Water-soluble Iodine Research Articles

Transient pulmonary and gastric bleeding after iopamidol administration in a patient with marginal zone lymphoma: a case report

BackgroundIopamidol is a non-ionic, water-soluble iodine contrast agent that is considered safe for intravenous or intra-arterial administration and is widely used both in the general population and in patients undergoing oncological treatment. While adverse reactions to iopamidol have been documented, to date, no pulmonary and gastric hemorrhages induced by iopamidol have been reported in oncology patients. We report the first case of this complication.Case presentationWe report the case of a 60-year-old woman with marginal zone lymphoma who was receiving antineoplastic therapy. As part of the investigation for the condition, she underwent chest enhancement CT with iopamidol. Shortly thereafter(within five minutes), she experienced hemoptysis and hematemesis. She was intubated and admitted to the intensive care unit. Pre- and post-contrast images demonstrated the course of the hemorrhage. Flexible bronchoscopy and gastroscopy on the following day showed no active bleeding, and the patient recovered completely after antiallergy treatment. We speculate that contrast-induced hypersensitivity was the most likely cause of the transient pulmonary and gastric bleeding.ConclusionAlthough rare, the complications of iopamidol, which may cause allergic reactions in the lungs and stomach, should be considered.

Rapid and selective removal of radioactive iodide ions from wastewater via bismuth-based metal-organic frameworks

As one of the main components of the nuclear wastewater discharged from Fukushima, the efficient and safe disposal of radioactive 129I- is very urgent. Here, the trapping ability of water-soluble iodine anions is studied through a metal-organic framework of bismuth (Bi-MOF, select CAU-17 as the representative). It is found that CAU-17 achieves efficient capture of I- ions through chemical and physical cooperative adsorption, with a maximum adsorption capacity of up to 268.9 mg g-1. In addition, the adsorbent also exhibits superior adsorption kinetics and selectivity for I- ions and works stably over a wide pH range of 2–12. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that most I- ions are immobilized by attacking the Bi3+ sites of the CAU-17 ternary channel to form BiOI compounds. Compared with silver-based adsorbent, the prepared Bi-based adsorbent CAU-17 is more economical and practical. In summary, this work demonstrates the promising application of Bi-MOFs for purifying industrial water-soluble radioactive iodide ions.

Thermosensitive nanocomposite hydrogel composed of PVPylated poly(D,L-alanine) and laponite as an injectable and bioactive biomaterial

Development of regenerative medicine requires multifunctional and bioactive materials/devices. Herein, we exploit a thermosensitive bioactive nanocomposite hydrogel composed of non-thermogelable poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone)-b-poly(D,L-alanine) (PVP-PA) and laponite nanoclay, which displays a sol–gel transition with warming. The incorporation of PVP-PA and laponite in water first triggers self-assembly driven by hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions to form nanocomposite assemblies, and then turns into a physical hydrogel upon heating due to the assembly aggregation plus the partial conformation transformation of PA and PVP segments. Meanwhile, the gelation behavior of the composite system can be easily modulated by simply changing the concentration of either component. The presence of bioactive laponite and the improvement of mechanical and physiological stability enable the nanocomposite hydrogel to remain intact in vivo for over 90 days and exhibit good biological activity, which not only facilitates cell infiltration and vascularization inside the gel but also achieves rapid hemostasis within 10 s in rat bleeding models. Finally, thanks to the efficient complexation between PVP and poorly water-soluble iodine, an injectable iodophor hydrogel is conveniently obtained. The long-lasting antibacterial activity induced by continuously released iodine makes the multifunctional bioactive nanocomposite system promising for rapid wound hemostasis and accelerated wound/tissue repair while preventing infection.

Feasibility study of direct CT lymphangiography in mice: comparison with interstitial CT/MR lymphangiography

ObjectivesTo establish a CT lymphangiography method in mice via direct lymph node puncture.MethodsWe injected healthy mice (n = 8) with 50 µl of water-soluble iodine contrast agent (iomeprol; iodine concentration, 350 mg/mL) subcutaneously into the left-rear foot pad (interstitial injection) and 20 µl of the same contrast agent directly into the popliteal lymph node (direct puncture) 2 days later. Additionally, we performed interstitial MR lymphangiography on eight mice as a control group. We calculated the contrast ratio for each lymph node and visually assessed the depiction of lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels on a three-point scale.ResultsThe contrast ratios of 2-min post-injection images of sacral and lumbar–aortic lymph nodes were 20.7 ± 16.6 (average ± standard deviation) and 17.1 ± 12.0 in the direct puncture group, which were significantly higher than those detected in the CT or MR interstitial lymphangiography groups (average, 1.8–3.6; p = 0.008–0.019). The visual assessment scores for sacral lymph nodes, lumbar–aortic lymph nodes, and cisterna chyli were significantly better in the direct puncture group than in the CT interstitial injection group (p = 0.036, 0.009 and 0.001, respectively). The lymphatic vessels between these structures were significantly better scored in direct puncture group than in the CT or MR interstitial lymphangiography groups at 2 min after injection (all p ≤ 0.05).ConclusionsIn CT lymphangiography in mice, the direct lymph node puncture provides a better delineation of the lymphatic pathways than the CT/MR interstitial injection method.Key Points•The contrast ratios of 2-min post-injection images in the direct CT lymphangiography group were significantly higher than those of CT/MR interstitial lymphangiography groups.•The visibility of lymphatic vessels in subjective analysis in the direct CT lymphangiography group was significantly better in the direct puncture group than in the CT/MR interstitial lymphangiography groups.•CT lymphangiography with direct lymph node puncture can provide excellent lymphatic delineation with contrast being maximum at 2 min after injection.

A new hydrological climatic proxy in arid lake sediments: Iodine‑uranium concentrations

Hydrological variation in the past ∼2 kyr is important for understanding the impact and driving forces of climate changes in the present and future, especially in arid areas. Sediment is one of the most useful archives in such a time period, and selection and validation of qualified hydrological proxies is the key point for reconstruction of hydrology in the past centuries. However, such research still faces a challenge due to limited knowledge of physiochemical implications of the traditional proxies in the specific lake, and difficulties to discriminate dry-wet from warm-cold signals. Here, a sediment core collected from Keluke Lake, Qaidam Basin, Northwest China was analyzed for iodine and uranium concentrations, to explore their potential as a new hydrological proxy in the arid regions for reconstructing the dry-wet changes during the past ∼2200 years. A significant correlation between iodine and uranium concentrations (r = 0.62, P < 0.01) was observed in the sediment core, and four peak events of synchronously varied iodine and uranium concentrations occurred in the studied sediment core. This indicates similar physiochemical behaviors of the two elements from the catchment to the sediments via lake water. During drier periods, as vegetation degradation and soil organic substance content decreased, water-soluble iodine and uranium were intensively leached, and fine particle associated iodine and uranium were seriously eroded from catchment soils. Meanwhile, the suspended matter concentrations and organic substance content in lake water increased as well, which facilitated more iodine and uranium to be deposited and recorded in the sediment as peak events. The four dry events coincide with the reported climatic changes in other lake sediments, ice core and aeolian sediments, and also correspond with the society evolution in this area, including the establishment of Tuyuhun Kingdom (313–663 CE), Tubo Empire (618–842 CE), Mongolian tribes (1495–1591 CE, and the Han population immigration driven by a severe drought disaster in 1876–1879.

Can gadolinium be used as an alternative to iodinated contrast for CT angiography during the current pandemic-related contrast shortage?

The Corona Virus (COVID-19) pandemic has brought profound disruptions to the health care systems globally. One of the serious consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic is a global scarcity of Iodinated Contrast Agents (ICA) due to the recent government-mandated lockdown in Shanghai, China. This halted the production of a water-soluble iodine contrast at a major General Electric factory (of the GE Healthcare subsidiary). Many elective diagnostic tests and procedures are being delayed because of this, which has a huge impact on patient health care. Initially, Gadolinium-based Computed tomography Angiography (GbCTA) was proved as a good alternative diagnostic test, especially in patients for whom MRI with gadolinium contrast is not feasible or CTA with iodinated contrast is contraindicated due to iodine-related issues. But due to the concerns of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and the cost of gadolinium, this alternative option did not become popular. Currently, the scarcity of iodinated contrast once again highlighted the need of using the gadolinium-based CTA. Advancements in CT technology, availability of new data on more stable gadolinium agents, and methods to reduce the contrast dose showed that Gb-CTA studies are possible.

Small dose of oral gastrografin for computed tomography-based image-guided brachytherapy in patients with uterine cervical cancer.

Oral administration of a water-soluble iodine contrast agent (gastrografin) was reported to assist in the appropriate contouring of the small intestine on computed tomography (CT)-based radiotherapy (RT) planning. The efficacy and optimal dose of gastrografin in CT-based image-guided brachytherapy (IGBT) for cervical cancer remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of pretreatment oral administration of gastrografin at a small dose of 50 ml in CT-based IGBT for cervical cancer. A total of 422 sessions in 137 patients who underwent CT-based IGBT with 50 ml of oral gastrografin (concentration, 3% or 4%) were analyzed. Preparation of gastrografin was judged as effective when the small intestine was contrast-enhanced at the area where the small intestine was in contact with the uterus/adnexa. About 287 out of 422 sessions (68%) were judged as effective with gastrografin preparation. The 135 ineffective sessions were considered as follows: (i) the contrast enhancement of the small intestine was not confirmed (n = 36), (ii) the small intestine was not in contact with the uterus/adnexa despite the confirmation of the contrast enhancement of the small intestine (n = 34), and (iii) gastrografin was absent in the small intestine at the area in contact with the uterus/adnexa, even when gastrografin was observed in the small intestine at the area not in contact with the uterus/adnexa (n = 65). In conclusion, pretreatment oral administration of a small dose gastrografin achieved moderate efficacy for accurate contouring of the small intestine close to the uterus/adnexa in CT-based IGBT for cervical cancer.

Dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography lymphangiography with intranodal injection of water-soluble iodine contrast media in microminipig: imaging protocol and feasibility.

To evaluate the optimal imaging protocol and the feasibility of intranodal dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography lymphangiography (DCCTL) in microminipigs. The Committee for Animal Research and Welfare provided university approval. Five female microminipigs underwent DCCTL after inguinal lymph node injection of 0.1mL/kg of iodine contrast media at a rate of 0.3mL/min with three different iodine concentrations: group 1, 75mgI/mL; group 2, 150mgI/mL; and group 3, 300mgI/mL. The CT values of the venous angle, thoracic duct (TD), cisterna chyli, iliac lymphatic duct, and iliac lymph node were measured; increases in CT values pre- to post-contrast were assessed as the contrast-enhanced index (CEI). Multi-detector row CT (MDCT) and volume rendering images showing the highest CEI were qualitatively evaluated. The CEI of all lymphatics peaked at 5-10min. The mean CEI of TD at 10min of group 2 (193.0 HU) and group 3 (201.5 HU) were significantly higher than that of group 1 (70.7 HU) (p = 0.024). The continuity and overall diagnostic acceptability of all lymphatic system components were better in group 3 (3.6 and 3.0, respectively) than group 1 (2.6 and 1.6) and group 2 (3.0 and 2.6) (p = 0.249 and 0.204). The optimal imaging protocol for intranodal DCCTL could be dual-phase imaging at 5 and 10min after the injection of 300mgI/mL iodinated contrast media. DCCTL provided good images of lymphatics and is potentially feasible in clinical settings. • Dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography lymphangiography with intranodal injection of water-soluble iodine contrast media showed the highest enhancement of all lymphatics at scan delays of 5 and 10min. • The optimal iodine concentration for intranodal dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography lymphangiography might be 300mgI/mL. • Intranodal dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography lymphangiography provided good images of all the lymphatic system components and is potentially feasible in clinical settings.

Scanning electron microscopy observations of rice cooked with nonionic water-soluble iodine for videofluoroscopic swallowing study

Scanning electron microscopy observations of rice cooked with nonionic water-soluble iodine for videofluoroscopic swallowing study

Speciation of &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;127&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;I and &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;129&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;I in atmospheric aerosols at Risø, Denmark: insight into sources of iodine isotopes and their species transformations

Abstract. Speciation analysis of iodine in aerosols is a very useful approach for understanding geochemical cycling of iodine in the atmosphere. In this study, overall iodine species, including water-soluble iodine species (iodide, iodate and water-soluble organic iodine), NaOH-soluble iodine, and insoluble iodine have been determined for 129I and 127I in the aerosols collected at Risø, Denmark, during March and May 2011 (shortly after the Fukushima nuclear accident) and in December 2014. The measured concentrations of total iodine are in the range of 1.04–2.48 ng m−3 for 127I and (11.3–97.0) × 105 atoms m−3 for 129I, corresponding to 129I ∕ 127I atomic ratios of (17.8–86.8) × 10−8. The contribution of Fukushima-derived 129I (peak value of 6.3 × 104 atoms m−3) is estimated to be negligible (less than 6 %) compared to the total 129I concentration in northern Europe. The concentrations and species of 129I and 127I in the aerosols are found to be strongly related to their sources and atmospheric pathways. Aerosols that were transported over the contaminated seas contained higher concentrations of 129I than aerosols transported over the European continent. The high 129I concentrations of the marine aerosols are attributed to secondary emission of marine discharged 129I in the contaminated seawater in the North Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, English Channel, Kattegat, etc., rather than direct gaseous release from the European nuclear reprocessing plants (NRPs). Water-soluble iodine was found to be a minor fraction to the total iodine for both 127I (7.8–13.7 %) and 129I (6.5–14.1 %) in ocean-derived aerosols, but accounted for 20.2–30.3 % for 127I and 25.6–29.5 % for 129I in land-derived aerosols. Iodide was the predominant form of water-soluble iodine, accounting for more than 97 % of the water-soluble iodine. NaOH-soluble iodine seems to be independent of the sources of aerosols. The significant proportion of 129I and 127I found in NaOH-soluble fractions is likely bound with organic substances. In contrast to water-soluble iodine, the sources of air masses exerted distinct influences on insoluble iodine for both 129I and 127I, with higher values for marine air masses and lower values for terrestrial air masses.

Liposomes Coloaded with Iopamidol/Lipiodol as a RES-Targeted Contrast Agent for Computed Tomography Imaging

The need for computed tomography (CT) of reticuloendothelial system (RES)-rich organs such as the liver is increasing, particularly in patients with suspected hepatic metastasis. CT images of the liver have been improved by encapsulating currently used, water-soluble iodine contrast agent in liposomes. The present study was performed to investigate a possibility to overcome the limitations of entrapped iodine in liposomes by preparing liposomes co-loaded with iopamidol, a water-soluble iodinated compound, and lipiodol, an iodized oil. Iopamidol and lipiodol were simultaneously loaded in liposomes by modified reverse-phase evaporation method. The entrapped iodine concentration, mean particle size and polydispersity index of resulting liposomes were evaluated. Following intravenous injection of these liposomes into rats, CT scanning was performed. Simultaneous loading of iopamidol and lipiodol into liposomes resulted in entrapped iodine concentrations as high as 49.2 iodine mg/ml. The mean particle size was 280 nm, and the mean polydispersity index was 0.230. CT scanning with these iopamidol/lipiodol (I/L) liposomes into rats resulted in more pronounced and more persistent increases in RES-rich organs, liver and spleen, compared with free liposomes or liposomes loaded with iopamidol alone. These findings indicate that I/L liposomes have the potential to allow thorough CT examination of RES-rich organs.

Iodine speciation in marine aerosols along a 15000-km round-trip cruise path from Shanghai, China, to the Arctic Ocean

Environmental context.Iodine in the atmosphere plays an important role in troposphere ozone destruction and climate change. However, cycling of atmospheric iodine is still poorly understood because of uncertainties in iodine speciation in aerosols. Here we report iodine levels and speciation in marine aerosols collected along a cruise path from Shanghai to the Arctic Ocean. Abstract.Total iodine (TI) and water-soluble iodine species in the total suspended particle samples collected onboard a round-trip cruise from Shanghai, China to the Arctic Ocean were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and ion chromatography–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry respectively. TI and total soluble iodine (TSI) levels varied considerably both spatially and temporally over the length of the voyage. The maximum iodine levels occurred in the Arctic Ocean in September, whereas the minimum levels occurred in the Western and Northern Pacific Ocean in July. Iodate (IO3 –) was found to be the dominant species in most samples, accounting for 57.8% of TSI on average, whereas iodide and soluble organic iodine only accounted for 16.8% of TSI on average. There was also a significant fraction of insoluble iodine. This finding confirms model predictions of atmospheric iodine speciation, i.e. the predominant iodine species is iodate rather than iodide.

Iodine speciation in marine aerosols along a 30,000 km round‐trip cruise path from Shanghai, China to Prydz Bay, Antarctica

Total suspended particle (TSP) samples were collected onboard a round‐trip cruise from Shanghai, China to Prydz Bay, Antarctica from November 2005 to March 2006. Water soluble iodine species were measured using ion chromatography coupled to Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Mass Spectrometry (IC‐ICP‐MS). The results reveal that soluble organic iodine (SOI) is the most abundant fraction, accounting for approximately 70 % of total soluble iodine (TSI) on average. One unidentified organic iodine (UOI) signal was present in almost all of the samples and was responsible for up to 38.3% of TSI. The abundance of inorganic iodine species, iodate and iodide, was less than 30% of TSI. Iodide was significantly correlated with SOI suggesting a link between iodide formation and SOI decomposition. TSI levels varied considerably over the length of the voyage. In the coastal Antarctic enhanced level of TSI were found to be correlated with the air mass transport from the ice front sector.

Determination of chemical species of iodine in some seaweeds (I)

The chemical species of iodine in seven marine algae Codium fragile, Ulva pertusa, Monostroma nitidum, Gracilaria confervoides, Sargassum Kjellmanianum, Dictyopteris divaricata and Laminaria japonica were studied using neutron activation analysis combined with chemical separation. The contents of total iodine, water-soluble iodine, soluble organic iodine, I − and IO 3 − were determined. The results indicate that the chemical species and contents of iodine in various algae are remarkably different. The highest iodine content of 734 mg/kg (wet basis) was found in Laminaria japonica, with 99.2% of the total iodine being water soluble. The iodine contents of the other six algae are lower and soluble iodine makes up 16–41% of the total. In the aqueous leachate, iodine is mainly I −, which amounts to 61–93% of total water-soluble iodine; the percentages of organic iodine making up 5.5–37.4%, while the contents of IO 3 − are the lowest, 1.4–4.5%. This result suggests that the mechanism of iodine enrichment is different for various algae and that its bioavailability varies as well.

Determination of total and water soluble iodine in soil by high performance liquid chromatography

Abstract A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of the amount of iodine was developed and applied to soils. After alkali fusion of a soil sample, the iodine in the form of iodide isolated from coexisting ions was separated on a C18-bonded phase column with acetonitrile-water containing tetrabutylammonium ion as a mobile phase, and the amount of iodine was determined spectrophotometrically at 230 nm. By this method, it was possible to determine the total amount of iodine reaching more than about 1 mg kg−1 in soils. In addition, a method for quantitative speciation of water soluble iodine in soil was also studied by using the HPLC method proposed. Iodine in the water extract of soils was divided into iodide (I¯), iodate (IO3 −), and organically-bound iodine, and the predominant chemical form of iodine in the extract was iodide ion.

Normal venographic appearance of the pelvic limb in the dog.

The normal venographic appearance of the pelvic limb of the dog was determined by using a technique adapted from that used in man. A water soluble iodine contrast medium (1.5 ml/kg) was infused slowly through a catheter placed in one of the dorsal interdigital veins. For three minutes before, and during the infusion, the dog was maintained at 60 degrees to the horizontal and radiographs were taken at the end of the infusion. The technique produced good images of the venous system in the pelvic limb.

Dynamics of iodine, bromine, and chlorine in soil

Abstract Chemical forms of iodine in soil solutions under non-flooded oxidizing and flooded reducing soil conditions were quantitatively analyzed. The results showed that IO3¯ (oxidation number +5) was the dominant chemical form under non-flooded soil condition (85.8% of water soluble iodine), although most of the iodine was combined with the soil in an insoluble form. In contrast, under the flooded soil condition, a considerable portion of the insoluble iodine combined with the soils was transformed to water soluble iodine, where the concentration of soluble iodine became much higher than that under non-flooded soil condition, and I¯ (oxidation number −1) was the dominant chemical form (86.8% of water soluble iodine), followed by IO3¯ (11.9%). It was assumed that the redox potential was an important factor affecting the concentration of soluble iodine or the ratio of I¯ to IO3¯ in the soil solution.

Contrast media safety; What do we know and how do we know it?

Use of an intravenous injection of a water-soluble iodine compound (sodium iodide) for visualizing the urinary tract was first described by Osborne in 1923. However, sodium iodide was accompanied by a high incidence of side effects and the image quality was not good. As newer, improved contrast agents were introduced, a number of investigators reported on the incidence of death and side effects incurred by their use. In 1975, the first large-scale, multicenter, prospective study on the incidence of fatal and nonfatal reactions was reported by Shehadi. In this series, the overall incidence of adverse reactions was 5.65%, of which 3.77% were mild, 1.77% were moderate, 0.02% were severe, and 0.0007% were fatal. Shehadi also noted that a history of allergy doubled the risk of adverse reaction and a history of a previous adverse reaction to contrast material trebled the risk; also, the risk of a reaction to an intraarterial injection was half that of the risk associated with an intravenous injection. With the introduction of low osmolar nonionic agents, other large-scale studies were performed because these agents appeared to cause significantly fewer adverse reactions. However, they were from 10 to 15 times more expensive than their predecessors. In 1987, Lasser reported on the increased safety of ionic agents when patients were pretreated with steroids. Palmer in Australia and Katayama in Japan collected 120,000 and 335,000 patients, respectively, and compared the incidence of adverse reactions of the ionic versus the nonionic agents. Wolf recently reported a study that included a direct comparison of ionic agents with pretreatment with steroids versus nonionic agents. The Katayama study is the most powerful statistically, and this, supported by both Wolf's study and Palmer's study, indicates that the single most important risk factor is the type of contrast agent used, with a nonionic agent having between 14 and 17% of the incidence of adverse reactions, and between 4 and 17% of the incidence of severe adverse reactions. These studies have resolved the issue of safety of the ionic agents versus the nonionic agents. The safety of ionic agents with steroid pretreatment remains to be established. Choice of a contrast agent now rests on considerations of cost, ethics and liability.

Neurography using the intramuscular injection of ionic iodine contrast media

Our report presents a new method of neurography. Sciatic nerve and lumbosacral plexuses in frogs have been visualized after the intramuscular injection of water and lipid soluble ionic iodine contrast media (Telebrix 300, Potassium Iodide 30% and Lipiodol Ultra Fluid). The ascendant flow of the iodine ions (anions) has been achieved by establishing the electrical potential difference between the injection site and the proximal part of the sciatic nerve and lumbosacral plexus. The application of DC current ensued immediately after the injection. Several minutes later the proximal segments of tibial and peroneal common nerves, as well as the sciatic nerve in its full length, have been visualized on X-Ray film. Lumbosacral plexuses became radioopaque after 20 plus minutes.

Iatrogenic, unexpected and other vascular rings in children.

Between May 1955 and July 1987, 33 children with a vascular ring compression syndrome were treated at this institution. There were 4 iatrogenic, 2 unexpectedly found and 27 symptomatic congenital vascular rings. Accurate diagnosis is based on a water soluble iodine contrast dye oesophagogram, bronchoscopy and angiography which are complementary examinations. All symptomatic congenital vascular rings were treated successfully without mortality, but the mortality was 50% if the lesion was iatrogenic in origin or unexpectedly found during palliative or corrective cardiac surgery.