Water-soluble Sodium Research Articles

Industrial-scale fabrication of FeSiCr magnetic powder cores with high magnetic permeability and low loss

FeSiCr magnetic powders is the key raw material for inductive components such as molding choke and power factor correction (PFC) inductors. In this paper, the industrial-scale insulation coating process of high-performance FeSiCr soft magnetic powder cores (SMPCs) were studied by using mature and environmentally friendly silica sol (SiO2), aluminum dihydrogen phosphate solution (AHP), glass powders (GP), and phosphoric acid (PA) as insulators and water-soluble sodium silicate (NSO) as an inorganic binder, respectively. A comprehensive analysis of the SEM, EDS, and XPS results showed that the surface insulation layer uniformity of the four coating powders is poor due to the irregular morphology of the FeSiCr powder, with the glass powder having the worst coating uniformity due to partial agglomeration occurring in mechanical mixing. The four coated powders all had high saturation magnetization (173.1–176.5 emu∙g−1), in which the chemical reaction of FeSiCr in the phosphoric acid coating process consumed Fe atoms, resulting in the lowest Ms of the powders in the several coating processes. At the corresponding optimum heat treatment temperature, the FeSiCr@SiO2 @NSO SMPCs had the highest permeability of 96.1, while the FeSiCr@PA@NSO SMPCs had the lowest at 75.5, due to the phosphoric acid consuming part of the ferromagnetic material and the loose porous structure of the phosphate layer further reducing the density of SMPCs. The total losses of the four powder cores are low (228.9–259.2 mW·cm−3, 100 Gs, 1000 kHz), while loss separation and experiments with different pressing tonnages showed that the eddy current losses of SMPCs was higher than the hysteresis losses, which was caused by the irregular morphology of FeSiCr powders. The FeSiCr@SiO2 @NSO SMPCs exhibit optimum corrosion resistance due to the uniform coating of the SiO2 nano-insulating layer on the powders surface as a result of the strong bonding of the silica sol with FeSiCr. As can be seen, FeSiCr@SiO2 @NSO SMPCs prepared using silica sols have very high saturation magnetization, very high permeability, low core loss, and good corrosion resistance compared to the other three insulation processes and can be industrially produced on a large scale, offering great application prospects in the field of high current and high frequency.

State of Innovation in Alginate-Based Materials.

This review article presents past and current alginate-based materials in each application, showing the widest range of alginate's usage and development in the past and in recent years. The first segment emphasizes the unique characteristics of alginates and their origin. The second segment sets alginates according to their application based on their features and limitations. Alginate is a polysaccharide and generally occurs as water-soluble sodium alginate. It constitutes hydrophilic and anionic polysaccharides originally extracted from natural brown algae and bacteria. Due to its promising properties, such as gelling, moisture retention, and film-forming, it can be used in environmental protection, cosmetics, medicine, tissue engineering, and the food industry. The comparison of publications with alginate-based products in the field of environmental protection, medicine, food, and cosmetics in scientific articles showed that the greatest number was assigned to the environmental field (30,767) and medicine (24,279), whereas fewer publications were available in cosmetic (5692) and food industries (24,334). Data are provided from the Google Scholar database (including abstract, title, and keywords), accessed in May 2023. In this review, various materials based on alginate are described, showing detailed information on modified composites and their possible usage. Alginate's application in water remediation and its significant value are highlighted. In this study, existing knowledge is compared, and this paper concludes with its future prospects.

Transferring 2D TMDs through water-soluble sodium salt catalytic layer

This study reports a clean and damage-free transfer method that enables the ultrafast transfer of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) onto desired substrates with a remarkably high yield. We employ a water-soluble sodium salt as both a transfer sacrificial layer for facile transfer and a catalytic layer for the growth of high-quality large-area MoS2 using liquid-phase chemical vapor deposition via a catalyzed kinetic growth. We show that the pristine structural and electrical properties of the grown MoS2 can be reliably preserved by avoiding detrimental effects during the prolonged harsh-environment transfer process. We demonstrate the technological versatility of the proposed transfer method by fabricating as-transferred MoS2-based back-gated field-effect transistors (FETs). The MoS2 FETs exhibit excellent charge mobility as high as 28.7 cm2 V−1 s−1 and an on–off ratio up to ∼107 at room temperature, indicating no performance degradation after the transfer process. The proposed transfer method offers universal applicability for various 2D TMDs, mechanical supporting polymers, and target substrates, thus facilitating the facile fabrication of 2D TMD-based electronics and optoelectronics.

Fourier transform infrared studies of gel polymer electrolyte based on poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) – Ethylene carbonate incorporated with water-soluble sodium sulfide

The incorporation of plasticizer to a solid polymer electrolyte have shown high conductivity, good thermal and chemical stabilities, long life and reduced costs. The improved conductivity is mainly contributed by higher ion diffusion coefficient and better ion mobility. However, little is known about the possible molecular interactions between plasticizer, polymer host and salt, particularly in explaining the mechanism pertaining to ion transport in the gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs). A flexible GPE based on poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (PAAm-PAA), ethylene carbonate (EC) and water-soluble sodium sulfide (Na2S) was developed. PAAm-PAA and Na2S are incorporated as the polymer backbone and the source of charge carriers, respectively, and EC acts as the plasticizer of the system. When 0.4 wt% of EC was added to PAAm-PAA-Na2S GPE, the ionic conductivity of polymer electrolytes increased from 5.11 × 10−2 S cm−1 to 6.92 × 10−2 S cm−1. The possible molecular interactions between PAAm-PAA, Na2S and EC and their correlation with ionic conductivity were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Infrared spectroscopy showed that the intensities of the amide (CO, C–N), carboxylate (COO−) and sulfate (SO42−) bands increased with the addition of EC, and the position of the asymmetric bending (v4) of SO42− band down shifted from 677 cm−1 to 667 cm−1. These findings, the changes in shape, intensity, and position of the PAAm-PAA-Na2S-EC GPE, suggest a dipole-dipole interaction between (i) PAAm-PAA and distilled water, (ii) PAAm-PAA and EC and (iii) EC and distilled water. On the other hand, ion-dipoles interactions may occur between (i) Na+ cation and distilled water, (ii) Na+ cation and PAAm-PAA and (iii) Na+ cation and EC. It can be concluded that EC interacts with both PAAm-PAA and Na2S, and EC-Na+ complexes also appear in PAAm-PAA-Na2S-EC GPE. The increase in the conductivity of GPE is attributed to the high ion diffusion coefficient and mobility, which is attributed to the presence of EC.

Char structure evolution and behaviors of sodium species during catalytic gasification of sodium-rich direct coal liquefaction residue under CO2 atmosphere

In this work, to better understand catalytic gasification process of direct coal liquefaction residue rich in sodium species, char structure evolution and behaviors of sodium species during gasification under CO2 atmosphere were investigated in detail by N2 adsorption and desorption, FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and Raman analyses. The results show that sodium species developed pore structure of direct coal liquefaction residue during gasification, especially expanded mesoporous structures which increased from 0.05 to 0.16 cm3/g at maximum. With the increase of gasification time, different crystalline compounds were formed in chars. Most of the mineral matters identified by XRD were calcium-containing ones, whereas no obvious sodium-containing crystalline compounds were found. This was because that most of sodium species volatilized at high temperature and the crystalline forms of sodium-containing compounds had defects. Compared with sodium species, calcium species were more prone to react with aluminosilicates, which happened to make sodium species remain active during gasification process. The ratio of (GR + VL + VR)/D rose initially and then decreased, which could be explained as the dissociation of the large aromatic and the rearrangement of small aromatic rings into large aromatic structures. Moreover, release ratio of sodium species was closely related with gasification time and 49.8% of them released in the initial stage of gasification process (within 15 min). Compared with that of direct coal liquefaction residue reloaded with water-soluble sodium species, the release ratio of sodium species in the original direct coal liquefaction residue was on a lower level (85.2% versus 89.7%).

Effect of the pectin contents and nanostructure on the stem straightness of two Paeonia lactiflora cultivars.

Herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) is an ancient ornamental crop and, in recent decades, an emerging popular cut flower. Straight stems are a vital criterion for cut herbaceous peony selection, while many cultivars bend as the plant develops. Pectin helps maintain the mechanical strength of the cell wall. However, little is known about its role in the stem bending of herbaceous peony. Two herbaceous peony cultivars with contrasting stem morphologies ('Dong Fang Shao Nv', upright; 'Lan Tian Piao Xiang', bending gradually) at five developmental stages were used as materials to investigate the effects of pectin content and nanostructure on straightness using the carbazole colorimetric method and atomic force microscopy observations. The contents of water-soluble pectin (WSP), CDTA-soluble pectin (CSP), and sodium carbonate-soluble pectin (SSP) differed significantly between the two cultivars, and the contents and angle of the flower and branch showed correlations. For the pectin nanostructure, WSP showed agglomerates and long chains, with a higher proportion of broad agglomerates at the later stages of the bending cultivar than the upright cultivar. CSP showed branched chains, and the proportion of broad chains was higher in the upright cultivar at later stages, while CSP shape changed from agglomerates to chains in the bending cultivar. SSP mainly consisted of short linear main chains, and side chains in the upright stem were stacked, and the bent cultivar had more broad and short chains. It can be concluded that the contents, nanometric shape, and size of the three kinds of pectin are highly likely to affect herbaceous peony stem straightness. This study provides a theoretical basis for the role of pectin in the production and breeding of herbaceous peony cut flowers.

Design, Synthesis and Anticancer Activity of New Benzofuran‐Chalcone Hybrids and Their Water Soluble Sodium Salts

AbstractIn this study, firstly, 1‐(7‐ethoxy‐1‐benzofuran‐2‐yl) ethanone and 1,1’‐(7‐ethoxy‐1‐benzofuran‐2,4‐diyl)diethanone were synthesized for the starting reagent purposes. The synthesized benzofuran‐chalcone salts were soluble in water at room temperature. Structural analysis of the synthesized compounds was characterized by elemental analysis, FT‐IR and NMR spectroscopy techniques. The anticancer activities of the compounds were determined by SRB viability assay in human lung cancer (A549, H1299) and breast cancer (MCF‐7, MDA‐MB‐231) cell lines. Findings for apoptosis were determined by flow cytometry analysis and the PARP‐ELISA method. The results of the in vitro SRB analysis of the compounds showed that some of the chalcone hybrids were very effective on both types of cancer in a dose and time‐dependent manner. Treatment of all cancer cell types with these hybrids resulted in a significant increase in the percentage of early and mainly late apoptotic cells, demonstrating their apoptosis‐inducing effects via the Caspase 3/7 Activity.

Alkaline hydrolysis of photovoltaic backsheet containing PET and PVDF for the recycling of PVDF

Recovering fluorine from end-of-life products is crucial for the sustainable production and consumption of fluorine-containing compounds because fluorspar, an important natural resource for fluorine, is currently at a supply risk. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of chemically recycling a fluorine-containing photovoltaic (PV) backsheet for fluoropolymer recycling. Herein, a PV backsheet consisting of laminated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) was treated with different concentrations of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to hydrolyze the PET layer to water-soluble sodium terephthalate (Na2TP) and to separate pure PVDF layer as a solid material. Optimized alkaline conditions (up to 10 M NaOH at 100 °C for 2 h) were determined, under which 87% of the PET layer could be decomposed without any significant deterioration of the PVDF layer. The hydrolysis kinetics of PET layer in NaOH could be explained by the modified shrinking-core model. Considering that the mass of end-of-life PV panels in Japan is estimated to increase to approximately 280,000 tons per year by 2036, PV backsheets are attractive candidates for fluoropolymer recycling, which can be effectively achieved using chemical recycling approach demonstrated in this study.

Fluorine and Iodine in Soils of the Kulunda Plain

The content and distribution of fluorine (F) and iodine (I) have been studied using the example of a four soils located on the terrace of Kuchukskoye Lake in the Altai kray. Soil sections are located on various elements of the micro relief within the boundaries of the lake terrace. The textural-carbonate stratified chernozem (Calcic Chernozem (Loamic, Areninovic, Bathyraptic)) occupies the top of the micro relief. The Solonchak quasi-gleyed (Calcic Solonchak (Loamic, Sulphatic, Humic) is located in a micro-depression. The absolute difference in elevation between these soils is 1 m. Solonetz dark quasi-gleyed salted (Protosalic Solonetz (Loamic, Humic) and texture-carbonate quasi-gleyed salted (Calcic Gleyic Chernozem (Loamic, Endosalic) are confined to the slope between the Calcic Chernozem and Solonchak. The total content of halogens and their mobile forms were determined: water-soluble for F and salt-soluble for I. The content of total F in soils averaged 277.40 mg/kg (lim 59.83–541.10 mg/kg), water-soluble – 3.47 mg/kg (lim 0.04–16.45 mg/kg). Statistical calculations proved that the content of total F strongly correlates with the content of clay, carbonates and water-soluble sodium-cation, and the value of the correlation coefficient depends on the type of soil and its position on the micro relief. Water-soluble F has a high positive correlation with similar parameters in the Chernozem and in the Solonetz. The results showed that the content of total I in the studied soils is higher than in zonal soils of this territory, averages 13.61 mg/kg of soil (5.27–15.21 mg/kg) and moderately depends on the content of clay and carbonates. The influence of the soil type and its position on the micro relief was not revealed on the content of total I. The average content of salt-soluble I is 0.71 mg/kg (0.01–1.86 mg/kg). For all studied soils except Solonchak the relationship of the content of salt-soluble I with the content of clay, carbonates and water-soluble sodium cation has been established. No significant correlation between the above-mentioned parameters has been established for the Solonchak. The revealed heterogeneity of the spatial distribution of F and I in in the studied soils should be taken into account when conducting regional assessments of the status of these halogens.

SYNTHESIS AND THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER-SOLUBLE BLOCKED O-TOLYLISOCYANATE

Synthesis of latent reagents, in particular isocyanates, in a water-soluble form is a promising direction of chemical research. The replacement of isocyanates with their blocked analogues allows solving several problems: increasing safety in the use and storage of such toxic compounds as isocyanates, facilitating multi-stage synthesis in active media, increasing the selectivity of the main reaction, reducing the toxicity of reagents. In addition, due to the possibility of carrying out the blocking reaction of isocyanates in an aqueous media, the environmental safety of the process of their production is increased and the yield of the product is improved. In order to synthesize a water-soluble latent monoisocyanate for the modification of polymer systems, including water-soluble biopolymers, water-soluble sodium 6-(o-tolylcarbamoylamino)hexanoate was synthesized by the interaction of ortho-tolyl isocyanate with an aqueous solution of sodium salt of 6-aminohexanoic acid. The optimal temperature conditions for the synthesis of water-soluble blocked ortho-tolyl isocyanate were determined. The structure of the reaction product was proved using methods of IR- spectroscopy with Fourier transform and NMR 1H spectroscopy. According to the data of thermogravimetric analysis in dynamic mode and pyrolytic mass spectrometry the temperature range of the thermal dissociation of water-soluble ortho-tolyl isocyanate blocked by the sodium salt of 6-aminohexanoic acid ranges from 100 to 140°C and is wider than the temperature range of the thermal dissociation of the hydrophobic compound - ortho- tolyl isocyanate blocked by ε- caprolactam.

6-(Tetrazol-5-yl)-7-aminoazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines as Novel Potent CK2 Inhibitors.

In this work, we describe the design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship of 6-(tetrazol-5-yl)-7-aminoazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines as inhibitors of Casein kinase 2 (CK2). At first, we optimized the reaction conditions for the azide-nitrile cycloaddition in the series of 6-cyano-7-aminoazolopyridimines and sodium azide. The regioselectivity of this process has been shown, as the cyano group of the pyrimidine cycle was converted to tetrazole while the nitrile of the azole fragment did not react. The desired tetrazolyl-azolopyrimidines were obtained in a moderate to excellent yields (42−95%) and converted further to water soluble sodium salts by the action of sodium bicarbonate. The obtained 6-(tetrazol-5-yl)-7-aminopyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines 2a−k and their sodium salts 3a−c, 3g−k showed nano to low micromolar range of CK2 inhibition while corresponding [1,2,4]triazolopyrimidines 10a−k were less active (IC50 > 10 µM). The leader compound 3-phenyl-6-(tetrazol-5-yl)-7-aminopyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine 2i as CK2 inhibitor showed IC50 45 nM.

Effect of oil contamination on the course of changes in chernozem properties and phytotoxicity

Introduction. The consumption of hydrocarbons in the world is steadily growing with the response to the progress of civilization. It is accompanied by the continuous flow of hydrocarbon pollutants into the environment. Soil pollution with oil attracts special attention, because the soil is a key element in the trophic chain of toxicants in the human body. Purpose. Investigate changes in the properties (physicochemical, agrochemical and biological) of chernozem soils and its phytotoxicity at different levels of oil pollution for further use of the parameters of these indicators during soil monitoring. Research methods. The research was conducted during 2019-2021 in the conditions of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine in a field small-plot experiment on Chernozem Luvic with the frequency of observations on diagnostic indicators at 1 month, 6, 12 and 24 months. The scheme of the experiment provided for soil contamination with oil in the amount of 0.4 l/m2, 1.6 l/m2, 6.4 l/m2, 25.6 l/m2. Results. The rate of biodegradation of oil products for different levels of pollution of Chernozem Luvic was determined - with insignificant pollution, self-purification of the soil is characterized by a faster course than with medium and strong, within 24 months the content of hydrocarbons decreased by 85-87% and 60-64%, respectively. One of the important mechanisms for the loss of hydrocarbons from the soil surface is microbiological decomposition, studies have shown that in the oil concentration range of 6.4-24.6 l/m2, there was a significant increase in the intensity of carbon dioxide release from the soil, which is 60% higher than in the control option, this indicates the intensification of the processes of its biodegradation. Studies of changes in such diagnostic indicators as soil pH, the content of water-soluble potassium and sodium show a less significant influence of the factor of soil pollution with oil compared to the influence of the time factor. However, these indicators are of great diagnostic value in the process of monitoring oil-contaminated soils and remediation, since the most optimal parameters of these indicators determine the suitability of soils for plant growth and microbial life. Studies of phytotoxicity of oil-contaminated soil have shown the negative impact of oil on seed germination in the field condition. Conclusions. The research results indicate a gradual self-purification of the soil from petroleum hydrocarbons during the observation period. The obtained regularities of the dynamics of changes in the studied parameters will be used to improve the scientific and methodological support for monitoring soils affected by oil pollution.

Solubility Enhancement of Resveratrol by Effervescence Assisted Fusion Technique

The basic reason behind this study was to enhance the solubility rate of resveratrol which will finally enhance the dissolution i.e. the rate of drug release due to which the absorption of the drug will increase. The method applied here was effervescent assisted fusion technique. Various batches were prepared by employing water soluble carrier and sodium bicarbonate. The results obtained from the study revealed that the solubility of the drug can be increased up to 10 times than compared with the pure drug in various solvents i.e. phosphate buffer and distilled water. The compatibility study showed no interaction between drug and the excipient while the micromeretics property showed good flow property with good compressibility property. The percent yield of the dispersions prepared ranges between 79.20±0.28% - 89.38±0.25% while the drug release data showed a better rate of drug release than compared with the pure drug which ranges between 10.87% - 99.14%. The pure drug was having a drug release of less than 70% while the optimized batch F5 was having a drug release of more than 95% in the specific period of time. The XRD data showed that the drug’s crystalline structure was not hampered during the preparation while the SEM data revealed the surface shape of the pure drug which was tile shaped and the prepared dispersion was of flakes like formation. From the study it can be concluded that the methods employed in this study can be proven to be a excellent method for enhancing the solubility of the drug up to 10 folds.

4-Alkylsubstituted 3-aryl-cycl[3.2.2]azine-1,2-dicarboxylic acids and their sodium salts as novel π-extended blue-green fluorophores: synthesis, spectroscopy, log D7.4 distribution coefficients and cytotoxicity

The family of 3-arylcycl[3.2.2]azine-1,2-dicarboxylic acids has been extended with a series of 4-alkylsubstituted derivatives. The corresponding water-soluble sodium salts were synthesized as well. The obtained compounds are characterized by intense light absorption up to 450 nm (lgε 4–4.5), pronounced blue-green fluorescence in 430–550 nm region (ΦF 10–30 %), good cellular uptake with the values of experimentally determined log D7.4 distribution coefficients ranging from −0.5 to 1.3, and cytotoxicity in HeLa cells classified as weak to moderate (for most of the compounds, IC50 ≥ 100 μM) and being at levels typical of most fluorophores already widely used in molecular imaging. Moreover, a good correlation of cytotoxicity and log D7.4 values has been established implying that cytotoxicity tends to decrease with increasing hydrophilicity of the compounds. Finally, the compounds retain fluorescence after penetration into living cells, distributing discretely in the cytoplasm and perinuclear space, which characterizes them as promising blue-green fluorophores for biomedical applications.

Effect of kaolinite additive on water-soluble sodium release and particle matter formation during Zhundong coal combustion

Zhundong coal causes serious slagging problems and particle matter (PM) pollution due to its high sodium content. In this paper, sodium release and PM formation experiments were carried out in tube and laboratory dropper furnaces using three types of coal in Zhundong. The effects of kaolinite additives on sodium release and PM formation, as well as the mechanism of different types of sodium release and PM formation, were investigated. The results showed that compared with water-soluble sodium, most organic sodium was released after a series of complex complexation reactions, such that kaolinite exhibited a better adsorption effect on water-soluble sodium. Furthermore, the concentration of different types of Na in PM emitted differed as a result of different coals, which would lead to different collision frequencies between particles and kaolinite. The PM2.5 stemmed from the homogeneous condensation of volatile elements and the fragmentation of minerals in the combustion, while the PM10 originated from the coalescence of the fine fragments of fly ash. Moreover, the kaolinite additive intensified the heterogeneous condensation reaction with gaseous sodium to form larger particles, due to the reaction effect of kaolinite for water-soluble sodium of PM2.5 being stronger than organic sodium and the organic sodium of PM10 being stronger than water-soluble sodium.

Theoretical Investigation on the Selective Hydroxyl Radical–Induced Decolorization of Methylene-Blue-Dyed Polymer Films

On the basis of the decolorization caused by the reaction of active oxygen species (AOSs) with methylene blue (MB), our group recently developed colorimetric indicators for hydroxyl radical (OH radical) by embedding MB in polymer thin films made of water-soluble pullulan or sodium alginate. In the present work, to elucidate the reason for the selective decolorization induced by the OH radical compared with other AOSs, such as ozone (O3) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), density-functional-theory calculations were performed at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level for these AOSs and MB and its complexes with pullulan or sodium alginate model molecules. A frontier orbital analysis revealed that the π orbital of MB tends to delocalize on the whole molecule upon complexing with pullulan and sodium alginate, while the energy level is lower than the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital levels of O3 and H2O2 but higher than the singly occupied molecular orbital level of the OH radical. The results support the observation that only the OH radical, as the strongest oxidant, can react with MB in the polymer matrices. The selective decolorization of MB-dyed polymer films by the OH radical is due to not only the steric hindrance in the polymer matrix but also the perturbation of the π orbital of MB through the interaction with the polymer molecules.

Developing spectrotransfer functions (STFs) to predict basic physical and chemical properties of calcareous soils

Spectroscopy in visible (Vis) and near-infrared (NIR) provides a rapid, timely, non-destructive, low-preparation, and less expensive analysis of soil samples in comparison with traditional laboratory analysis. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to predict basic physical and chemical properties of calcareous soils using Vis-NIR spectral reflectance data by applying partial least square regression (PLSR) and stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) approaches and finally to develop spectrotransfer functions (STFs). The target soil properties including sand, silt, clay, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE), and water-soluble sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg), in 234 soil samples, and DTPA-extractable iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn), in 161 soil samples, were measured using standard laboratory procedures in calcareous soils of Fars province, Iran. The spectra of soil samples in Vis-NIR region (400–2500 nm) were collected using Rapid Content Analyzer spectrophotometer (NIRS XDS model) apparatus. Results revealed the better performance of developed PLSR models compared to STFs to predict most of the target soil properties; however, their capability differences were not significant. The STFs predicted sand, clay, and CCE with very good accuracy (0.78 ≤ determination coefficient of validation dataset, R2val ≤ 0.83); pH, K, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn with good accuracy (0.65 ≤ R2val ≤ 0.71); and silt, EC, Na, and Ca with acceptable accuracy (0.55 ≤ R2val ≤ 0.63). It is strongly recommended to use the related STFs for predicting sand, clay, CCE, pH, K, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn of calcareous soils in order to save time and costs, less use of chemicals, and mapping large areas.

P05.01.B Distribution of the staining agent sodium-fluorescein in cerebral neoplasia - a comparison between intraoperative confocal laser endomicroscopy and in vitro fluorescence microscopy

Abstract Background While conventional frozen sections and other ex vivo microscopy always come along with artefacts, in vivo confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) offers less invasive, less manipulated imaging of living tissues. Understanding the distribution of the staining agent sodium-fluorescein (NaFl) plays a key role in establishing in vivo CLE as a new opportunity for real-time transmitted, in vivo imaging. By comparing the distribution of NaFl in in vivo and ex vivo CLE to conventional fluorescence microscopy of NaFl incubated tumor cell cultures we gain a better understanding of the staining mechanism. Material and Methods Sodium-fluorescein is the water-soluble sodium salt of fluorescein and is used as a fluorescent tracer in neurosurgery. The staining agent was applied intravenously at the beginning of the surgical procedure. In vivo CLE of the lesion was performed 30 to 50 minutes later and compared to ex vivo CLE imaging and conventional fluorescence microscopy. In addition, different tumor cell lines derived from malignant gliomas and carcinomas, respectively, were incubated with NaFl in vitro and the uptake of the fluorescent dye was monitored over time. Results From initial results, the intraoperative images showed specific fluorescein distribution depending on the architecture of the tumor entity. In most cases, glial tumors demonstrated higher accumulation of the staining agent in the extracellular tumor matrix, whereas the cells of carcinoma metastases appeared to take up NaFl intracellularly. These results were corroborated by NaFl uptake in cell culture experiments. Compared to ex vivo CLE, in vivo imaging offered a faster assessment of the tissue, brighter images and higher staining levels. Due to movement artefacts and the narrow intraoperative imaging time frame, in vivo CLE images were sometimes impaired by lower image quality. Conclusion The specific distribution of the fluorescent agent NaFl allowed for a discrimination between the different neoplastic entities. Images from in vivo and ex vivo confocal laser endomicroscopy showed NaFl uptake in concordance with the results of NaFl incubated cell cultures. Intraoperative, in vivo confocal laser endomicroscopy shows promising first results in the understanding of brain tumor histomorphology in situ. Being faster and less manipulated by artefacts than ex vivo investigations, it opens up wider opportunities for research and intraoperative diagnostics.

Novel re-utilization of high-temperature catalytic gasification ash with sodium recovery, aluminum extraction, aragonite and mesoporous SiO2 synthesis

Catalytic gasification ash (CGA) is composed of Si, Al, Na and Ca elements, and the reutilization of CGA is important for the industrialization of catalytic gasification. The paper proposes a novel utilization of CGA with Si, Al, Ca and Na divided and utilization. The minerals transformation behaviors during catalytic gasification with Na2CO3 and Ca(OH)2 addition are investigated, and Al and Na are recovered by water leaching and hydrothermal leaching. The characteristics of synthesized aragonite fiber and mesoporous SiO2 are also studied. The results show that water-soluble NaAlO2 and sodium aluminum silicate with low Si/Al ratio generate during catalytic gasification with Na2CO3 and Ca(OH)2 addition. By water leaching, Al recovery can reach 80.2%, at the same time, 62.3% of Na can be recovered. Followed by hydrothermal process, 91.2% of Na in the residue of water leaching can be reclaimed. Meanwhile, the flower-like and cluster needling tobermorite can be synthesized. By CO2-pressured leaching, Ca and Si in the tobermorite are divided with Ca dissolved in the CO2-pressured liquid. Ca converts into aragonite fiber with high aspect ratio, and Si converts into fiber-shaped mesoporous SiO2 with high specific surface area. In a word, Si, Al, Ca and Na in CGA are divided and utilization during three processes: water leaching, hydrothermal leaching and CO2-pressured leaching.

Tailoring superhydrophilicity and photocatalysis of sputter deposited TiO2/WO3 thin films on super white glass by process and chemical composition optimization

Super white cover glass with durable self-cleaning ability is critical for solar panels to function properly. In this regard, an ultrahigh vacuum coater was used to deposit TiO2/WO3 nanocomposite thin films with WO3 molar fractions of 0.14, 0.32 and 0.88 onto super white glass using a pulsed-DC reactive sputter process. The purpose of this study is through processing controls (poisoned degree and film annealing) and adjustments of the film's chemical composition to tailor photocatalytic performance of the deposit films. Annealing could cause sodium to diffuse out from super white glass (Na = 2.9 wt%) into the films, reacting itself with WO3 to form water-soluble sodium tungstate (Na2WO4). Thus, through composition optimization and the films deposited at fully-poisoned modes and then adequately annealed, an anatase-dominated, mesoporous coating that yields the most active and durable superhydrophilicity and photocatalysis is fabricated, potentially for self-cleaning cover glass applications. The evidence for the mesoporous film to yield highly effective light-induced superhydrophilicity and anti-coking abilities is given, and the mechanism for it to yield the best photoactivity above the other films is clarified by atomic-scaled analyses of transmission electron microscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy.