Available Water Supply Research Articles

Assessing climate-driven glacial retreat, snow-cover reduction and GLOF risks: implications for water resource management amid rising global temperatures and CO2

Context The consequences of climate change, including alterations in snow and glacier patterns and rising temperatures, pose a risk of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), which can have cross-border impacts, leading to the loss of life and property downstream. Aims This research focused on the assessment of changes in snow cover within Chitral district imposed by temperature increase. Methods ArcGIS and Origin programs were used in this research to study the glacier pattern of Chitral. Results Therer was a significant increase of 266.7% in urban development and an expansion of 135.9 km2 in agricultural areas within this remote mountainous region. The findings of the study show that in the year 2000, >51.6% of Chitral district’s total land was covered by snow during early winter. However, this coverage drastically declined to ~6.8% by 2008. Across the initial two 4-year periods, ~44.7% (5694.6 km2) of the glaciated area transitioned to barren rock, whereas the overall reduction in snow-covered areas accounted for ~43.3% (5514.6 km2). Conclusion Owing to the increasing stress on freshwater resources, it is essential to conduct thorough analyses and monitoring of snow patterns to ensure sustainable freshwater availability and effective environmental risk management. Implications This study emphasises the critical consequences of climate-driven glacial retreat, waning snow cover and increased risks of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) for the management of water resources with the rise in global CO2 and temperatures levels. These changes threaten the timing and availability of water supply, with impacts on agriculture, ecosystem and hydropower. Effective adaptation measures and sustainable management practices are crucial to alleviate these risks and ensure water security in a warming world.

Integrated Model of Water Infrastructure Development for Water Resources Sustainabilitu (Case Study in Tual City, Indonesia)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Development in Indonesia which is emphasized on the large island/land areas in the Western Region of Indonesia, has resulted in the underdevelopment of the coastal areas and islands in the Eastern Region of Indonesia. Thus, the welfare and economic conditions of the people in the Eastern Region of Indonesia are lower. Development activities oriented in mainland areas or large islands also have the potential to threaten development sustainability, especially in environ-mental aspects. This research aimed to build an integrated model for water infrastructure de-velopment.METHODS: This study used a quantitative approach by collecting and analyzing data through questionnaires and used dynamic system analysis to build an integrated water infrastructure model. FINDINGS: The results of the study found that environmental degradation that occurred in Tual City was caused by high economic activity around the port of Tual, water supply conditions for the people in the exploitative small island of Tual City, as well as pollution and degradation of the soil quality around the residential area of Tual City. CONCLUSION: The clean water infrastructure integration model with rainwater harvesting and artificial reservoirs can save water purchase costs and increase water supply availability to promote sustainability without causing environmental degradation.

New imidazole sensors synthesized for copper (II) detection in aqueous solutions

Water security, safety, availability and sustainability of water supply are increasingly problematic and difficult across the planet. Safe and rapid methods have been developed to purify water from cationic pollutants. New imidazole-derived fluorescent sensors, 2-(4,5-diphenyl-1-(p-tolyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl) phenol (TS) and 2-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl) phenol (AS), have been synthesized and characterized, and their possibility as fluorescence sensors for copper (II) has been examined. In CH3CN/H2O (90 v/v), the TS and AS revealed a noticeable an electronic band at 320.00 nm and fluorescence band at 460.90 nm. The ratio metric alterations in the absorption and fluorescence spectra of TS and AS due to the dative covalent bond between them and the copper (II) were shown by the findings of copper (II) titration. The sensing mechanism was validated by optical investigations and FT-IR spectra. In mixed solvent solutions, the selectivity of TS and AS to copper (II) as fluorescent sensors has been demonstrated, with sensitivity as low as 0.09 and 0.28 µM, significantly less than the limit permitted via the US EPA for drinking water (2.00 µM). The identification limits of TS and AS were assessed to be 0.05 and 0.50 µM, respectively, using the spectrophotometric procedure. Stoichiometry binding between TS and AS with copper (II) was found to be 2:1 (tetrahedral structure) as indicated by Job's method.

Ecosystem water limitation shifts driven by soil moisture in the Loess Plateau, China

In the context of climate change, the functionality of ecosystems is primarily influenced by the availability of water and energy supply. However, there is limited research that comprehensively uses energy indicators to explore how climate change affects the water and energy limiting states of ecosystems. Here we evaluated the historical and future water and energy limitations using the Ecosystem Limitation Index (ELI) derived from evapotranspiration (ET), soil moisture (SM), net radiation (Rn), and air temperature (Ta), and conducted an in-depth analysis of the dominant factors. The results indicate that: (1) The degree of water limitation deepened initially and then weakened. Over 68 % of the region became drier initially, while over 83 % became wetter later. (2) In terms of area, soil moisture emerged as a critical factor influencing the variations in water and energy constraints within the Loess Plateau. Further research revealed the range of critical soil moisture (CSM) for the transition of water-energy limitation state is 0.286 mm3mm−3, and it varies with changes in temperature, soil texture, vegetation cover, and season. (3) Future projections suggest a transition towards heightened water limitations across the Loess Plateau. These findings underscore the efficacy of ELI in assessing and predicting dynamic ecosystem changes, offering valuable insights into the impacts of climate change on water and energy cycles within semi-arid ecosystems.

Mapping and Identification of Ecosystem Services Hotspots in the Brazilian Pampa Biome.

The intensification and expansion of changes in land use and land cover (LULC) can reduce the availability and quality of natural habitats and ecosystem services (ES). These changes have generated environmental damage in different parts of the world, especially in biomes more susceptible to modifications, such as the Pampa biome in the extreme south of Brazil. The Pampa biome has been neglected by environmental protection laws, despite its broad ecosystem and social importance. In this study, we used InVEST models to map and quantify five ES provided (i.e., water supply, carbon stock, groundwater stock, sediment retention and habitat quality) by 14 watersheds distributed in the Brazilian Pampa biome as well as determine ES hotspots by summing the areas with high provision of ES. We identified low availability of water supply and groundwater stock in practically the entire study area. High sediment retention and carbon stock were reported in areas with the presence of native vegetation. In addition, despite the large degraded areas, we observed high habitat quality associated with native vegetation in all studied watersheds. The hotspots varied spatially in the study area according to the proposed scenarios, the supply and the overlap of ES. Scenario 1 (>50% of ES) presented a larger area of high provision of ES. In contrast, scenario 2 (>75% of ES) presented smaller patches of areas with high provision of ES distributed across different watershed. We observed that large territorial extensions with high and medium provision of ES are vulnerable to the negative effects of LULC. Our study presented scenarios that indicate areas of high provision of ES, contributing to a more practical application, being a simplified and useful tool that can assist conservation and sustainable policies.

WASH services and menstrual hygiene management among reproductive age females in the IDPs camps of Shire town in Tigray region of Ethiopia: a cross- sectional study

Menstruation is a natural cyclic occurrence experienced by reproductive age females in a good health which deemed a proper management, otherwise, it ends with various health complications and impaired quality of life. The aim of this study was to investigate the menstrual hygiene management practice and its determinant factors among reproductive age females living in the IDPs camps of Shire town, Northern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 633 reproductive age females in Shire town from May to June 2022. Data were entered, cleaned, and analyzed using SPSS version 23. Descriptive analysis and binary and multivariable logistic regression were conducted to obtain the descriptive findings and to investigate the strength of the association respectively. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The prevalence of good menstrual hygiene management practice among the reproductive age females was 41.9% (95% CI, 38-45.8%). Menstrual hygiene management practice was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with access to sanitary materials, educational level, availability of continuous water supply and sex-separated latrines. The results of this study demonstrated that more than a half of the reproductive age females did not have good menstrual hygiene management practices. Consequently, it is recommended to work collaboratively to enhance the menstrual hygiene practice, especially in IDPs camps.

Effects of hydrological variability on the sustainable use of water in a regional economy. An application to Tuscany

Existing input-output (IO) models have mainly focused on water demand. Some studies have incorporated water supply (availability), but do not take into account its natural variability, an essential element when performing a water stress analysis. The present study integrates the hydrological variability of water availability into a hydroeconomic IO model, considering its exogenous effects on water supply and its exogenous effects on water demand. Two endogenous effects are considered: i) changes in blue water requirements in the agricultural industry due to variations in precipitation and evapotranspiration, and ii) changes in grey water requirements in all discharging industries due to variations in runoff and groundwater recharge. By means of a T-years hydrological series and Monte Carlo simulations, the model allows estimating T values of the Extended Water Exploitation Index (EWEI), obtaining its empirical probability distribution and confronting it with scarcity thresholds. Additionally, the model includes a methodology to incorporate intra-annual variation, obtaining the critical month EWEI and defining a more transparent and endogenous scarcity threshold. Empirically tested for the Italian region of Tuscany considering a multivariate hydrological model for the generation of a 100-year hydrological series, our results allow a more in-depth analysis of water scarcity in the region.

Comparing Company Valuation Before and After IPO Study Case PT Pertamina Geothermal Energy Tbk

Affordable energy resources of energy play a crucial role in economic and social development to support food production, availability of water supply and sustainable healty lifestyle. In order to avoid long-term scarcity resulting from the continuous use of non-renewable energy sources, we must explore all potential renewable energy source that align with concernes about climate change and other environmental issues. As a continuation of the Indonesian government’s efforts to generate clean and environmental friendly energy, PT Pertamina Geothermal Energy (PGE) was established in 2006. It has contributed 82% of the installed geothermal energy capacity in Indonesia. By leveraging Indonesia’s location within the Ring of Fire as one of the world’s geothermal energy hubs, PGE has been supplying electricity to more than 2 million households in Indonesia with a potential emission reduction of 9.7 million tons of CO2 per year. To achieve sustainable business growth, PGEO is optimizing production in its operational areas by expanding installed capacity. In the company consideration, IPO is an appropriate step to financing the expansion. The author compares the company’s value before and after the IPO to determine the short-term impact of the IPO, helping investors gauge their confidence in making investment decisions in PGEO. This study utilizes secondary data from prospectuses, financial statements, annual reports, sustainability reports, company-published documents, as well as data from IDX.co.id and IDN Financials.com. The data was collected and analyzed to understand evaluate financial performance, and assess the company’s value before and after the IPO. The calculation of the company’s intrinsic value is conducted using the Discounted Cash Flow Valuation method for the pre-IPO period against the company’s financial projections for the years 2019 to 2022 and for the post-IPO period against the company’s financial projections for the years 2024 to 2028, using discount rates of 8.25% and 8.65% for each. In resulting the intrinsic value pre-IPO is IDR 1.141,28 and the intrinsic value post-IPO is IDR 1.300,86. The stock price of PGEO at its IPO on February 23, 2023, was IDR 875, while the adjusted closing price on December 29, 2023, was IDR 1,170. This study founds that the market price of PGEO’s stock, both before and after the IPO, are overvalued.

Exploring environmental factors that influence the distribution of poplar trees

AbstractPoplar is an invasive alien plant (IAP) that encroaches on fragile landscapes in South Africa, but the environmental factors that contribute to its spread are not well understood. To address this gap, we conducted a study using generalised linear models (GLM) to identify the most significant local environmental factors that drive poplar establishment and dispersion in Golden Gate Highlands National Park (GGHNP). We then ranked these variables according to their contribution to poplar occurrence using a random forests regression approach. Our GLM analysis revealed that soil properties such as soil organic carbon, sand and silt, topographical variables such as aspect and slope, normalised difference moisture index (NDMI) and poplar distance from rivers are significant factors affecting poplar survival. After ranking the variables, we found that the three most important factors influencing poplar occurrence were aspect, slope and poplar distance to rivers, followed by the sand, silt, NDMI, and soil organic carbon. Our results are consistent with previous studies, indicating that topographical variables and the availability of sufficient water supply are the primary drivers of the spread of IAPs. This study provides useful insights in managing and monitoring poplars in delicate landscapes.

Sistem Kontrol Level Air pada Tandon Air Berbasis Microcontroller dengan Penahan Riak Gelombang

An automatic water level controller mechanism in a water tank is needed to maintain the availability of water supply. One way is to create a control system that uses an ultrasonic sensor as a detector of the water level that is fed back to the water tank filling pump. To minimize fluctuations in sensor readings, a mechanism is needed to minimize the occurrence of water ripples. To provide easy information to users on site, a monitoring system in the form of an LED indicator is also added that informs the condition of the water level in the water tank. Therefore, in this study, a tool will be created that can automatically control and monitor the water level based on Arduino Uno which uses an ultrasonic sensor and LED indicator with a wave ripple holder

Spatial Patterns of Water Supply and Use in California

Spatial and temporal patterns of water supply and consumptive water use were analyzed from 475 Detailed Analysis Units by County (DAUCOs) spatial units across California during 2002 through 2016 to evaluate spatial and temporal variability and how it might associate with precipitation variability and other factors. Many, but not all, DAUCOs have relatively low total water supply variability compared to that of state-wide precipitation. Such low variability, in DAUCOs having sufficient diversity of water supply sources, is the result of switching between sources as needed to maintain a reliable total water supply. We used multiple approaches to explore these variations which involved four categories of water supply (local, groundwater, imported, and other) and two categories of water use (agricultural and urban). First, a cluster analysis of the volumetric water balance data identified a small set of clusters having similar magnitudes and proportions of water supply sources and water use—some of them composed of only a few DAUCOs but accounting for a disproportionate amount of the state’s water use. Second, a principal components analysis identified leading modes of anomalous water supply and water use among the 475 DAUCOs, capturing most of the time variation during 2002 to 2016. The most prominent mode exhibits a multi-year trend, most strongly involving increasing groundwater supply and agricultural water use, and decreasing urban water use and imported water supply. Over the study period, trends in both supply and use were pronounced, but differed considerably across California DAUCOs. One predominant subset of DAUCOs grew their agricultural water use with increased groundwater supply; in contrast to a widespread group of DAUCOs which reduced their urban water use. An important result for planners is our finding that variation in precipitation—itself important—is amplified by the human response to water supply availability and regulatory policy.

Tradescantia response to air and soil pollution, stamen hair cells dataset and ANN color classification.

Tradescantia plant is a complex system that is sensible to environmental factors such as water supply, pH, temperature, light, radiation, impurities, and nutrient availability. It can be used as a biomonitor for environmental changes; however, the bioassays are time-consuming and have a strong human interference factor that might change the result depending on who is performing the analysis. We have developed computer vision models to study color variations from Tradescantia clone 4430 plant stamen hair cells, which can be stressed due to air pollution and soil contamination. The study introduces a novel dataset, Trad-204, comprising single-cell images from Tradescantia clone 4430, captured during the Tradescantia stamen-hair mutation bioassay (Trad-SHM). The dataset contain images from two experiments, one focusing on air pollution by particulate matter and another based on soil contaminated by diesel oil. Both experiments were carried out in Curitiba, Brazil, between 2020 and 2023. The images represent single cells with different shapes, sizes, and colors, reflecting the plant's responses to environmental stressors. An automatic classification task was developed to distinguishing between blue and pink cells, and the study explores both a baseline model and three artificial neural network (ANN) architectures, namely, TinyVGG, VGG-16, and ResNet34. Tradescantia revealed sensibility to both air particulate matter concentration and diesel oil in soil. The results indicate that Residual Network architecture outperforms the other models in terms of accuracy on both training and testing sets. The dataset and findings contribute to the understanding of plant cell responses to environmental stress and provide valuable resources for further research in automated image analysis of plant cells. Discussion highlights the impact of turgor pressure on cell shape and the potential implications for plant physiology. The comparison between ANN architectures aligns with previous research, emphasizing the superior performance of ResNet models in image classification tasks. Artificial intelligence identification of pink cells improves the counting accuracy, thus avoiding human errors due to different color perceptions, fatigue, or inattention, in addition to facilitating and speeding up the analysis process. Overall, the study offers insights into plant cell dynamics and provides a foundation for future investigations like cells morphology change. This research corroborates that biomonitoring should be considered as an important tool for political actions, being a relevant issue in risk assessment and the development of new public policies relating to the environment.

Adherence to Infection Prevention Practice Standard Protocol and Associated Factors Among Healthcare Workers.

Healthcare-associated infection affects more than 100 million patients annually. Healthcare workers' poor adherence to standard infection prevention and control procedures can result in many negative consequences, ranging from disability to death. A facility-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in June 2021 among 379 healthcare workers selected using a stratified random sampling technique. All types of healthcare providers except pharmacy professionals were included in the study. Standardization and validation of the study tool were performed ahead of data collection. Multivariable regression was used to assess the variables associated with adherence. The study found that 60.2% of healthcare workers (95% CI, 55.1-65.2) had good adherence to infection prevention practices, and 68.7% and good knowledge of infection prevention practices. Training on infection prevention methods (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.68; 95% CI, 1.04-2.72), availability of water supply at hand washing station (AOR = 2.90; 95% CI, 1.62-5.31), and attitude toward infection prevention (AOR = 2.64; 95% CI, 1.65-4.24) were identified as predictors of adherence to infection prevention and control procedures. More than half of the participants had good adherence to infection prevention guideline practices. In-service infection prevention training, a consistent water supply at the hand washing station, and a positive attitude of participants were associated with good adherence to infection prevention practices.

Strategi Guru Dalam Membentuk Karakter Peduli Lingkungan Siswa

The study seeks to identify the approaches and factors, both supportive and hindering, utilized by teachers in fostering a compassionate ethos at MI Ash Shiddiqiyah. Employing qualitative descriptive research, the author draws upon school principals, teachers, and students as data sources. Data gathering methods encompass observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis involves the reduction of information, presentation of findings, and drawing conclusions. The results of the research show that the teacher strategy used is implementing activities that must be carried out daily so that it becomes a habit, such as cleaning every morning, in addition to providing sufficient cleaning tools, providing insight into the importance of caring for environmental cleanliness which is integrated into the learning process, providing motivation. , appreciation, and good example by teachers. The supporting factor in forming this character is that teachers receive a lot of support from the school principal and the school committee. Apart from supporting factors, there are inhibiting factors in this process, namely the lack of availability of clean water supplies. The conclusion is that the strategies used by teachers are quite varied and continue to be implemented and even improved in protecting the environment.

Investigating the Influence of River Geomorphology on Human Presence Using Night Light Data: A Case Study in the Indus Basin

Human settlements have historically thrived near rivers due to enhanced navigation and trade, and the availability of water supply and resources. The use of night light data, representing economic activities, provides a novel approach to studying the interactions between human activity and rivers over time. Here, we use the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) stable night light data from 2000 to 2013 as a proxy for human presence and activities to quantify the statistical relationships between night light presence and intensity in the Indus Basin, Asia. We test how these data are affected by proximity to trunk channels and by channel type (single/multi-thread) in the study area. We find that night light presence is enhanced by 26% within a 0 to 5 km proximity range of the Indus River and its tributaries, relative to the basin as a whole. We interpret this to represent increased human presence and activity within this zone. However, the mean intensity is lower near the river and higher away from the river, signifying denser settlements, such as towns and cities, which are preferentially located away from the Indus and its tributaries. Moreover, the enhancement of lit pixels signifying human presence and activities is increased by 18% near single-thread sections of the Indus River, compared to segments of the Indus displaying multi-thread morphologies. We suggest that this is due to the enhanced stability of single-threaded channels, relative to mobile multi-threaded channel reaches. This study demonstrates how night lights are an important tool in studying the relationship between human presence and river dynamics in large catchments such as the Indus, and we suggest that these data will have an important role in assessing differential flood spatial and social vulnerability at a regional scale.

RANCANG BANGUN PROTOTIPE SISTEM ATS-AMF BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLER DI PERUMDA AIR MINUM TIRTA SANJIWANI UNIT PRODUKSI BLANGSINGA

The continuity of electricity supply from generators to consumers cannot always be guaranteed due to various factors such as planned outages, distribution failures, and the impacts of natural disasters. The Regional Public Water Company (Perumda) Tirta Sanjiwani has adopted generators as Backup Power Sources to ensure the availability of water supply to consumers. However, the Blangsinga Production Unit of Perumda Tirta Sanjiwani faces challenges in switching electricity supply between PLN and the generator set (genset), especially in operations requiring uninterrupted continuity. To overcome the instability of the electricity supply from PLN, the use of automatic systems such as ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch) and AMF (Automatic Main Failure) is necessary. The function of ATS is to switch from PLN to the backup power source (genset) when there is a disturbance or outage in PLN. AMF is responsible for detecting failures in PLN and initiating the genset as well as transferring the load to the backup power source when there is a failure in the main power supply. The ATS-AMF system prototype is designed using voltage sensors, frequency sensors, current sensors, and relays to ensure optimal performance and responsiveness to environmental conditions and power supply conditions.

A Seasonal Analysis of the Quality of and Safety of Drinking water harnessed from Roadside Entombments in East Rural, St. Andrew Jamaica

Due to the increase in population density in urban areas and the uncertainty associated with the availability of municipal water supplies, roadside water entombments have remained an important water source for many residents of Jamaica. This research focused on the seasonal, quality and safety of water harnessed from two non -municipal roadside water supplies. The study employs a cross sectional quantitative approach and uses international and national water quality standards as the benchmark. The aim of the study was to describe the seasonal quality and safety of water harnessed from roadside water entombments in East Rural St. Andrew Jamaica. The physiochemical, microbiological quality and safety of the water supplies were assessed. Two microbiological samples were collected from each source during the wet and dry months. In 100 % of the microbiological samples the Total Coliform levels exceeded national and international limits of Zero CFU/L for safe drinking water.

Changing agricultural practices as a result of variable water resource availability in a hilly area of An Giang province, Vietnam

Abstract Located in the Southwest of the Mekong Delta in Vietnam, An Giang province is an important center of agricultural production, especially rice cultivation. Climate change impacts are one of several man-made factors affecting water resource availability for agriculture in the province. It is recognized that new solutions are crucial to adapt to the present and future conditions of a scarcer water supply. This paper explores climate factors affecting water resource availability in agriculture and some recent adaptations being adopted by farmers in one district of An Giang province. Hydro-meteorological data was collected together with in-depth interviews as a tool to point to proximate changes in water status and availability and to evaluate local inhabitants’ awareness of climate risks and adaptive strategies. The results noted that climate factors (temperature, humidity, annual rainfall) have altered over time, causing decreased availability of water supplies for agriculture. Recognizing this situation, both structural adaptation and non-structural solutions may occur simultaneously to maintain agricultural production efficiency. The types of crops, tolerant varieties, and irrigation projects suitable for various geographical areas were considered for more adaptive agriculture production locally. To address some of the problems that farmers face, water-saving technologies are an essential part of a range of potential solutions to maintain agricultural production and protect the environment in the future.

Menstrual hygiene management practice and associated factors among secondary school girls in eastern Ethiopia: The influence of water, sanitation and hygiene facilities.

Inadequate water supply, poor sanitation and hygiene (WASH) facilities in schools, insufficient puberty education and a lack of hygienic menstrual hygiene management (MHM) items (absorbents) cause girls in developing countries like Ethiopia to view menstruation as shameful and uncomfortable. However, there was little evidence of female MHM practice and associated factors among secondary school girls in eastern Ethiopia. To assess MHM practice and associated factors among secondary school girls in eastern Ethiopia. Institutional-based cross-sectional study design was conducted. A total of 473 secondary schoolgirls were selected using a stratified sampling technique. Data were collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire, double-entered to Epidata version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 26 for analysis. Descriptive analysis was computed using frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviations. Multivariable logistic regression was applied to assess the association of the school water, sanitation and hygiene facilities with MHM. Adjusted odd ratio (AOR) with its 95% confidence interval was computed to show the strength of the association between dependent and independent variables. The goodness of fit of the model was tested by the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test. Out of 473 study participants, 72.93% of them (95% CI: 68.74-76.76) reported good MHM practices. The study also found that availability of continuous water supply (AOR = 2.40, 95% CI: (1.42-4.01)); types of toilet (AOR = 2.01, 95% CI: (1.20-3.40)), confined space (AOR = 3.02, 95% CI: (1.49-4.76)) and having females' toilets alone inside in the school (AOR = 2.70, 95% CI: (1.20-4.40)) were significantly associated with female students' good MHM practice. The survey revealed that some of the secondary schoolgirls practiced poor menstrual hygiene management (MHM), which needs further improvement. The study also found that the availability of continuous water supply in the school, types of toilet facility in the school, availability of private space to manage periods at school, learning about MHM in schools and availability of female toilets kept locked inside were factors significantly associated with MHM practice of students, which require integration of Zonal Health and education bureau to jointly work towards the improvement of school WASH facilities.

Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Health Status of Ekosodin Community Residents, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

Healthy living has been known to be linked to availability of portable water supply, clean sanitation, access to good hygienic and attainment of nice healthy status. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the assess level of water supply sanitation, hygiene and health status of residents of Ekosodin community, Edo State using a structured questionnaire from 300 respondents analyzed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 22. Findings showed that residents of the community primarily relied on boreholes as their main water source, with 72.7 % of respondents indicating its usage. The sanitation facilities, such as toilets, were predominantly available, but there was a need for additional facilities, as indicated by 24.7 % of respondents. In terms of hand hygiene, 67.3 % of participants reported the availability of soap and water in their premises. Moreover, 82.7 % of respondents stated that they had separate containers for bathing and storing drinking water, contributing to improved hygiene practices. Health status’ findings revealed the prevalence of vomiting (66.7 %) among participants. Hospital/clinic facilities were the primary choice for medical treatment (74.7%), followed by herbal preparations (25.3%). In conclusion, a community-based intervention program needs to be carried out to educate the populace of Ekosodin residence on maintenance of hand washing practices, toilets and sanitary facilities.