Water-soluble Substances Research Articles

ВЫЯВЛЕНИЕ ДВИЖУЩЕЙ СИЛЫ ПРОЦЕССА ЭКСТРАГИРОВАНИЯ ВОДОРАСТВОРИМЫХ ВЕЩЕСТВ ИЗ МЯКОТИ ХУРМЫ

The aim of the study is to determine the driving force of the process of extraction of water-soluble substances from persimmon pulp based on information about its kinetics and hydrodynamics, as well as to study the statics of this operation, in particular the distribution coefficients of the equilibrium concentrations of the extracted substance in both phases. Tasks: to study the statistical patterns of the operation of extraction of water-soluble substances from persimmon pulp in order to determine the distribution coefficients of the equilibrium concentrations of the extracted substance in both phases, which determines the driving force of the process; to identify the driving force of the process of extraction of water-soluble substances from persimmon pulp without the use of ultrasound based on information about the kinetics and hydrodynamics of the studied mass transfer; to identify the driving force of the process of extraction of water-soluble substances from persimmon pulp using ultrasound based on information about the kinetics and hydrodynamics of the studied mass transfer. The object of the study is persimmon fruits of the Hyakume, Sharon, Korolek varieties, grown in the south of the Russian Federation, in particular in the Republic of Crimea in the National Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Nikitsky Botanical Garden). The obtained data on the identification of kinetic patterns of extraction of components soluble in water from persimmon pulp, as well as on the determination of the distribution coefficient of equilibrium concentrations of the extracted substance in both phases made it possible to identify the rational duration of extraction both with and without exposure to ultrasound, and to obtain mathematical dependencies of the driving force of the process, knowledge of which is necessary for constructing a mathematical model of mass transfer.

Improving the accuracy of soil texture determination using pH and electro conductivity values with ultrasound penetration-based digital soil texture analyzer

Soil texture analysis is critical for advancing agricultural productivity, ensuring environmental sustainability, and maintaining ecosystem balance. Traditional sedimentation-based methods, such as the hydrometer technique, are fast and practical but prone to inaccuracies due to the effects of water-soluble substances. This study focuses on the practical framework of integrating pH (potential of hydrogen) and EC (electrical conductivity), as indicators of dissolved substances that influence soil texture estimation. Using the Ultrasound Penetration-based Digital Soil Texture Analyzer (USTA), this research combined ultrasound time series data with pH and EC measurements to predict sand, silt, and clay ratios through machine learning methods—support vector regression (SVR), Random Forest (RF), and multi-layer perceptron neural network (MLPNN). Simulations showed that RF yielded the best results, improving R2 values to 0.52, 0.33, and 0.31 for sand, silt, and clay, respectively. The enhanced model performance demonstrates the viability of integrating pH and EC with advanced machine learning techniques to improve soil texture analysis accuracy. These findings suggest that automated systems like USTA, with modular pH and EC sensors, can provide cost-effective, efficient alternatives to traditional methods, offering practical implications for soil management and agricultural optimization.

Full-component extract of Crithmum maritimum and its effect on epidermal regeneration.

As a well-known aromatic herb rich in various bioactive molecules, the extract of Crithmum maritimum is widely used in cosmetics. However, the extraction process for Crithmum maritimum is far from perfect. Moreover, the water- and oil-soluble components are too complex to be compatible with each other. Thus, the traditional water- or oil-based extracts of Crithmum maritimum encompass only water- or oil-soluble components, respectively. The effective components being incomplete results in significantly reduced effects. Therefore, obtaining a full-component extract of Crithmum maritimum is imperative to ensure its full functionality. Herein, a full-component extract of Crithmum maritimum based on miscibility between polyol and oil was developed by extracting water-soluble active substances with a ternary solvent, followed by mixing them with oil extracts of Crithmum maritimum. In ternary solvents, most water-soluble compounds of Crithmum maritimum can be extracted by ethanol. During evaporation, the water-soluble components are transferred and dissolved in hexanediol from the solvent. Thus, by blending hexanediol with caprylic/capric triglyceride (GTCC), we successfully created a potent full-component extract of Crithmum maritimum. Through the study of the barrier-weakening 3D full-skin model, it was found that the full-component extract of Crithmum maritimum, rich in chlorogenic acid, could significantly promote the epidermal regeneration of UV-induced skin damage compared to the oil-based extract components.

Novel Intravenous Nanoemulsions Based on Cannabidiol-Enriched Hemp Oil-Development and Validation of an HPLC-DAD Method for Cannabidiol Determination.

Intravenous nanoemulsions (NEs) are gaining attention as potential delivery systems for poorly water-soluble substances like cannabidiol (CBD). This study aimed to develop novel NEs based on CBD-enriched hemp oils and evaluate their physiochemical properties. The stability of hemp oils enriched with various concentrations of CBD (0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%) with and without the addition of α-tocopherol was determined, and the most stable oils were subsequently incorporated into NEs. In order to determine the CBD content in the obtained CBD-enriched oils and NEs, as well as to conduct stability tests, a new HPLC method was developed and validated. The HPLC method demonstrated very good linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, and robustness, enabling reliable assessment of the quality of newly developed formulations. The formulated NEs were characterized by droplet size of below 200 nm and polydispersity index PDI ≤ 0.14 satisfactory for intravenous application. This research presents a preliminary study on the development of CBD-enriched hemp oil-based NEs that showed promising potential for further investigation. A new HPLC-DAD method was appropriate to register changes in CBD concentration in various matrices, including CBD-hemp oil and intravenous NEs during their preparation and storage. Additionally, the effect of certain emulsifiers used in NE formulations on the course of the chromatographic analysis of CBD was examined, providing valuable insights concerning the application of the provided methodology in future formulation analysis.

Assisted Fermentation by a Modified Bacillus subtilis Strain Producing Protease Improved the Quality of Sufu.

Traditionally fermented sufu is popular because of its flavor, abundance of nutrients, and long shelf life. However, traditional sufu is difficult to produce via industrial processes because of dominant microorganism attenuation during fermentation. Herein, specific protease-producing strains were isolated from traditional sufu. After strain identification, mutation, and domestication, the strains were applied in fermentation. The taste, texture, and nutrient and flavor components of the fermentation products were investigated via organoleptic, textural HPLC and HS-GC-IMS analyses. Results revealed that Bacillus subtilis (DF1) and the derived strains DF1v and DF1vd had increased protease activity relative to other strains. When these strains were applied for sufu fermentation, the production period significantly shortened to 6-8 days for pehtzes and to 20-26 days for postripening. The nutrient and flavor compound composition of both sufu pehtzes and products improved, including increases in water-soluble proteins, amino acids, and substances with beany and umami aromas and decreases in nonbeneficial biogenic amines and moldy odor-imparting substances. Among the strains, DF1vd showed the greatest benefits in sufu-assisted fermentation. In summary, a modified Bacillus subtilis strain (DF1vd) producing protease was isolated, which improved the nutrient profile and flavor of sufu and shortened the production period.

Importance of photodynamic therapy in proliferative processes

Currently, photodynamic therapy is being introduced into biological research and practical medicine in many countries worldwide. This technology holds great potential for preventive purposes. In our research, we utilized a water-soluble substance known as psoralen, which was isolated from the fig plant (Ficus caricae). This plant is prevalent in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Psoralen was selected as our photosensitizer of choice. To induce proliferative inflammation, we employed a "cotton plate" model. The evaluation of our findings involved analyzing the levels of TGF β1 in the blood and examining any alterations in the structure of mitochondrial membranes of hepatocytes.

Synergistic effects of matrix metalloproteinases on the degradation of collagen in abalone (Haliotis discus hannai).

Endogenous proteases, such as matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1), play critical roles in abalone muscle softening (myomalacia) via the decomposition of extracellular matrix, particularly collagen. However, the synergistic effect of endogenous proteases in collagen degradation remains unknown. In this study, the catalytic domain of MMP-14, namely rMMP14c, was firstly expressed and evaluated for its performance in abalone collagen degradation. SDS-PAGE and scanning electron microscopy revealed that rMMP14c completely degraded the γ-β-α chains of type I collagen within 8h and effectively depolymerized collagen fibers. The synergistic effects of MMPs on collagen degradation was further examined. Notably, rMMP14c and rMMP1c showed enhanced effect on type I collagen degradation even within 1h, along with significant release of collagen fiber-originated water-soluble substances. Therefore, the present study elucidates the potential mechanism underlying abalone muscle softening by which MMPs synergistically degrade collagen, providing practical insights for abalone storage during food processing.

ВОДОРАСТВОРИМЫЙ ПРЕПАРАТ НА ОСНОВЕ ХЛОРИНА Е6 С ЦИТРАТОМ ЕВРОПИЯ КАК ПОТЕНЦИАЛЬНЫЙ ФОТОСЕНСИБИЛИЗАТОР НОВОГО ПОКОЛЕНИЯ

The present study is directed towards synthesis a water-soluble substance for photodynamic therapy. It is an aqueous solution containing Chlorin e6 as a photosensitizer and europium citrate as a scintillator. The ionic composition of the solution was determined using ESI mass spectrometry. The conclusion was made about the nonradiative energy transfer from europium to Chlorin e6 with subsequent luminescence of the latter based on the analysis of the luminescence spectrum of the solution containing the conjugate [Eu:H2Cit:Chlorin e6=1:1:1]2-We studied dark toxicity «in vitro». It was shown that in the range of introduced PS concentrations from 3.13 to 100 μg/ml, the percentage of viable cells varied from 91.64±4.58% to 24.14±1.21%, which confirms the prospect of further study of the new substance

Improving the Anti-Tumor Effect of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Inhibitor CY1-4 by CY1-4 Nano-Skeleton Drug Delivery System.

Background: CY1-4, 9-nitropyridine [2',3':4,5] pyrimido [1,2-α] indole -5,11- dione, is an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitor and a poorly water-soluble substance. It is very important to increase the solubility of CY1-4 to improve its bioavailability and therapeutic effect. In this study, the mesoporous silica nano-skeleton carrier material Sylysia was selected as the carrier to load CY1-4, and then the CY1-4 nano-skeleton drug delivery system (MSNM@CY1-4) was prepared by coating the hydrophilic polymer material Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and the lipid material Distearoylphosphatidyl-ethanolamine-poly(ethylene glycol)2000 (DSPE-PEG2000) to improve the anti-tumor effect of CY1-4. Methods: The solubility and dissolution of MSNM@CY1-4 were investigated, and its bioavailability, anti-tumor efficacy, IDO inhibitory ability and immune mechanism were evaluated in vivo. Results: CY1-4 was loaded in MSNM@CY1-4 in an amorphous form, and MSNM@CY1-4 could significantly improve the solubility (up to about 200 times) and dissolution rate of CY1-4. In vivo studies showed that the oral bioavailability of CY1-4 in 20 mg/kg MSNM@CY1-4 was about 23.9-fold more than that in 50 mg/kg CY1-4 suspension. In B16F10 tumor-bearing mice, MSNM@CY1-4 significantly inhibited tumor growth, prolonged survival time, significantly inhibited IDO activity in blood and tumor tissues, and reduced Tregs in tumor tissues and tumor-draining lymph nodes to improve anti-tumor efficacy. Conclusions: The nano-skeleton drug delivery system (MSNM@CY1-4) constructed in this study is a potential drug delivery platform for improving the anti-tumor effect of oral poorly water-soluble CY1-4.

Physiology of vitamin B12: a study on its molecular mechanisms using a Caenorhabditis elegans model.

Vitamin B12 (B12) is a water-soluble substance that is a member of the B-vitamin family. Its recommended daily dose in adult men and women is 2.4µg, which is the lowest among the 13 vitamins. B12 deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia and neurological disorders. It is also associated with cognitive decline, growth retardation, infertility, and other symptoms. Nevertheless, the detailed mechanisms of which remain unclear. Caenorhabditis elegans is a small organism, with a length of approximately 1mm and a lifespan of approximately 3 weeks. It has similar fundamental biological structures, such as the muscles, nervous system, and digestive tract, with mammals. Previous studies have shown that B12 is required for the normal development of C. elegans, similar to that of mammals. The current study aimed to perform a detailed investigation of the mechanisms underlying the development of B12 deficiency using a dietary B12-deficient C. elegans model.

Comparative evaluation of trimethylated α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins as optimal dispersants for ready biodegradability testing of poorly water-soluble substances

We investigated whether various modified cyclodextrins (CDs) and emulsifiers could be applied as dispersing agents in ready biodegradability tests of poorly water-soluble substances. Trimethylated α-, β-, and γ-CDs and partially methylated β-CD were not biodegraded in the test period but accelerated the biodegradation of octabenzone and anthraquinone. The process by which trimethylated α-, β-, and γ-CDs enhance the biodegradation of test substances has been partially uncovered. These CDs create inclusion complexes with the substances, which then coalesce into larger aggregates. These aggregates disperse throughout the testing medium and attach to clusters of activated sludge, known as flocs. This close contact with the sludge speeds up the breakdown of the hydrophobic substances being tested.

A suitable solvent for adsorption of poorly water-soluble substances onto silica gel in a ready biodegradability test

When a test substance is poorly water-soluble, it can be adsorbed onto silica gel to facilitate dispersibility in a ready biodegradability test. To uniformly adsorb the test substance onto silica gel, the substance is dissolved in a solvent and then mixed with the silica gel. It is desirable for the solvent to completely evaporate afterward. In this study, we identified n-hexane as a suitable solvent for this purpose. Furthermore, through fluorescence observation, we revealed that the test substance adsorbed onto the silica gel adhered to activated sludge flocs. This is thought to improve contact between the test substance and microorganisms, thereby accelerating biodegradation.

Protocol for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Within the Clinical Range Using Mid-infrared Spectroscopy.

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), which involves measuring drug levels in patients' body fluids, is an important procedure in clinical practice. However, the analysis technique currently used, i.e. liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), is laboratory-based, so does not offer the short response time that is often required by clinicians. We suggest that techniques based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) offer a promising alternative for TDM. FTIR is rapid, highly specific and can be miniaturized for near-patient applications. The challenge, however, is that FTIR for TDM is limited by the strong mid-IR absorption of endogenous serum constituents. Here, we address this issue and introduce a versatile approach for removing the background of serum lipids, proteins and small water-soluble substances. Using phenytoin, an antiepileptic drug, as an example, we show that our approach enables FTIR to precisely quantify drug molecules in human serum at clinically relevant levels (10 μg/mL), providing an efficient analysis method for TDM. Beyond mid-IR spectroscopy, our study is applicable to other drug sensing techniques that suffer from the large background of serum samples.

Performance of co-composting Pholiota nameko spent mushroom substrate and pig manure at different proportions: Chemical properties and humification process

Co-composting is the controlled aerobic degradation of organics, using more than one feedstock. By combining the spent mushroom substrate of Pholiota nameko (SMS) and pig manure (PM), the benefits of each could be used to optimize the composting process and the final product. This study introduced a comprehensive evaluation strategy aimed at identifying the optimal co-composting ratio for these two substrates. A 120-day composting trial was conducted, blending SMS and PM in various ratios to evaluate the benefits of co-composting SMS-PM. The results indicated that dissolved organic matter (DOM) in SMS-derived compost primarily originated from plants, whereas PM-derived compost predominantly consisted of microbial metabolic products, and co-composting combined both sources. An increase in aromaticity and humification degree of DOM occurred during the composting process itself rather than being derived from autochthonous origin. Carbohydrates like phenols and alcohols broke down during composting, and microbes utilized polysaccharides as an energy source for humus formation. As co-composting progressed, the treatments with varying mass ratios of SMS to PM, including 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, and 3:7 were observed to result in a decline in aliphatic hydroxylated chains alongside an enhancement in aromaticity within the compost. Additionally, there was a conversion from organic carbon (C) to carboxyl C within humic acid (HA) due to oxidation and dehydrogenation processes that facilitated the formation of stable nitrogen-containing compounds characterized by condensed aromatic structures. Following thorough evaluation, it was determined that optimal composting efficacy occurred at a mass ratio of SMS to PM equal to 6:4. Post-compost analysis revealed increases in nutrient content; specifically, germination index (GI) value reached 132.7%, while organic matter content attained 45.3%. Conversely, electrical conductivity (EC), C contents of water-soluble substances and humin (Cwss and CHu) decreased by approximately 11.8%, 73.4%, and 29.8% respectively; meanwhile, C contents of humic-extracted acid and HA (CHE and CHA), along with degree of polymerization (DP), increased by 17.3%, 20.3% and 9.9% respectively. The proposed co-compost formula not only facilitated simultaneous recycling of both SMS and PM waste but also transformed them into high-quality organic fertilizers suitable for soil enrichment—effectively addressing challenges faced by both edible fungi cultivation and livestock industries while augmenting organic fertilizer sources for Black land protection.

DRILLING MUD THINNER BASED ON TECHNICAL LIGNOSULFONATES FROM WASTE OF CATALYST PRODUCTION

The article presents the results of research on obtaining liquid thinners for drilling muds from waste generated at one of the technological stages in the production of sulfocationic catalysts from technical lignosulfonates.During the production of heterogeneous sulfo-cationic sorbents and catalysts from technical lignosulfonates, acidic waters containing low-molecular-weight fractions of lignosulfonates, residues of hemicellulose hydrolysis products, water-soluble, and extractive substances are generated at the stage of washing off the residual acid. One of the ways to utilize the generated waste could be its further processing into new reagents. Therefore, the aim of this work was to develop a formulation of a thinner based on the generated waste and study its effectiveness in typical drilling muds. A dry industrially produced lignosulfonate was used as a reference reagent.The possibilities of using the resulting liquid waste to obtain highly effective thinners for drilling muds based on lignosulfonates are shown. It is revealed that the resulting reagent reduces the rheological parameters of the drilling mud, is comparable in effectiveness to dry industrially produced lignosulfonate (0.5 % by weight and 1 % by weight), and is technologically easy to use. In fresh water solutions, the modified form of the reagent with the addition of oxyethylidenediphosphonic acid is more effective, while in mineralized solutions the unmodified form is more effective.

Functional, physicochemical properties of sodium carbonate-soluble polysaccharides from the bulbs and foliage leaves of yellow and red onion

The oil and water holding capacities, surface activity, and gelling ability of sodium carbonate-soluble pectin (NSP) extracted from the cell wall of bulb and foliage leaves of yellow and red onion (Allium cepa L.) were investigated and compared with those of commercial citrus pectin. Pectin chemical composition and properties its aqueous dispersions (e.g. the viscosity, pH) were studied. Homogalacturonan was the main component of the low-methoxylated pectin, with a small amount of rhamnogalacturonan I (more branched in the bulb pectin). Both the oil (35–41 g/gd.m.) and water (20 g/gd.m) holding capacities of NSP were higher than citrus pectin (1 and 17 g/gd.m, respectively). The surface activity of NSP was comparable (foliage leaves; surface tension (γ) decrease to 62 mN/m) or higher (bulb; γ decrease to 56 mN/m) than commercial pectin. The ability of NSP, especially extracted from the bulb, to form larger structures with increasing viscosity and neutralizing the negative surface charge, was significantly higher than that of citrus pectin. Therefore, NSP of bulb and foliage leaves may be useful as a carrier of oil- or water-soluble substances, a surface active agent, texturizer and gelling agent in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and agricultural branches of industry.

The Physicochemical Properties and Structure of Mung Bean Starch Fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum.

Understanding the relationship between gel formation and the hierarchical structure of mung bean starch fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum has potential value for its green modification and quality improvement. The variations in characteristics, including gelation characteristics, starch chain, and the molecular order degree of mung bean starch fermented by different L. plantarum, were compared. The results show that in the gelation process, starch began to disintegrate at 65 °C, indicating a critical temperature for structural changes. Compared with the control group, although the effects of different L. plantarum sources on mung bean starch varied, notable improvements were observed in water absorption across all groups of fermented starch, along with reduced free water-soluble substances and enhanced anti-expansion ability. This led to the easier formation of gels with higher viscosity, primarily attributed to decreased crystallinity, increased short-chain amylopectin tendency, an elevated amylose content, and enhanced short-range order when microorganisms acted on the crystallization zone. In conclusion, although L. plantarum came from different sources, its action mode on mung bean starch was similar, which could enhance the gel structure.

Preparation and characterization of W/O/W purple potato anthocyanin nanoparticles: Antioxidant effects and gut microbiota improvement in rats.

Purple potato anthocyanins (PPAs) are recognized for their broad physiological activities, including significant antioxidant, antimicrobial, and gut microbiota-regulating effects. However, their limited bioavailability in biological systems restricts the full realization of these potentials. In order to improve the bioavailability of PPA, this paper established and optimized the preparation process of W/O/W purple potato anthocyanin nanoparticles (PPA-NPs). Based on the determination of the metabolites of PPA-NPs, in vivo experiments were conducted in rats to investigate the absorption and metabolism, antioxidant activity, and the impact on the intestinal microbiota of PPA-NPs. UPLC-Q-TOF-MSMS analysis showed that the absorption of anthocyanins was increased by 220.36% in rats gavaged with PPA-NPs compared to rats gavaged with PPA directly. Subsequent in vivo experiments revealed that PPA-NPs significantly bolster primary antioxidant markers, evidenced by elevated glutathione and superoxide dismutase levels and reduced malondialdehyde content. Moreover, PPA-NPs were found to positively alter the gut microbiome structure in aged rats, notably increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as Lactobacillus and Rothia, and improving microbial diversity. These findings suggest that W/O/W PPA-NPs markedly improve the bioavailability of PPAs, showcasing promising antioxidant properties and potential health benefits for gut health in vivo. Overall, this research presents a novel approach for developing nanodelivery systems aimed at enhancing the bioavailability of water-soluble substances.

Preparation and Characterization of Universal Liquid Proliposomes Encapsulating Water-soluble Efficacious Substances.

Liposomes were extensively used for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals due to their versatility, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, as well as the ability to encapsulate water-soluble and fat-soluble substances. However, some challenges remain unsolved, including poor stability, complex preparation process, limited encapsulation efficiencies (EE%) and drug loading capacity (DLC%). We herein prepared universal liquid proliposomes by rotary evaporation method and optimized formulations with different pH, glycerol content, ethanol content and preparation process. The EE% of water-soluble substances was above 85%, and the maximum DLC% was 37.5%. In 7 different conditions, the optimal formulation of the proliposomes remained stable over 60 days. The excellent stability of proliposomes and nicotinamide liposomes and their essence, when applied to cosmetic formulations, was confirmed by the Turbiscan stability analyzer. The proposed universal liquid proliposomes can form liposomes encapsulating a variety of water-soluble substances rapidly, making them an accessible and versatile tool for improving the stability and applicability of water-soluble raw materials.

Impact of hydrophilic substances on Ostwald ripening in emulsions stabilized by varied hydrophilic group surfactants

This study investigated the impact of water-soluble substances on Ostwald ripening in emulsions stabilized by surfactants with different head groups (Brij S20 and Tween 60). Adding ≥20% (w/w) corn oil to the oil phase effectively inhibited Ostwald ripening of n-decane emulsions due to compositional ripening. The presence of glucose, maltose, or glycerol in the aqueous phase of the emulsions decreased the Ostwald ripening rate, regardless of emulsifier type. However, the impact of propylene glycol depended on emulsifier type, accelerating Ostwald ripening in Brij S20-stabilized emulsions but having little effect in Tween 60-stabilized emulsions. This effect was mainly attributed to the ability of propylene glycol to alter interfacial characteristics. When emulsions were fabricated with a mixture of n-decane and corn oil, glucose and maltose were still effective in inhibiting Ostwald ripening, but glycerol lost its ability. These results have important implications for formulating emulsion-based delivery systems with enhanced shelf life.