Water-soluble Fertilizer Research Articles

Effects of Different Soil Moisture-Holding Strategies on Growth Characteristics, Yield and Quality of Winter-Seeded Spring Wheat

Drought during the overwintering period threatens the emergence rate and restricts the yield under the “winter-seeded spring wheat” cultivated model in the Hetao Plain Irrigation District in Inner Mongolia. To address this issue, from 2017 to 2019, six treatments were set up in the field to study the emergence rate, growth attributes, grain quality, yield and its percentage of winter-seeded spring wheat. These treatments were the (1) application of water-retaining agents under winter sowing (WRA), (2) soil amendments under winter sowing (SA) and wheat seed presoaking with amino acid water-soluble fertilizer under winter sowing (SP), (3) straw mulching under winter sowing (SM), (4) film-mulching hole sowing under winter sowing (FMHS), (5) blank control under winter sowing (CKW) and (6) conventional blank control under spring sowing (CKS). The results showed that the emergence rate of winter-seeded treatment was lower than CKS treatment, the emergence of WRA, SA, SM, and FMHS treatment increased by 5.4%, 2.3%, 6.5% and 10.8% compared with CKW treatment, respectively. The winter-seeded treatment is earlier than CKS treatment in the growth process, in which FMHS treatment is between 12 d and 16 d earlier in the emergence period, between 13 d and 15 d earlier in the maturation period, between 8 d and 12 d earlier than the CKW treatment in the emergence period, and between 8 d and 10 d earlier in the maturity period. Compared with CKW treatment, WRA, SA, SM, FMHS and CKS treatments increased yield by 13.49%, 11.42%, 14.75%, 21.61% and 28.15%, respectively. FMHS treatment significantly reduced the total water consumption and significantly improved water use efficiency. The protein content, wet gluten content, sedimentation value, dough ductility and maximum resistance in CKS treatment were significantly lower than other winter sowing treatments. The protein percentage and wet gluten percentage in FMHS treatment were the highest, and the difference with CKW treatment was significant. In summary, film-mulching hole sowing in winter improves soil water and the emergence rate, significantly accelerates the growth process of wheat, increases yield and promotes grain quality.

Optimization of microwave-assisted synthesis process for water-soluble ammonium polyphosphate from urea phosphate and urea

Abstract Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) is rich in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), which is a raw material for the high-efficiency water-soluble fertilizer production. In this work, the water-soluble APP was directly synthesized using commercial grade-urea phosphate and urea in a microwave reactor. The effects of the molar ratio of urea to phosphate urea (UP), microwave power and reaction time on the quality of APP were also studied. Single-factor experiments indicate that with the optimal conditions: the molar ratio of 0.4, the microwave power of 720 W, and the reaction time of 9 min, the average polymerization degree of APP was 18.91, and the solubility was 6.31 g/100 g H2O. Orthogonal experiment indicates that the order of significant factors for APP production is molar ratio > reaction time > microwave power. Based on the results of the range analysis and analysis of variance, the optimized conditions were found at the molar ratio of 0.6, the microwave power of 720 W, and the reaction time of 9 min, the average polymerization degree of the APP was 21.7 and the solubility was 6.03 g/100 g H2O at 25 °C. The TGA analysis showed that the synthesized APP had a good thermal stability. Its XRD spectrum was the same as the crystalline form I.

The influence of adaptive technology for growing table carrots in the Volga-Don in-terfluve

The presented article analyzes the results of research in the field of application of a new type of water-soluble fertilizers, in order not only to improve the technology of growing table carrots, but also to offer a new way to improve plant nutrition and prevent soil contamination due to the use of mineral fertilizers, which include 50 percent or more of slags. A comparative analysis of the influence of traditional mineral fertilizers, water-soluble fertilizers and natural soil fertility, allowing one to obtain planned yields, while respecting the rational use of energy and material resources, is carried out. Based on the materials of the experiments, it can be recommended for producers of the Lower Volga on drip irrigation of chestnut soils to cultivate a hybrid Red Core against the background of the planned doses of mineral fertilizers N330R160K630 and maintaining a differentiated moisture regime of 70-80-70% of minimum water capacity. In the production of table carrots, the highest yield was shown by the promising hybrid Red Core, which, in the variant without fertilization, formed a yield of 70-70-70% of minimum water capacity81.57 t/ha in the humidification mode, 92.72 t/ha in the 70-80-70% of minimum water capacity mode. The introduction of mineral fertilizers under the planned yield level of 110 t/ha (N330P160K630) allowed to increase the yield on a constant humidification mode to 132.87 t / ha, and on a differentiated humidification mode to 140.53 t / ha. A further increase in the doses of fertilizers applied for all the studied options did not give a reliable increase.

Methylcellulose/lignin biocomposite as an eco-friendly and multifunctional coating material for slow-release fertilizers: Effect on nutrients management and wheat growth

To obviate adverse effects from the non-biodegradability of certain polymer-based slow-release fertilizers (SRFs) and to offset higher operational costs, the use of biopolymers as coating material has recently caught interest in the research circles. The present work aims to design a sustainable coating material based on biodegradable polymers. To this end, Alfa plant was initially exploited as a viable sustainable source for the extraction of lignin (LGe), which was in turn integrated into the development of a three-dimensional cross-linked network, including methylcellulose (MC) as a matrix and citric acid (CA) as a cross-linking agent. Then, the designed coating material was applied onto Di-ammonium Phosphate (DAP) and Triple Superphosphate (TSP) water-soluble fertilizers in a rotating pan machine. Chemical, physical, and biodegradation studies have confirmed that the coating material is environmentally-friendly. Nutrients release experiments in water as well as in soil environments have proved the effectiveness of the MC and MC/LGe coating layers in delaying the nutrients discharge. Besides, the nutrients release from coated DAP and TSP lasted longer than 30 days. Furthermore, the coating film enhanced the fertilizers mechanical resistance and boosted the soil water retention capacity. The agronomic evaluation has also confirmed their remarkable potential in enhancing wheat leaf area, chlorophyll content and biomass, in addition to the roots architecture and the final fruiting efficiency. These results showed that this hybrid composite could be used as an efficient coating material to produce slow-release fertilizers with multifunctional performances.

Yield Potentiality and Economic Profitability as Influenced by Conjoint Application of Spent Mushroom Compost, Biofertilizers and Mono Potassium Phosphate (MKP) in Marigold

The present investigation was carried out under open field conditions during the year 2018-19 to ascertain the influence of spent mushroom compost, biofertilizers and foliar application of water soluble fertilizer, Mono Potassium Phosphate (MKP) on flower yield and economics of French marigold ‘Local’. The results revealed that the overall cost of cultivation as well as the economics of marigold flower production was significantly influenced by various Integrated nutrient management (INM) schedules. French marigold ‘Local’ plants supplied with 75% RDF + Spent mushroom compost (1 kg/m2) + Biofertilizers + 1% foliar spray of MKP (00:52:34) produced maximum yield of saleable flowers (25000 Kg/ha) followed by 75% RDF + Biofertilizers + 1% foliar spray of MKP (23000 Kg/ha) which was significantly superior over the 100% RDF recording 20000 Kg/ha flower yield. Both the above mentioned treatments also recorded maximum net returns of Rs.339171.60/ha. The highest benefit : cost (B: C) ratio of 2.81 was recorded with the treatment 75% RDF + Biofertilizers + 1% foliar spray of MKP.

Immobilization of trace elements and lettuce growth in soil amended with activated dolomite phosphate rock fertilizers

Activation of low-grade phosphate rocks such as dolomite phosphate rock (DPR) with organic molecules of humic acid (HA) and sodium lignosulfonate (SLS) holds promise for developing slow release P fertilizers. Consequently, activated DPR fertilizers also contains multiple essential plant elements, including P, Ca, Mg, Zn, and Fe, while minimizing leaching losses of nutrients and heavy metals. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to examine the availability of Ca, Mg, and trace metals in soils applied with activated DPR fertilizers and subsequent response of lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L.) as compared with original DPR and water-soluble P fertilizers including superphosphates (SP) and diammonium phosphates (DAP). Application of activated DPR fertilizers stimulated the uptake of Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, B by lettuce plants relative to original DPR and DAP. Potential toxic elements such as Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb, and Cu were mostly immobilized in soil without uptake by lettuce when applied with activated DPRs primarily due to increased soil pH, as compared with water soluble fertilizers such as DAP and SPs. Apparently, the activated DPR fertilizers offer advantages over original DPR materials and water-soluble P fertilizers in providing multiple nutrients with minimal adverse effects on soil and environmental quality.

Polymethyl methacrylate-g-carboxy-methylcellulose as an amphiphilic coating material for slow-release fertilizer

In the perspective of preparing coating material of water-soluble fertilizer with controlled and slow-release property, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was grafted from carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) through in-situ polymerization using potassium persulfate (KPS) as initiator. The prepared copolymers (PMMA-g-CMC) were fully characterized using Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mechanical tensile testing. The molecular weight (Mn) was also evaluated using the size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Next, conventional water-soluble diammonium phosphate (DAP) fertilizer was coated by the prepared copolymers using laboratory rotary drum. The coating effectiveness was evaluated in terms of its uniformity and thickness. The successfully coated nanomaterials significantly delay the release rate of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in water and soil, compared to their release using uncoated fertilizers. Finally, aerobic biodegradation of the coating agent was also demonstrated.

The Positive Effects of Humic/Fulvic Acid Fertilizers on the Quality of Lemon Fruits

Humic acid (HA) is a kind of organic substance that has shown good effects in regard to promoting crop growth. In the current study, the influences of three kinds of fertilizers mainly containing humic/fulvic acids, including water-soluble fertilizer containing humic acid (WHA), fulvic acid potassium (FAP), and fulvic acid distillate (FAD), on the qualities of ‘Eureka’ lemon fruits were investigated systematically at their different harvest times. As demonstrated by the results, the indexes used to assess the quality of lemon fruit showed that all lemons treated with those three humic/fulvic acid fertilizers at different harvest times improved in quality. Notably, the single fruit weight, edible rate, and juice yield of lemon fruit in the WHA- and FAP-treated groups, as well as the contents of vitamin C, total acid, total sugar, and total soluble solid, were higher than those in the blank control (CK) group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the contents of total flavonoids and phenols in the peels, pulps, and seeds of lemons in humic/fulvic acid fertilizer–treated groups were all higher than those in the CK group at the three harvest times (p < 0.05). This result indicated that humic/fulvic acid fertilizers produced positive effects on the quality of lemon fruits and could be used in lemon planting to improve the quality and added value of lemons.

Efficiency of the main application of fertilizers and top dressing of tomato under drip irrigation on ordinary chernozems of the Rostov region

Relevance. In modern vegetable growing in the southern and central regions of Russia, new scientific developments are widely used, including the use of new varieties and hybrids, a drip irrigation system, fertigation with soluble fertilizers with microelements. All these agricultural practices make it possible to increase the yield of vegetable crops by several times, as well as to significantly increase the efficiency of applied fertilizers. The purpose of our work was to establish the effectiveness of the use of calculated doses of mineral fertilizers for tomato with the main application and top dressing under drip irrigation.Methodology. Research in 2019-2021 on ordinary heavy loamy chernozem of the experimental field of the Birutchecutskaya Vegetable Experimental Station – branch of FSBSI Federal Scientific Vegetable Center (Rostov Region, Novocherkassk) with a new variety of tomato Krasny banker.Results. It was revealed that without fertilization, the yield of tomatoes was at the level of 32-35 t/ha; the use of the recommended dose of N120P120K120 in the main application increased the yield to 64- 72 t/ha; the use of the estimated dose of mineral fertilizers (for a yield of 100 t/ha) increased the yield of tomatoes to 95 t/ha. The use of three-fold root feeding of plants with drip irrigation increased the yield by 21%, and with foliar feeding – by 2-8%. As a root top dressing for drip irrigation, a solution of microcrystalline water-soluble fertilizer "Master" with a different ratio of nutrients was used, and for foliar top dressing, an organomineral nanofertilizer with growth-stimulating activity "Arksoil KKR" was used. In general, a set of agrochemical practices made it possible to increase the tomato yield under drip irrigation from 33.7 to 102.8 t/ha, more than 3 times, without reducing the dry matter content in fruits and without nitrate contamination of products.

Effect of Different Concentration of Water Soluble Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Quality Attributes of Cherry Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiformae) cv. Pusa Cherry Tomato-1 In Grow Bags under Polyhouse Condition

An experiment was carried out in naturally ventilated polyhouse where the seedlings were transplanted in grow bags in Department of Horticulture, SHUATS, Prayagraj (U.P.) during year 2020–2021 to find out the effect of water-soluble fertilizer on growth, yield and fruit quality parameters and to estimate the economics of various treatment of water-soluble fertilizer in cherry tomato. The experiment consisted of nine different treatments combination which was laid out in a completely randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The result of present investigation revealed that among distinct treatments, the treatment T4 NPK (20:20:20)15% outstands in all the aspects recorded. The highest plant height was (108.92 cm at 90 DAT) with maximum stem girth (10.41 cm). The maximum fruit weight was found to be (9.08 g). The maximum net return of Rs 103470.8 and the maximum Cost: Benefit (C:B) ratio was recorded to be 4.18, this might be due to the more yield, average fruit weight and fruit size.

Biostimulants combined with water soluble fertilizer had little effect on transplant growth and pepper yield grown under greenhouse conditions

ABSTRACT Information on benefits of commercial biostimulants is needed due to the lack of unbiased claims and increased interest and use of commercial biostimulants by growers. This study assessed growth, yield, and quality of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), ‘Ace,’ grown using the commercial biostimulants (Bioyield®, Environoc 401®, MA Endomaxx®, Rootshield Plus + WP ®, Select®, and Spectrum+Myco®) and 2 concentrations of N fertilization. Transplant size was not improved by biostimulant treatment. At harvest, Environoc 401® and Select® caused production of more fruit with 50% or more color. Bioyield® reduced dry weight by ~25% with no reduction to yield. Microbial-based biostimulants inconsistently improved growth and quality of ‘Ace’ bell pepper under a greenhouse and commercial fertilizer program. Commercial biostimulants may prove their value with more applications prior to fruit set or in the field, where other yield limiting factors come into play.

Evolution of Liquid Multinutrient Fertilizer for Hybrid Cotton

A field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of drip fertigation and foliar nutrition of liquid multi nutrient on growth, yield and quality parameters of hybrid cotton. Liquid fertilizer was formulated using micronutrient (Zn, Fe, Mn, B, Mo, Cu), Mg and S to meet the nutrient requirement of hybrid cotton. Field experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications and seven treatments. Drip fertigation was applied with 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) through water soluble fertilizer and Liquid Multinutrient (LMN). Treatment that received 100% RDF + LMN fertigation and foliar nutrition of LMN recorded the highest growth parameters (plant height, Leaf Area Index and dry matter production), yield parameters like number of sympodial branches/plant, number of bolls/plant, boll weight, seed cotton yield and quality parameters like staple length and ginning out turn per cent and in addition to that foliar nutrition of LMN containing Mg alleviated the Mg deficiency to the tune of 52% which in turn increases the above parameters. Fertigation and foliar nutrition of LMN enhanced the nutrient uptake of hybrid cotton that would economize the cost of fertilizer input.

ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ПОЗАКОРЕНЕВОГО ПІДЖИВЛЕННЯ ТА ЗАХИСТУ КУКУРУДЗИ У ЗАХІДНОМУ РЕГІОНІ УКРАЇНИ

The purpose of research is improving the technology of growing corn for grain in the farms of Western Ukraine in the direction of optimizing fertilizer system and crop protection. Research methods: hypothesis, experiment, field observation, laboratory, visual and comparative calculation method. Research results. Research conducted in the conditions of the West of Ukraine. The experimental field was characterized by sod-podzolic light loam soils. During the studies, the effectiveness of foliar fertilization with water-soluble fertilizer Rosasol 18-18-18 + IU (3 kg/ha) and plant protection systems (spraying with insecticide August Borei Neo and fungicide Amistar Extra 280 SC) was determined. The experiments studied hybrids Ajax (FAO 210), Scanner (FAO 250), Exsklam (FAO 270) and Pioneer (FAO 300). For research, 12 sites with different foliar feeding schemes and plant protection systems were established. Mulching tillage was carried out at all sites. Urea (200 kg/ha) and magnesium sulfate (150 kg/ha) were applied for pre-sowing tillage. Sowing was performed with a Väderstad Tempo 8 seeder, which simultaneously with the sowing of seeds carried out intra-soil application of polyphos fertilizer (150 kg/ha). Seed sowing rate 15 kg/ha. To protect plants from weeds, crops were sprayed with Task Extra seed herbicide (0.44 l/ha). According to the results of research, it was found that foliar fertilization with Rosasol 18-18-18 + ME fertilizer contributed to the increase in corn grain yield by 0.78-1.65 t/ha. The highest yield was observed in the hybrid Pioneer (FAO 300), which was 11.68 t/ha (yield increase of 16.0 %), and the lowest in the hybrid Ajax (FAO 210) - 8.20 t/ha (yield increase of 18.0 %). Foliar fertilization and protection of plants from pests and diseases with the use of drugs Rosasol 18-18-18 + ME (3 kg/ha) + insecticide August Borei Neo (0.7 l/ha) + fungicide Amistar Extra 280 SC (0.7 l/ha) allows to obtain an increase in corn grain yield in the range from 2.02 to 2.19 t/ha or by 20.3-29.1 % depending on the hybrid compared to the control. The highest grain productivity of 12.52 t / ha and yield increase compared to the control of 2.19 t/ha was obtained in the hybrid Pioneer (FAO 300). Conclusions. The introduction of a system of plant protection against pests and diseases against the background of foliar fertilization provides an increase in grain yield by 0.84-1.34 t/ha (7.2-12.1 %) compared to options that provide only foliar fertilization. Foliar feeding and plant protection measures increase the grain productivity of corn. The economic effect from the introduction of foliar fertilization during the growing season varied from 4626 to 8730 UAH/ha, and from - fertilization and protection systems – from 11054 to 14844 UAH/ha. Key words: research, corn, water-soluble fertilizer, insecticide, fungicide, foliar fertilization, plant protection system, yield, efficiency.

Impact of fertigation in capsicum (Capsicum annuum) on socio economic status of marginal farmers of Chamba, Himachal Pradesh

Vegetables have been the backbone of agricultural economy of India. The productivity of most of vegetables in Chamba district is low due to non-adoption of improved package of practices. Therefore, efforts have been made through front line demonstrations (FLDs) to demonstrate improved production technologies to increase productivity. FLDs on fertigation with water soluble fertilizers in capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.) were conducted at different locations in Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh during 2018 and 2019. The results of demonstrations showed that farmers could increase the capsicum productivity by switching over to adoption of improved production technology. Most of the farmers who tried it were convinced with fruit yield, quality and colour. During the year 2018, average high yield obtained in demonstration was 675 q/ha with 29.81% increase over check (520 q/ha). During second yearalso demonstration yield was higher (806 q/ha) with 46.54% increase over check (550 q/ha). The benefit:cost ratiowas also high in demonstration (8.0 and 9.4) and low in check (6.8 and 4.8). The adoption of fertigation technologyin farmers’ field greatly affected the economy of the farmers of the district. Technological and extension gaps existin the district which can be bridged by popularizing package of practices and location specific integrated approaches

Nutrient management in potted Syngoniums using water soluble fertilizers and biofertilizers: effects on growth and soil fertility

The global ornamental plant market has been providing economic stability to nations for decades. To achieve enhanced productivity of ornamental plants, it is necessary to develop effective nutrient management techniques. A 2-year study was conducted to develop efficient nutrient management protocols for Syngonium ( Syngonium podophyllum Schott.), a high-value, commercial-potential plant. The experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with 11 nutrient management treatments, comprising different doses of water soluble fertilizer (WSF) alone or in combination with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) or phosphorus solubilizing biofertilizer (PSB), and these treatments were compared with commercial fertilizer as well as control. The results revealed that the integrated use of WSF with its higher dose (4 g kg−1soil) and PSB (200 mg kg−1soil) application significantly improved the plant height and the plant spread by 10.4%–25.2% and 5.7%–12.6%, respectively. Furthermore, the soil fertility and nutrient concentration in the leaves were also observed to be significantly improved due to the combined application of WSF and PSB. Likewise, the maximum leaf fresh (257.5 g) and dry weight (36.1 g) were recorded in treatment with WSF 4 g + PSB. However, WSF in conjunction with AMF resulted in the highest root fresh and dry weight over other nutrient combinations. In conclusion, it was found that for better foliage and root growth of Syngonium with improved soil fertility and plant nutrient content, integrated application of WSF with either PSB and (or) AMF is suitable.

Differences in Microbial Communities Stimulated by Malic Acid Have the Potential to Improve Nutrient Absorption and Fruit Quality of Grapes.

Malic acid is a component of the rhizosphere exudate and is vital for crop growth. However, little information is available about the effects of external applications of malic acid on the nutrient absorption and quality of grape fruit, and few studies have been performed on the relationship between the changes in the rhizosphere microbial community and nutrient absorption and fruit quality of grapes after adding malic acid. Here, the LM (low concentration of malic acid) and HM (high concentration of malic acid) treatments comprised 5% and 10% malic acid (the ratio of acid to the total weight of the fertilizer) combined with NPK fertilizer, respectively. Applying malic acid changed the grape rhizosphere microbial community structure and community-level physiological profile (CLPP) significantly, and HM had a positive effect on the utilization of substrates. The microbial community structure in the rhizosphere of the grapes with added malic acid was closely related to the CLPP. The N and P content in the leaves and fruits increased after applying malic acid compared to the control, while K content in the fruits increased significantly. In addition, malic acid significantly reduced the weight per fruit, significantly increased soluble sugar content (SSC) and vitamin C content of the fruit, and significantly improved the fruit sugar-acid ratio and grape tasting score. Moreover, the principal component analysis and grape nutrient and fruit quality scores showed that grape nutrients and fruit quality were significantly affected by malic acid and ranked as 5% malic acid > 10% malic acid > control. Pearson’s correlation heatmap of microbial composition, nutrient absorption and fruit quality of the grapes showed that the grape microbial community was closely related to grape nutrients and fruit quality. Adding malic acid was positively correlated to Planococcaceae, Bacillaceae, Woeseiaceae and Rhodobacteraceae. Furthermore, Planococcaceae, Bacillaceae, Woeseiaceae and Rhodobacteraceae were closely related to grape nutrient absorption and fruit quality. Bacillaceae and Woeseiaceae were positively correlated with total soluble sugar, while Planococcaceae and Rhodobacteraceae were positively correlated with titratable acid. Hence, Bacillaceae and Woeseiaceae were the key bacteria that played a major role in grape fruit quality and nutrient absorption after applying malic acid water-soluble fertilizer.

Overview on progress in polysaccharides and aliphatic polyesters as coating of water-soluble fertilizers

Overview on progress in polysaccharides and aliphatic polyesters as coating of water-soluble fertilizers

Hydrothermal carbonization of corn straw in biogas slurry

Hydrothermal carbonization of corn straw with biogas slurry (HTCBS) was studied, with the goal of recovering nutrients from biogas slurry (BS), producing slow-release fertilizer, and sequestration of CO2. Specifically, the impacts of hydrothermal carbonization temperature (160–280 °C) and solid-to-liquid ratio (S/L) (1:5–1:25) on the characteristics of hydrochar and aqueous phase (AP) were investigated. Under the optimized hydrothermal carbonization condition at 250 °C and 1:10 S/L, total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus in AP decreased 30%, 64% and 91%, respectively, where total potassium increased 36% comparing with BS. Compared to traditional two-step hydrothermal carbonization followed by biogas slurry nutrient adsorption, HTCBS process was better suited for nutrient recovery (especially nitrogen and phosphorus) from BS. The proposed mechanism of nitrogen adsorption was the formation of C–N bond, and phosphorus was collected via the generation of metal phosphate precipitates, where potassium was released into AP from corn straw due to the high solubility in water. Additionally, a significant amount of humic substances (45 g/L) was obtained in AP of HTCBS. This study indicated the viability of HTCBS to recover nitrogen and phosphorus from BS, and potentially provide a potassium humate enriched water-soluble fertilizer.

Productivity and profitability of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) under drip fertigation and emitter types

A field experiment was conducted during winter 2014 and 2015 in Jagatsinghpur district of Odisha to study the effect of different fertigation levels and emitter types on productivity, input use efficiency and profitability of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). The three levels fertigation, i.e. recommended dose (125-75-100 kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha) of fertiliser (RDF), 80% RDF and 60% RDF and four types of emitters, viz. online pressure compensating, online nonpressure compensating, inline pressure compensating and inline non-pressure compensating drippers were tested in split-plot design with three replications. Water soluble fertilisers, viz. urea, urea phosphate with sulphate of potash and sulphate of potash were used for fertigation. The maximum fruit yield of 59.8 t/ha, water-use efficiency of 21.17 kg/m3 water, benefit:cost ratio of 3.75 and internal rate of return of 62.16% and the minimum payback period of 2.26 years were recorded in fertigation with 100% RDF through online pressure compensating emitters. Fertiliseruse efficiency increased with decrease in fertigation level and the maximum value of 270.1 kg fruit/kg of NPK was recorded with 60% RDF through online pc emitters.

Effect of nutrient ratios of Water Soluble Fertilizers on Quality of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under fertigation

Effect of nutrient ratios of Water Soluble Fertilizers on Quality of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under fertigation