on dental water contamination, and are suitable for use in general practice. Bacterial load in dental unit water can be kept at or below recommended guidelines for drinking water (less than 200 colony forming units/ml) using a combination of readily available measures and strict adherence to maintenance protocols. Sterile water should be employed for all surgical treatments.

Controlling the Overgrowing of Water Supply Lines with Zebra Mussels (Dreissena polymorpha Pall., D. bugensis Andr.)

Controlling the Overgrowing of Water Supply Lines with Zebra Mussels (Dreissena polymorpha Pall., D. bugensis Andr.)

Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis for Thermoplastic Pipes

Thermoplastic pipes are being used increasingly for water supply lines, storm sewers, and leachate collection systems in landfills. To facilitate limit states design for buried polymer pipes, nonlinear constitutive models have recently been developed to characterize the highly nonlinear and time-dependent material behavior of high-density polyethylene (HDPE). These models have been implemented in a finite element program to permit structural analysis for buried HDPE pipes and to provide information regarding performance limits of the structures. Predictions of HDPE pipe response under parallel plate loading and hoop compression in a soil cell are reported and compared with pipe response measured in laboratory tests. Effects on the structural performance of pipe material nonlinearity, geometrical nonlinearity, and backfill soil properties were investigated. Good correlations were found between the finite element predictions and the experimental measurements. The models can be used to predict pipe response under many different load histories (not just relaxation or creep). Work is ongoing to develop nonlinear constitutive models for polyvinylchloride and polypropylene to extend the predictive capability of the finite element model to these materials.

The Longest Roman Water Supply Line. By Kâzim Çeçen.

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsThe Longest Roman Water Supply Line. By Kâzim Çeçen.Dora P. CrouchDora P. Crouch Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by American Journal of Archaeology Volume 102, Number 1January 1998 The journal of the Archaeological Institute of America Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2307/506165 Copyright © 1998 by the Archaeological Institute of America. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

MONITORING AND CONTROL OF WATER AND FERTILIZER DISTRIBUTION IN GREENHOUSES

Throughout the European Union the use of closed growing systems in greenhouses is seen as an alternative to free drainage systems. In preparation to it a project was initiated at several European universities and institutes to introduce management and control systems to improve the quality of the product, the environment and the growing process. As part of this project, tests were carried out at the IMAG-DLO institute. Growing channels and a trickle irrigation system with an NFT closed growing system were used. Responses on step and impulse changes of the EC value were studied in order to establish the dynamic behaviour of the supply system. A time delay algorithm for trickle irrigation and an aggregated dead zone model for closed growing channels were developed. The layout of water supply lines was investigated. A Tichelmann layout with forced circulation was installed in the greenhouse to overcome the large time delays, which occur as a result of the dead-end in the supply tube in the current layout.