Water Source Management Research Articles

팔당 상수원관리지역 주민지원사업 갈등의 프레임 분석 : 지역주민과 공무원 간의 인식 프레임 비교

팔당 상수원관리지역 주민지원사업 갈등의 프레임 분석 : 지역주민과 공무원 간의 인식 프레임 비교

The role of youth in water source management in Tanzania: experience of villages in the Great Ruaha River, Iringa District

Youth refers to the young active human resources which in 2012 constituted about 34.7% of the total population of Tanzania. However, there is a paucity of information on the role of youth in the management of water resources in the majority of the rural areas. This paper draws on the experience of the conceptual framework for water governance at the local level. The study examines the role of youth in water source management as it draws on strategies for water management in Kihanga and Migoli Villages located adjacent the Great Ruaha River of Iringa District. The Great Ruaha River covers 47% of the largest Rufiji Basin in Tanzania. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 161 youths within the surveyed households. In-depth interviews with 5 key informants and focus group(s) of 50 participants were used to supplement data that could not be obtained through surveys. The results show that 59.6% of respondents were not involved in the Water Committee activities. Patrolling the sources and fetching water at night are among the major strategies used in the management of water sources and supply at least in the short term. These findings together with methods used could be replicated in other areas as they provide opportunities for the study of water governance at the local level. The study recommends the integration of young people into water committees and the establishment of water pumping stations at a suitable distance from Mtera dam to reduce degradation.

New Strategies for Resilient Planning in response to Climate Change for Urban Development

Abstract Recently many problems have been caused by climate change. Measures in respond to natural disaster are searched for in various fields such as water management, energy, ecosystem, and health science. Resilient policies are being prepared to prevent disaster from flooding and drought through water management system, social infrastructure and green growth. Safety management for flood damage mitigation are being implemented through the regulation and public-private cooperation. This study aims to suggest new strategies planning of water management and land use in response to abnormal weather which allow waterfront spaces to be the cities by providing facilities and public spaces through the experience of resilient project in the Netherlands. Dutch national resilient policy and strategy is to developed multi-dimensional approach for flood risk which structure based on the spatial planning focused response. Feature of the Dutch water source management policies changed from the old water management as command and control focused on solution, monistic, rapid outflow of water with pumping, dikes, and drainage by hierarchical and closed sectoral water policy to the new water management of 21 st as prevention and anticipation focused on design, retention and natural storage, participatory and interactive specific water by pluralistic societal anticipative and adaptive integral spatial policy. The water control strategy, for flexibly responding to the sea level rise and flooding caused by the climate change through the experience of Dutch resilience, is as follows: 1) Customized prevention plan according to the local property 2) Creating spatial planning by considering disaster risk level and fragility 3) Establishing urban planning by considering the flood risk level.

Development of a methodology to assess future trends in low flows at the watershed scale using solely climate data

Low flow conditions are governed by short-to-medium term weather conditions or long term climate conditions. This prompts the question: given climate scenarios, is it possible to assess future extreme low flow conditions from climate data indices (CDIs)? Or should we rely on the conventional approach of using outputs of climate models as inputs to a hydrological model? Several CDIs were computed using 42 climate scenarios over the years 1961–2100 for two watersheds located in Québec, Canada. The relationship between the CDIs and hydrological data indices (HDIs; 7- and 30-day low flows for two hydrological seasons) were examined through correlation analysis to identify the indices governing low flows. Results of the Mann-Kendall test, with a modification for autocorrelated data, clearly identified trends. A partial correlation analysis allowed attributing the observed trends in HDIs to trends in specific CDIs. Furthermore, results showed that, even during the spatial validation process, the methodological framework was able to assess trends in low flow series from: (i) trends in the effective drought index (EDI) computed from rainfall plus snowmelt minus PET amounts over ten to twelve months of the hydrological snow cover season or (ii) the cumulative difference between rainfall and potential evapotranspiration over five months of the snow free season. For 80% of the climate scenarios, trends in HDIs were successfully attributed to trends in CDIs. Overall, this paper introduces an efficient methodological framework to assess future trends in low flows given climate scenarios. The outcome may prove useful to municipalities concerned with source water management under changing climate conditions.

A worldwide-regionalised water supply mix (WSmix) for life cycle inventory of water use

Water utilities draw different water sources (surface and groundwater), including increased use of alternative sources (e.g. desalinated water, reused water, inter-basin water transfers) to supply freshwater to different users (domestic, agriculture, etc.). The combination of water sources and technologies (including infrastructures and energy) results in a regional water supply mix (WSmix) for each specific use. Existing Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) databases used in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), do not include these mixes when modelling processes, leading to a poor representation of water supply systems and related environmental impacts. To fill this gap, this paper proposes a consistent framework for modelling a regional WSmix at worldwide scale. The WSmix framework includes the scope and system boundaries definition as well as a standardisation of terminology and classification of water sources and users. To facilitate implementation of the WSmix, this paper provides a worldwide database of water source mixes per user and a technology matrix linking water sources to water production technologies, including the connection with the local electricity mix.The relevance of including the WSmix in LCI databases for proper water-use impact assessment is demonstrated with an illustrative case study. The paper finally concludes on the need of using the regionalized WSmix in routine LCA, which is just as straightforward as the use of the regionalized electricity supply mix. Besides, the developed WSmix provides interesting insights beyond the LCA scope to support the strategic management of water sources at various scales including the global scale.

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At present, the village of Caney Alto presents environmental conflicts associated with the intervention of its natural vegetation, affecting the ecosystem’s integrality, unsustainable uses of the soil, and, in some cases, the overuse of these. The area also has environmental effects due to the mismanagement of the water resource because this path is a local and regional tourist attraction, which has generated a significant increase in demand and excessive pressures on water quality. This article presents the environmental guidelines to contribute to the sustainable development of the municipality of Restrepo, especially the Caney Alto, through the proposal of participatory strategies and control that involve social and institutional actors in the conservation and proper management of water sources in the microregion of the path.

Evaluation of chemical properties in wells in Ghana (A case study in Ho Municipality)

The most important inorganic contaminant is nitrate ion, NO3-.Excess nitrate ion in drinking water is a potential health hazard: risk of methemoglobinemia (or “blue-baby” syndrome). Sources of nitrate in groundwater: nitrogen fertilizers, atmospheric deposition, human sewage deposited in septic systems. The results of the study show that the values of parameters of the water samples such as, alkalinity, phosphate and nitrate etc are higher than WHO standards. None of the samples had nil value of nitrates and nitrites. The levels of nitrogen ammonium were less than WHO limits of 1.5 mg/L. All the samples had the phosphate concentration higher than 0.01 mg/L (WHO) Guideline value. The mean values also exceeded the limits. It was recommended that, the focus of any programme designed to deliver safe drinking water should therefore be the effective management and operation of water sources, treatment plants and distribution systems whether piped or manual. This will demand action by water suppliers, environmental protection agencies and health bodies.

Assessment of Temperature and Elevation Controls on Spatial Variability of Rainfall in Iran

With rainfall changes, hydrological process variability increases. This study predicts the potential effects of temperature and topography characteristics on rainfall spatial variability. Temperature and topography were considered as two effective factors that may influence monthly rainfall. This study uses rainfall and temperature data from 174 synoptic and climatic stations and 39,055 rain, elevation and temperature points extracted by ArcGIS10.3 over the 40 years (1975–2014). In this study, in order to predict the relationship between temperature, topography and rainfall, a combination of statistics including spatial statistics and Geographical information System (GIS) methods were employed. It was found that the distribution and rainfall variability in some parts of Iran was regarded to be based on topography and temperature. The spatial patterns showed that the variability based on spatial autocorrelation in rainfall severity gradually increased from west to east and north to south in Iran. Temperature and topography influence rainfall spatial variability; moreover, these factors have direct, indirect and total effects on rainfall variability in temporal and spatial patterns. These research results will be useful for the regionalization of climate and rainfall formation factors, management of water sources, environmental planning and measuring environmental controls on the climate system.

Determination of Key Risk Supervision Areas around River-Type Water Sources Affected by Multiple Risk Sources: A Case Study of Water Sources along the Yangtze’s Nanjing Section

To provide a reference for risk management of water sources, this study screens the key risk supervision areas around river-type water sources (hereinafter referred to as the water sources) threatened by multiple fixed risk sources (the risk sources), and establishes a comprehensive methodological system. Specifically, it comprises: (1) method of partitioning risk source concentrated sub-regions for screening water source perimeter key risk supervision areas; (2) approach of determining sub-regional risk indexes (SrRI, which characterizes the scale of sub-regional risks) considering factors like risk distribution intensity within sub-regions, risk indexes of risk sources (RIRS, characterizing the risk scale of risk sources) and the number of risk sources; and (3) method of calculating sub-region’s risk threats to the water sources (SrTWS) which considers the positional relationship between water sources and sub-regions as well as SrRI, and the criteria for determining key supervision sub-regions. Favorable effects are achieved by applying this methodological system in determining water source perimeter sub-regions distributed along the Yangtze’s Nanjing section. Results revealed that for water sources, the key sub-regions needing supervision were SD16, SD06, SD21, SD26, SD15, SD03, SD02, SD32, SD10, SD11, SD14, SD05, SD27, etc., in the order of criticality. The sub-region with the greatest risk threats on the water sources was SD16, which was located in the middle reaches of Yangtze River. In general, sub-regions along the upper Yangtze reaches had greater threats to water sources than the lower reach sub-regions other than SD26 and SD21. Upstream water sources were less subject to the threats of sub-regions than the downstream sources other than NJ09B and NJ03.

Future water availability in the largest freshwater Mediterranean lake is at great risk as evidenced from simulations with the SWAT model.

Inter- and intra-annual water level fluctuations and changes in water flow regime are intrinsic characteristics of Mediterranean lakes. Additionally, considering climate change projections for the water-limited Mediterranean region, increased air temperatures and decreased precipitation are anticipated, leading to dramatic declines in lake water levels as well as severe water scarcity problems. The study site, Lake Beyşehir, the largest freshwater lake in the Mediterranean basin, is - like other Mediterranean lakes - threatened by climatic changes and over-abstraction of water for irrigated crop farming. Therefore, implementation of strict water level management policies is required. In this study, an integrated modeling approach was used to predict the future water levels of Lake Beyşehir in response to potential future changes in climate and land use. Water level estimation was performed by linking the catchment model Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) with a Support Vector Regression model (ε-SVR). The projected increase in temperature and decrease in precipitation based on the climate change models led to an enhanced potential evapotranspiration and reduced total runoff. On the other hand, the effects of various land use scenarios within the catchment appeared to be comparatively insignificant. According to the ε-SVR model results, changes in hydrological processes caused a water level reduction for all scenarios. Moreover, the MPI-ESM-MR General Circulation Model outputs produced the most dramatic results by predicting that Lake Beyşehir may dry out by the 2040s with the current outflow regime. The results indicate that shallow Mediterranean lakes may face a severe risk of drying out and losing their ecosystem values in the near future if the current intensity of water abstraction is not reduced. In addition, the results also demonstrate that outflow management and sustainable use of water sources are vital to sustain lake ecosystems in water-limited regions.

Solving problems of conservation inadequacy for nomadic birds

Nomadic birds move around the landscape in complex, irregular patterns, making it difficult for conservation managers and planners to decide where and how to act to mitigate threatening processes. Because of this uncertainty, nomadic species are poorly represented in protected areas in Australia. We outline approaches to discover nomadic species distributions, their dynamics and their consequent vulnerability to extinction. Using citizen science initiatives like eBird Australia and the BirdLife Australia Atlas, combined with new ways of applying species distribution modelling that take into account temporal patterns of movement driven by weather and productivity, we demonstrate how to map and predict the key sites for conservation action for nomadic species. We explore recent advancements in decision-support tools to incorporate species movements into systematic conservation planning, and highlight challenges in traditional approaches for protected area designation for conserving nomads. Due to the spatio-temporal dynamism of nomadic species distributions, the projected costs of managing nomads across Australia using traditional, static, protected areas are prohibitive. Landholders, including graziers and indigenous landholders, will play a key role in safeguarding these species on pastoral lands into the future, and future conservation efforts should be focussed on these stakeholders, through a combination of community engagement, market-based incentives (such as biodiversity farming or payments for artificial water source and ephemeral wetland management), cross-boundary and cross-agency collaboration policies, and new legislative instruments. Accounting for the movements of nomadic species and incorporating new approaches to integrated land management will help design conservation solutions that are effective, cost-efficient, and robust to uncertainty in this rapidly changing world.

Ceramic Magnetic Filter from Used Magnet and Limestone Powder for Drinking Water Source Management

S tudi awal tentang pembuatan filter keramik terinduksi dari bahan magnet bekas dan serbuk kalsit untuk media pengolahan air telah dicoba menggunakan metoda induksi serbuk magnet. Filter magnetiknya disusun dalam wadah silinder dari bahan berdiameter 45 mm yang berisi serbuk batu gamping kalsit setebal 5 mm dan serbuk magnet barium ferit setebal 40 mm. Kedua lapisan bahan tersebut diinduksi magnet barium ferit berbentuk silinder dengan diameter dalam 50 mm, diameter luar 100 mm dan ketebalan 20 mm. Penerapan unjuk kerja dari filter magnetik terhadap uji kadar besi, jumlah coliform total dan jumlah bakteri E. Coli telah menunjukkan respon yang cukup baik sebagai filter air dalam menurunkan: kadar besi dalam air sekitar 0,35 kali (atau 0,13 mg/l), jumlah coliform total 0,17 kali (atau 6 per 100 ml) dan meniadakan jumlah bakteri E. Coli (mendekati 0 per 100 ml air dari sebelumnya berjumlah 11 per 100 ml). Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa kualitas air keluaran telah memenuhi persyaratan Permenkes untuk sumber air minum (standar air baku) dan filter yang didesain telah berfungsi baik sebagai piranti penjernih air.

Water ecological function zoning in Heihe River Basin, Northwest China

Rapid urbanization coupled with increase in population growth rate in recent years has accelerated economic pressure on the ecological environment leading to a gradual deterioration of global and regional environment. This has particularly resulted into water contamination and shortage of water resources thus posing a great threat to human survival. How to guaranteeing sustainable use of basin water resources has attracted more and more attentions. The Heihe River Basin is the secondary longest river inland China and the significantly water source of Hexi Corridor, the problem of water pollution, ecological environment deterioration and the shortage of water has seriously threatened the ecological system of the Heihe River Basin. In this study, through depicting the characteristics of natural environment, human activities, water ecosystem services and other factors in Heihe River Basin we delineated the water ecological function in Heihe River using the principal components analysis and the K-means clustering method. In the study, Heihe River Basin is divided into 3 primary level areas and 8 secondary level sub-areas. Water ecological characteristics analysis showed that the spatial distribution of the water ecological function of Heihe River Basin was not uniform, which are mainly showed in three aspects, function of windproof and sand fixation, function of soil erosion prevention and function of water sources conservation. The results of this study can provide effective and scientific theoretical references for the integrated water sources management and the ecological function optimization of the Heihe River Basin.

Water and Carbon footprint perspective in Italian durum wheat production

Agriculture has a strong influence on water consumption; the scarcity of water in some areas is a problem, which affects the balance of entire production areas. Global water resources are widely used for food production; some areas of the Mediterranean are scarce in water and the water demand is expected to increase in the future due to population growth. In addition, carbon emissions related to agricultural production represent about 35% of total greenhouse gas emissions. Starting from these considerations, this study investigates water and carbon footprint in italian durum wheat cultivation, taking into account the production from 2011 to 2015. Results showed an extreme variability of these indicators across the country. The regions below 5000m3ha−1 of water consumption (dedicated to durum wheat production) are located in the South, whilst the highest values are recorded in the Centre and in the North. With regard to the values of the water surface consumption, the situation is quite the opposite: indeed, these are mainly the Southern and the Adriatic regions that have a high value of the ratio between water footprint (WF) and total agricultural area. carbon footprint (CF) showed a similar trend; its highest value was found in Northern Italy (2462kg CO2ha−1), the ratio between the North and the Centre-North is 1.30. Policy suggestions that address management of water resources and sources of carbon emissions could increase the environmental sustainability of italian durum wheat production.

Problems of legal regulation of usage of water sources in Ukraine

Problem Setting. The lack of a legal definition of «water source» and the ambiguity in the legal regulation of the use of well-water leads to neglect of water sources, uncontrolled loss, pollution and exhaustion of water resources. Therefore, the need to define the legal concept of «water source», studies the use and protection of these water bodies due to the lack of proper legal regulation of the rational use of water sources.The actuality of the topic. In connection with the aggravation of environmental problems related to pollution of water resources inUkraine, the issue is the preservation of well-water quality, because the value of water sources is the possibility of their use for drinking water or balneology. In this regard, the relevance of theoretical studies of this issue is needed to improve the relevant legislation with the aim of forming an effective organizational and legal mechanism of rational usage and protection of water sources.Analysis of recent researches and publications. Today in legal science the concept of «water source» has not been developed, and it is not paid enough attention to the usage and protection of water sources exactly, as separate water bodies. Despite the fact that the use and legal protection of natural resources as a whole and its individual components investigated in the science of environmental law, particularly in the scientific works of V. I. Andreytseva, A. P. Hetmana, V. M. Komarnitskogo, V. L. Muntyana, etc.The purpose of the article. The purpose of this article is to clarify the content and the definition of such scientific and legislative concept as «water source», its place among other water bodies, research of features of legal relationships which arise up concerning the use of the well-water, and also analysis of problem questions in the legal regulation of general and special use of water sources. As a result of the conducted research the location of water sources among other water bodies was clarified, and it was proposed to include water sources to surface water with appropriate legal regulation of their use and protection, and it was defined the water source as a concentrated natural emergence of groundwater from various rock directly on the ground surface. It was found that water sources, the water quality which complies with environmental and sanitary standards, can be used as drinking water sources.Conclusions. It was given the particular nature of the water source, the proposed consolidate regulations on the use of the water bodies on the rights of the general water use and the specification of the powers of the relevant bodies of state power and local self-government regarding protection and management of water sources

Importancia del componente social en el manejo del recurso hídrico, río El Encano, humedal Ramsar La Cocha (Nariño, Colombia)

This article aims to analyze the relevance of society in the use and management of water sources in El Encanto River, a water source of great importance because it belongs to one of the areas declared as Ramsar wetland in Colombia. To achieve this objective, a diagnosis of the different uses of the water from the river was conducted through recognition fieldtrips, both in the area of study and in the population, related to the water resource where a population of 80 families was determined and applied semi-structured interviews. Likewise, the uses given to water resources by the community along the river were georeferenced, and among them, dumping download and deposits are hignlighted. Finally, the information collected was processed in the Excel Program. From the results obtained, the problem related to water resources was highlighted, where the inadequate management of wastewater stand out being the greatest impact activity in the source, as well as stockbreeding and agriculture which makes important use of the resource and has contributed to its deterioration. Additionally, social variables such as education and job were stablished since they play an important role in the management of the resource. After analyzing the information obtained through this research, it is possible to conclude that the river has suffered modifications of its physical and chemical characteristics due to the permanent anthropic intervention. Similarly, it is established that the processes of water management by the community are incipient, and it is necessary to strengthen environmental education for all population present in the area.

Comparison of Water Quality Status of Disturbed and Undisturbed Mangrove Forest at Awat-Awat Lawas Sarawak

Water quality testing was compulsory for management of safe and reliable water sources. Various sources of pollution and destruction of mangrove forest decrease the quality of river water. Thus a study was conducted to determine the water quality status of mangrove forest river water of Awat-Awat Lawas Sarawak and compare the water quality status of disturbed and undisturbed mangrove forest river in that area. Samples from twelve sampling stations were collected from both mangrove forest river from October 2013 to March 2014. In-situ data collected (pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, turbidity, total dissolved solid (TDS), conductivity) and laboratory analysis (biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammoniacal nitrogen (AN), total suspended solid (TSS)) were conducted according to the Standard method of Examination of Water and Wastewater AHPA 2005. Six water parameters: pH, DO, BOD, COD, AN and TSS value were used in calculating the Water Quality Index (WQI). Mean values for disturbed area were follows, pH (7.07), temperature (29.93°C), salinity (15.64 PSU), turbidity (55.13 NTU), DO (4.59 mg/L), BOD (0.73 mg/L), COD (10.16 mg/L), AN (0.14 mg/L), TSS (53.92 mg/L), TDS (23.14 mg/L) and conductivity (2.61 ms/m). Undisturbed area results were, pH (6.84), temperature (28.32°C), salinity (14.65 PSU), turbidity (35.41 NTU), DO (2.39 mg/L), BOD (0.55 mg/L), COD (15.82 mg/L), AN (0.13 mg/L), TSS (53.23 mg/L), TDS (22.82 mg/L) and conductivity (2.34 ms/m). There were no significant differences between two locations except for DO. Both water qualities of disturbed and undisturbed mangrove forest river were found under Class III, which describe that the water bodies are in moderate quality status.

Mapping paddy rice planting area in rice-wetland coexistent areas through analysis of Landsat 8 OLI and MODIS images

Accurate and up-to-date information on the spatial distribution of paddy rice fields is necessary for the studies of trace gas emissions, water source management, and food security. The phenology-based paddy rice mapping algorithm, which identifies the unique flooding stage of paddy rice, has been widely used. However, identification and mapping of paddy rice in rice-wetland coexistent areas is still a challenging task. In this study, we found that the flooding/transplanting periods of paddy rice and natural wetlands were different. The natural wetlands flood earlier and have a shorter duration than paddy rice in the Panjin Plain, a temperate region in China. We used this asynchronous flooding stage to extract the paddy rice planting area from the rice-wetland coexistent area. MODIS Land Surface Temperature (LST) data was used to derive the temperature-defined plant growing season. Landsat 8 OLI imagery was used to detect the flooding signal and then paddy rice was extracted using the difference in flooding stages between paddy rice and natural wetlands. The resultant paddy rice map was evaluated with in-situ ground-truth data and Google Earth images. The estimated overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient were 95% and 0.90, respectively. The spatial pattern of OLI-derived paddy rice map agrees well with the paddy rice layer from the National Land Cover Dataset from 2010 (NLCD-2010). The differences between RiceLandsat and RiceNLCD are in the range of ±20% for most 1-km grid cell. The results of this study demonstrate the potential of the phenology-based paddy rice mapping algorithm, via integrating MODIS and Landsat 8 OLI images, to map paddy rice fields in complex landscapes of paddy rice and natural wetland in the temperate region.

The quality of drinking water used by the communities in some regions of Uganda

The study was done to assess the suitability of drinking water sources used by some communities in Uganda and the associated consumption risks. Water samples were collected, treated and tested according to standard methods of the American Public Health Association (APHA). Results of physicochemical and microbiological parameters were: NOu - 3 (0.01-4.6 mg/l); turbidity (< 5-97.6NTU); Total dissolved solids (59- 420.9 mg/l); conductivity (28-760 µS/cm); pH (5.3-7.2); temperature (23-25.90 °C), total coliform (0-940 cfu/100ml), faecal coliform (0-200 cfu/100ml). Risk of Contamination (ROC) assessment agreed with water quality analysis that found boreholes to be the safest (<1 CFU/100mL) water source, followed in order by rainwater, standpipe taps and protected springs. Shallow wells, unprotected springs and surface water (e.g. streams) were high risk (≥100 CFU/100 mL) water sources. Nitrate.nitrogen, faecal coliform and total coliform were higher than WHO standards for drinking water in most of the water springs and wells. The management of community water sources is discussed. Keywords : Bacteriological, risk of contamination, physicochemical, communities water sources.

Agua y abastecimiento: gestión de cuerpos de agua en la ciudad de San Luis Potosí (México), 1831-1887

&lt;p&gt;Este trabajo plantea una aproximación sobre la gestión de cuerpos de agua y de los sistemas hidráulicos en la ciudad de San Luis Potosí (México), durante el período 1831-1887, a partir de las medidas que tomó el gobierno municipal para atender las necesidades de abastecimiento de agua. El texto analiza dos proyectos importantes en el manejo del agua: el acueducto La Cañada del Lobo y las acciones sobre las derivaciones de aguas a través de La Corriente. Los dos proyectos enfrentaron diversos problemas, entre ellos, el brote de enfermedades asociadas a los cuerpos de agua y la escasez del flujo de líquido a través del acueducto de La Cañada del Lobo.&lt;/p&gt;