Water-soluble Extract Research Articles

Phytochemical investigation and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract, n-hexane and ethyl acetate fraction of salaon leaves (Indigofera tinctoria Linn.)

Plants known as salaon (Indigofera tinctoria L.) are commonly employed in conventional medicine. Salaon leaves have secondary metabolites sunch as alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, glycoside, phenol, saponin and triterpenoid levels have benefit as antioxidants in counteracting free radicals. The aimed of this research was to investigate the Antioxidant properties of The EESL, NHFSL and EAFSL. Phytochemical investigation process was used on extracts and fractions. Antioxidant properties was determined using the DPPH technique and a UV/Vis spectrophotometer at 515 nm. The water level of salaon leaf simplicia was around 9.32%; water-soluble extract of 34.70%, ethanol-soluble extract of 23.94%, total ash of 8.57% and acid insoluble ash of 1.38%. Alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, saponins, steroids, and triterpenoids were found in the phytochemical investigation of EESL. The EESL, NHFSL and EAFSL which were tested for antioxidant properties revealed IC50 values of (70.5046 ± 0.0409; 77.2190 ± 0.0021; 56.5593 ± 0.0120) µg/mL. IC50 value of quercetin in the extremely strong category is 2.5424± 0.0010 µg/mL. The results of this investigation indicate that salaon leaf ethanol extract, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate fraction have potent antioxidant properties.

Standardization of Kandankathiriyaadhy Kyazham: A Classical Siddha Drug

Kandankathiriyaadhy Kyazham is one of the polyherbal formulation mentioned in siddha system of medicine. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the quality of formulation Kandankathiriyaadhy Kyazham by conducting Physicochemical, Phytochemical evaluation through advanced analytical techniques. The organoleptic nature of the drug provides the purity and quality of the formulation. The results obtained from physicochemical evaluation shows that the total ash value of Kandankathiriyaadhy Kyazham was “2.8±0.3%”, in which the acid insoluble ash was “0.041±0.008%”, loss on drying at 105ºC of the formulation Kandankathiriyaadhy Kyazham was noted to be “7.4±0.88” in which water soluble extract value and alcohol soluble extract value was “20.2±1.53 and 8.333=1.15% “respectively. High performance Thin Layer Chromatography analysis of reveals the appearance Kandankathiriyaadhy Kyazham of ten prominent peaks corresponds to presence of ten versatile phyto components present with in it.Rf value of the peaks ranges from “0.13 to 0.91”. Phyto chemical analysis of Kandankathiriyaadhy Kyazham reveals the emergence of phytocomponents like Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Steroids, Triterpenoids, Coumarin, Phenol, Tannin, Protein, Saponins, Sugar, Betacyanin. In conclusion, the polyherbal formulation of Kandankathiriyaadhy Kyazham possess significant phytocomponents and have beneficial effects towards treating various disorders.

Standardisasi dan Pengukuran Kadar Flavonoid Daun Ketepeng Kecil (Senna tora (L.) Roxb.) Menggunakan Metode Spektrofotometri UV-Vis

Sickle senna (Senna tora (L.) Roxb.) is a wild plant that is used by the community as a traditional medicine to treat diarrhea and intestinal worms. In the development of plants as traditional medicines, it is necessary to standardize the quality of plant materials to ensure their quality, stability, and safety. This study aims to determine the standadization of extracts both specifically and non-specifically and to determine the level of falvonoids in the fraction of sickle senna (Senna tora (L.) Roxb.) leaves. This study applies a phytochemical screening test, specific parameter test, non-specific parameter test, and flavonoid levels determination. The result of phytochemical screening shows that the fraction containing flavonoid compounds is 70% ethanol fraction. The results of standardization for specific parameter show the organoleptic ethanol fraction of 70% is in the form of semi-solid/viscous, black color and distinctive smell, with water soluble extract content is 19.08%, and ethanol soluble extract content is 23.35%. the standardization result for non-specific parameter shows that the total ash content is 1.76%, the acid insoluble ash content is 2.890%, drying shrinkage is 4.96%, and water content is 18.80%. meanwhile, metal and microbial contamination show no contamination in the 70% ethanol fraction. The result for the analysis of the flavonoid content of the 70% ethanol fraction. The result for the analysis of the flavonoid content of the 70% ethanol fraction of sickle senna leaves is carried out at a wavelength of 438.36 nm with an absorbance value of 0.0154. The total flavonoid level is calculated by the standard linear equation of quarcetin, which is y=0.0648x + (-0.0232) with a correlation coefficient (r2) = 0,9948 and a total flavonoid content of 4.713%

Pharmacognostical and Pharmaceutical Analysis of Haritakyadi Vataka- An Ayurvedic Herbo-mineral formulation for Amajirna

Background: Haritakyadi Vataka is mentioned by Acharya Bhavprakash as a drug for the management of Amajirna. So, for initialization of standardization and assurance of the quality of herbal compounds pharmacognostical and pharmaceutical analysis should be done. Methods: Haritaki and Sunthi Churna were subjected to microscopic evaluation for pharmacognostical and physicochemical analysis like Loss on drying, Specific gravity, Saponification, Refractive index, Acid value and High-performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). Results: Pharmacognostical study showed the presence of certain identifying characters of the ingredients of Haritakyadi Vataka like Haritaki, Sunthi. In pharmaceutical study, preliminary physiochemical analysis showed that loss on drying in Haritaki and Sunthi Churna was 3.25 and 4.07%w/w, ash value 3.07%w/w and 5.76%w/w, water soluble extract 24.1% and 10.44%, alcohol soluble extract 19.7% and 7.6% and Ph value 5 and 6.5 respectively. Conclusions: Pharmacognostical and physico-chemical observations revealed the specific characteristics of all active constituents of Haritakyadi Vataka and confirmed the purity and genuinity of the drug.

A New Advancement in Germination Biotechnology of Purple Creole Corn: Bioactive Compounds and In Situ Enzyme Activity for Water-Soluble Extract and Pan Bread.

Germination is a simple and cost-effective technology that enhances the technological, sensory, and nutritional potential of grains, making them more attractive for use in the food industry. Germinating indigenous seeds is an alternative to increase noticeability and add value to these grains, which hold social and economic significance in the regions where they are cultivated, such as creole purple pericarp corn (PPCC) from the Couto Magalhães de Minas region in Brazil. This study aimed to optimize the germination parameters of time (24-96 h) and temperature (18-32 °C) for PPCC to produce water-soluble extracts and bread. Endogenous enzymes resulting from the germination process significantly enhanced (p < 0.10) the technological (total reducing sugars, total soluble solids, and soluble proteins) and biological properties (γ-aminobutyric acid, total soluble phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity) of the water-soluble extracts. The optimum point for obtaining the extracts was found to be at 85.3 h at 30.46 °C (with desirability of 90.42%), and this was statistically validated. The incorporation of germinated PPCC flours into bread was also promising (p < 0.10) and had a positive impact on the dough property (dough volume increase) and the final product, especially in terms of instrumental texture (springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, and resilience), resulting in a softer texture (lower firmness and hardness). The addition of PPCC flours did not alter instrumental color parameters, which may lead to greater consumer acceptance due to imperceptible differences in color to untrained individuals, with the optimized point at 96 h at 29.34 °C, with a desirability of 92.60%. Therefore, germinated PPCC shows promise for use as a base for obtaining water-soluble extracts and in bread as a replacement for commercial flour improvers, while also adding value to a raw material that is part of the local culture and agrobiodiversity.

Effects of dietary water-soluble extract of rosemary supplementation on growth performance and intestinal health of broilers infected with Eimeria tenella.

This study was conducted to explore the effect of dietary supplementation of water-soluble extract of rosemary (WER) on growth performance and intestinal health of broilers infected with Eimeria tenella (E. tenella), and evaluate the anticoccidial activity of WER. 360 1-d-old Chinese indigenous male yellow-feathered broiler chickens were randomly allocated to six groups: blank control (BC) group and infected control (IC) group received a basal diet; positive control (PC) group, received a basal diet supplemented with 200mg/kg diclazuril; WER100, WER200, and WER300 groups received a basal diet containing 100, 200, and 300mg/kg WER, respectively. On day 21, all birds in the infected groups (IC, PC, WER100, WER200, and WER300) were orally gavaged with 1mL phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) of 8 × 104 sporulated oocysts of E. tenella, and birds in the BC group were administrated an aliquot of PBS dilution. The results showed that dietary supplementation of 200mg/kg WER increased the average daily gain of broilers compared to the IC group from days 22 to 29 (P < 0.001). The anticoccidial index values of 100, 200, and 300mg/kg WER were 137.49, 157.41, and 144.22, respectively, which indicated that WER exhibited moderate anticoccidial activity. Compared to the IC group, the groups supplemented with WER (100, 200, and 300mg/kg) significantly lowered fecal oocyst output (P < 0.001) and cecal coccidia oocysts, alleviated intestinal damage and maintained the integrity of intestinal epithelium. Dietary supplementation with WER significantly improved antioxidant capacity, elevated the levels of secretory immunoglobulin A, and diminished inflammation within the cecum, particularly at a dosage of 200mg/kg. The results of this study indicated that dietary supplementation with 200mg/kg WER could improve broiler growth performance and alleviate intestinal damage caused by coccidiosis.

Water-soluble oat extract enriched with mango peel flour: preparation, characterization and application in Greek yogurt.

This study aimed to produce water-soluble oat extract enriched with mango peel flour (MPF) as a source of active compounds and to use this ingredient as a partial substitute for whole milk in Greek yogurt (GY) for its nutritional enrichment. Enriched water-soluble oat extracts (EWSOE) were produced with different concentrations of MPF (0%, 1%, 1.5% and 2%) and characterized in relation to pH, titratable acidity, soluble proteins and total phenolics. Three GY formulations were prepared by partially replacing whole milk with EWSOE and the best formulation (in relation to sensory analyzes and phenolics compounds) was selected for storage study, chemical characterization, and sensory acceptance testing. MPF addition increased soluble proteins and total phenolics in EWSOE. GY formulations prepared with EWSOE had similar sensory scores. During storage, GY prepared with EWSOE containing 2% MPF exhibited changes in pH and titratable acidity and a reduction in total phenolics. Color parameters, cholesterol, and fatty acid composition did not change over 21 days of storage. The major fatty acids in GY were oleic and palmitic acids. The selected product had low lactose content (1.2%), achieved satisfactory sensory acceptance in relation to the evaluated attributes, and had lipid (~6.19%) and protein (~3.96%) contents within regulatory requirements. Additionally, EWSOE is a valuable ingredient in GY preparation, offering beneficial nutritional and functional properties.

Pharmacognostical and Pharmaceutical Analysis of Sthaulyahara Ghana Vati: A Herbal Ayurveda Formulation for Obesity

Abstract Introduction: Sthaulyahara Ghana Vati (SHGV) is a polyherbal formulation, which is indicated in Sthualya (obesity) in Vaidhyasara sangraha. There are few clinical works carried out on this medicine, but no any researchers had evaluated this formulation for its quality control (QC) parameters. Pharmacopeia standards for this formulation are also not available till date. Aim: To evaluate SHGV through pharmacognostical, physiochemical parameters and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting. Materials and Methods: Preauthenticated raw drugs of SHGV were procured, and SHGV was prepared at pharmacy, Institute of Teaching and Research in Ayurveda (ITRA), Jamnagar. Organoleptic parameters and microscopic analysis of SHGV were carried out at the Pharmacognosy Department, ITRA, Jamnagar. Physiochemical analysis and HPTLC of SHGV were carried out at the Pharmaceutical Laboratory, ITRA, Jamnagar. Result: Microscopic features of SHGV were cross-checked with Ayurvedic pharmacopeia of India standards of individual ingredients, and it was found to have characteristics of all ingredients in it. In pharmaceutical parameters, pH value was 6.0, water-soluble extract was 16.2% w/w, methanol-soluble extract was 14.9% w/w, ash value was 11.8% w/w, and loss on drying was 3.9% w/w. HPTLC at 254 and 366 nm showed six and three spots, respectively. Conclusion: This study has generated preliminary data on pharmacognostical, pharmaceutical parameters, and HPTLC. This fingerprinting can be useful for future researchers to reproduce this formulation and to establish QC parameter of SHGV.

Moringa oleifera leaf extract suppresses TIMM23 and NDUFS3 expression and alleviates oxidative stress induced by Aβ1-42 in neuronal cells via activation of Akt.

Oxidative stress plays an important role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Moringa oleifera leaf (MOL) extract has been shown to have antioxidant activities. Here, we studied the antioxidative and anti-apoptotic effects of water-soluble MOL extract in an amyloid beta (Aβ)-induced oxidative stress model of AD. The effect of amyloid beta (Aβ)1-42 and MOL extract on differentiated SH-SY5Y cell viability was assessed by MTT assay. Cells were treated with Aβ1-42, MOL extract, or MOL extract followed by Aβ1-42. The mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) were evaluated by flow cytometry and dihydroethidium (DHE) assay, respectively. Western blotting was used to assess the expression of mitochondrial proteins TIMM23 and NDUFS3, apoptosis-related proteins Bax, Bcl-2, and cleaved caspase-3 along with fluorescence analysis of caspase-3/7, and Akt phosphorylation. MOL extract pretreatment at 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL prevented ΔΨm reduction. At 100-μg/mL, MOL extract decreased TIMM23 and NDUFS3 proteins and DHE signals in Aβ1-42-treated cells. MOL extract pretreatment (25, 50, and 100 μg/mL) also alleviated the apoptosis indicators, including Bax, caspase-3/7 intensity, and cleaved caspase-3, and increased Bcl-2 levels in Aβ1-42-treated cells, consistent with a reduction in the number of apoptotic cells. The protective effects of MOL extract were possibly mediated through Akt activation, evidenced by increased Akt phosphorylation. The neuroprotective effect of MOL extract could be mediated via the activation of Akt, leading to the suppression of oxidative stress and apoptosis in an Aβ1-42 model of AD.

Lentils protein isolate as a fermenting substrate for the production of bioactive peptides by lactic acid bacteria and neglected yeast species.

In the current trend where plant-based foods are preferred over animal-based foods, pulses represent an alternative source of protein but also of bioactive peptides (BPs). We investigated the pattern of protein hydrolysis during fermentation of red lentils protein isolate (RLPI) with various lactic acid bacteria and yeast strains. Hanseniaspora uvarum SY1 and Fructilactobacillus sanfranciscensis E10 were the most proteolytic microorganisms. H. uvarum SY1 led to the highest antiradical, angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitory and antifungal activities, as found in low molecular weight water soluble extracts (LMW-WSE). The 2039 peptide sequences identified by LMW-WSE were screened using BIOPEP UWM database, and 36 sequences matched with known BPs. Fermentation of RLPI by lactic acid bacteria and yeasts generated 12 peptides undetected in raw RLPI. Besides, H. uvarum SY1 led to the highest abundance (peak areas) of BPs, in particular with antioxidant and ACE-inhibitory activities. The amino acid sequences LVR and LVL, identified in the fermented RLPI, represent novel findings, as they were detected for the first time in substrates subjected to microbial fermentation. KVI, another BP highly characteristic of RLPI-SY1, was previously observed only in dried bonito. 44 novel potential BPs, worthy of further characterization, were correlated with antifungal activity.

Clinical Evaluation of a Novel, Patented Green Coffee Bean Extract (GCB70®), Enriched in 70% Chlorogenic Acid, in Overweight Individuals

Objective Obesity and overweight are challenging health problems of the millennium that lead to diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and atherosclerosis. Green coffee bean exhibited significant promise in healthy weight management, potentiating glucose-insulin sensitization and supporting liver health. The safety and efficacy of a novel, patented water-soluble green coffee bean extract (GCB70® enriched in 70% total chlorogenic acid and <1% caffeine) was investigated in 105 participants for 12 consecutive weeks. An institutional review board and Drugs Controller General (India) (DCGI) approvals were obtained, and the study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov. Method Body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, lipid profile, plasma leptin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and total blood chemistry were assessed over a period of 12 weeks of treatment. Safety was affirmed. Results GCB70 (500 mg BID) supplementation significantly reduced body weight (approximately 6%; p = 0.000**) in approximately 97% of the study population. About a 5.65% statistically significant reduction (p = 0.000**) in BMI was observed in 96% of the study volunteers. Waist circumference was significantly reduced by 6.77% and 6.62% in 98% of the male and female participants, respectively. Plasma leptin levels decreased by 13.6% in 99% of the study population as compared to the baseline value. Upon completion of 12 weeks’ treatment, fasting glucose levels decreased by 13.05% (p = 0.000**) in 79% of the study population. There was a statistically significant decrease in HbA1c levels in both male and female participants (p = 0.000**), while 86.7% of the study participants showed a statistically significant decrease in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels (p = 0.000**). The mean decrease in TSH levels on completion of the treatment was 14.07% in the study population as compared to baseline levels. Total blood chemistry analysis exhibited broad-spectrum safety. Conclusions This investigation demonstrated that GCB70 is safe and efficacious in healthy weight management.

Antioxidant Activity and Peptide Levels of Water-Soluble Extracts of Feta, Metsovone and Related Cheeses

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activity and peptide levels of Feta cheese and other brined cheeses, and Metsovone cheese and other smoked cheeses. Feta, goat and cow cheeses are classified as brined. Feta cheese is made exclusively from ewe milk or ewe milk with the addition of a small amount of goat milk. Metsovone and other smoked cheeses are made from cow milk with a possible addition of small amounts of ewe and goat milk. The antioxidant activity was determined using Folin and FRAP assays, while the peptide content was determined using Bradford and Lowry assays. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using the lipoxygenase inhibition assay. The assays were applied in the water-soluble extract of cheeses. The results showed that Feta cheese and brined cow cheese differed in antioxidant activity. Feta cheese and brined goat cheese also differed in both antioxidant activity and peptide levels. Specifically, Feta cheese had higher antioxidant activity in comparison with both goat and cow cheeses. As for peptide content, Feta cheese had a higher peptide level compared to goat cheese. The results also showed that Metsovone cheese and other smoked cheeses exhibited significant antioxidant activity and peptide levels. Moreover, the water-soluble extracts of all cheeses showed some anti-inflammatory activity.

Insulin and circadian rhythm genes of the Nile rat (Arvicanthis niloticus) are conserved and orthologous to those in the rat, mouse and human.

The African grass or Nile rat (NR) (Arvicanthis niloticus) is a herbivorous diurnal rodent which is used as a biological model for research on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the circadian rhythm. Similar to humans, male NRs develop T2DM with high-carbohydrate diets. The NR thus provides a unique opportunity to identify the nutritional and underlying genetic factors that characterise human T2DM, as well as the effects of potential anti-diabetic phytochemicals such as Water-Soluble Palm Fruit Extract. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) could help identify possible genetic causes why NRs spontaneously develop T2DM in captivity. In this study, we performed WGS on a hepatic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sample isolated from a male NR using PacBio high-fidelity long-read sequencing. The WGS data obtained were then de novo assembled and annotated using PacBio HiFi isoform sequencing (Iso-Seq) data as well as previous Illumina RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data. Genes related to insulin and circadian rhythm pathways were present in the NR genome, similar to orthologues in the rat, mouse and human genomes. T2DM development in the NR is thus most likely not attributable to structural differences in these genes when compared to other biological models. Further studies are warranted to gain additional insights on the genetic-environmental factors which underlie the genetic permissiveness of NRs to develop T2DM.

Dietary fibre fractions rich in (poly)phenols from orange by-products and their metabolisation by in vitro digestion and colonic fermentation

Orange peel is an interesting by-product because of its composition, particularly its dietary fibre and flavanones. The aim of this work was to extract different fibre fractions from orange peel to obtain potential added-value ingredients and evaluate how the presence of fibre may interfere with (poly)phenol metabolism. Using an aqueous extraction, as a green extraction method, an insoluble fibre fraction (IFF) and a water-soluble extract (WSE) were obtained. Those fractions were analysed to determine the proximate and dietary fibre composition, hydration properties, (poly)phenol composition and antioxidant capacity, comparing the results with the orange peel (OP). The IFF presented the highest content of insoluble dietary fibre and the WSE showed the highest content of (poly)phenols, these being mainly flavanones. An in vitro faecal fermentation was carried out to evaluate the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and lactate as prebiotic indicators; the IFF gave the highest production, derived from the greater presence of dietary fibre. Moreover, catabolites from (poly)phenol metabolism were also analysed, phenylpropanoic acids being the major ones, followed by phenylacetic acids and benzoic acids. These catabolites were found in higher quantities in WSE, because of the greater presence of (poly)phenols in its composition. IFF also showed a significant production of these catabolites, which was delayed by the greater presence of fibre. These results reveal that the new ingredients, obtained by an environmentally friendly water extraction procedure, could be used for the development of new foods with enhanced nutritional and healthy properties.

Plant-Based Fermented Beverages: Development and Characterization.

The production of plant-based fermented beverages has been currently focused on providing a functional alternative to vegan and/or vegetarian consumers. This study primarily targeted the development and characterization of fermented beverages made up of hydrosoluble extracts of oats, almonds, soybeans, Brazil nuts, and rice. The fermentation was carried out by lactic cultures of Bifidobacterium BB-12, Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5, and Streptococcus thermophilus. Plant extracts were fermented at 37 °C for 12 h, with and without sucrose supplementation. The physicochemical and microbiological stability of the extracts was monitored for 28 days at 5 ± 1 °C. The composition of the fermented beverages was subsequently determined. The pH values measured at the beginning and the end of the extracts' fermentation ranged between 6.45 and 7.09, and 4.10 to 4.97, respectively. Acidity indices, expressed as a percentage of lactic acid, ranged from 0.01 to 0.06 g/100 mL at the beginning of the fermentation, and from 0.02 to 0.33 g/100 mL upon fermentation being concluded. Most fermented extracts achieved viable lactic acid bacteria counts exceeding 106 CFU/mL during storage. Sucrose supplementation did not alter the rate of bacterial growth. The findings showed that the complete replacement of dairy ingredients with water-soluble plant extracts is a potential alternative for developing a functional fermented plant-based beverage.

ALLELOPATIC INFLUENCE OF WEEDS ON THE GERMINATION OF WINTER WHEAT SEEDS

The article summarizes the results of the phytotoxic effect of water-soluble extracts from various weeds on the germination processes of winter wheat seeds. Competitive relations between plant organisms begin with chemical interaction. Therefore, the competitive properties of the participants of the cenosis and the level of productivity of its components will depend on the starting conditions that are formed during the germination of the seeds of the crop. The research was carried out in the laboratory of plant physiology of VNAU. The purpose of the research was to establish in laboratory conditions the allelopathic effect of water extracts from the most common weeds of the Vinnytsia region: Convolvulus arvensis L., Sonchus arvensis L., Cirsium arvense L., Erigeron canadensis L., Matricaria perforata Merat, Capsella bursa pastoris, Erodium cicutarium L., Chenopodium album L., Galium aparine L., Stellaria media L. Water extracts from the stems, leaves and root system of weeds were prepared at a concentration of 1:10. During the experiment, it was established that the presence of allelopathically active substances of all experimental weed species of this concentration negatively affects the germination energy of winter wheat seeds. In the control version, all the seeds of the culture germinated on the 4th day, and in the experimental versions, 1-3% of the wheat seeds were in the swelling phase. Water extractions of different types of weeds had different inhibitory effects on winter wheat seed germination and subsequent growth of the root system and sprout stems. The negative effect of water-soluble secretions from Erodium cicutarium L., Cirsium arvense L. and Sonchus arvensis L. reduced the height of wheat seedlings by 5.8-4.0%. And the length of the root system of the culture was smaller by 5.7, respectively; 5.8 and 5% compared to the control variant. Water-soluble extracts from Stellaria media L. and Matricaria perforata Merat. had the least influence on the growth processes of winter wheat. The difference in sprout height from the control variant was 1.3% and 2.0%, respectively. The length of the germinal root of wheat was shorter by 1.8% and 3.8% under the influence of water-soluble secretions of asteraceae and chamomile. The total length of the root system of winter wheat was inhibited by them by 2.4% and 2.6%, respectively, in relation to the control. The results of the conducted research provide justification for the appearance of unfriendly seedlings and the lag in the growth of winter wheat plants on weedy areas.

Reduction of Salmonella enterica &amp; Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Development on Glass Tube by Plant Extracts

The objective of the present study is to evaluate anti-biofilm effect of the water soluble plant extracts such Coccinia grandis, Terminalia arjuna, Centella asiatica against Salmonella enterica and Staphylococcus aureus biofilm. Crude water soluble extracts of respective plants with different concentration was evaluated against biofilm adopting glass tube. Then washed with crystal violet dye and PBS buffer for observing the ring formation. Biofilm inhibition study revealed water soluble plant extracts inhibited biofilm formation. In our experiment we found that the plant extracts Coccinia grandis, Terminalia arjuna &amp; Centella asiatica gave excellent result for the reduction of biofilm of Salmonella enteric &amp; Staphylococcus aureus. Water soluble Coccinia grandis extract is very effective for biofilm reduction than alcoholic C. grandis extracts. We measured the antiplantonic effect of these extracts by including the extracts into the nutrient agar media that containing respective organism by creating the hole into the plate then observed the result after 24-hour incubation. We also measured minimum inhibition concentration of these extracts through spectrophotometer with the help of the nutrient broth media. Bacterial motality was tested in petri plates with semi-solid medium (LB+0.4% agar) containing plant extracts and culture were inoculated in the center of the plate. This research will be very beneficial for us to reduce the pathogenic S, aureus &amp; S. enterica biofilm by natural source especially plant extracts.

Aqueous Extracts from Hemp Seeds as a New Weapon against Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilms.

This study investigated the antibiofilm activity of water-soluble extracts obtained under different pH conditions from Cannabis sativa seeds and from previously defatted seeds. The chemical composition of the extracts, determined through GC-MS and NMR, revealed complex mixtures of fatty acids, monosaccharides, amino acids and glycerol in ratios depending on extraction pH. In particular, the extract obtained at pH 7 from defatted seeds (Ex7d) contained a larger variety of sugars compared to the others. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were found in all of the analysed extracts, but linoleic acid (C18:2) was detected only in the extracts obtained at pH 7 and pH 10. The extracts did not show cytotoxicity to HaCaT cells and significantly inhibited the formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. The exception was the extract obtained at pH 10, which appeared to be less active. Ex7d showed the highest antibiofilm activity, i.e., around 90%. Ex7d was further fractionated by HPLC, and the antibiofilm activity of all fractions was evaluated. The 2D-NMR analysis highlighted that the most active fraction was largely composed of glycerolipids. This evidence suggested that these molecules are probably responsible for the observed antibiofilm effect but does not exclude a possible synergistic contribution by the other components.

Selenomethionine supplementation and expression of selenosugars, selenocysteine, and other selenometabolites in rat liver.

Selenomethionine (SeMet) as a methionine analog can be incorporated into protein. In turkeys, we recently found that selenium (Se) as selenite is not metabolized to SeMet but rather to selenosugars (seleno-N-acetyl galactosamine) bound to protein as well as to selenocysteine (Sec) in selenoproteins. To characterize the metabolism of SeMet, we fed rats graded levels of SeMet from 0 to 5µg Se/g in a Se-deficient diet for 4 wk, and investigated the fate and accumulation of liver Se using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with Se-specific inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and molecule specific (Orbitrap MS/MS) detection. Up to 0.24µg Se/g (Se requirement for maximal glutathione peroxidase activity), Sec accounted for ∼40% of total liver Se whereas SeMet only accounted for 3-11%. Analysis of water-soluble extracts found negligible low molecular weight (LMW) Se species in rats fed 0 and 0.08µg Se/g, including no SeMet. At 0.24µg Se/g and above, SeMet accounted for only 10% of LMW Se species, whereas methyl- and glutathionyl-selenosugars accounted for 70% of LMW Se species. Above the Se requirement, SeMet was ∼30% of the proteinaceous amino acids, whereas Sec levels fell to 5% in rats fed 5µg Se/g as SeMet. Last, considerably less inorganic Se was bound to liver protein with high SeMet as compared to selenite in a parallel study. SeMet is efficiently metabolized and mixes with the common Se metabolite pool, where Se is preferentially incorporated into Sec and Sec-selenoproteins until selenoproteins plateau; with high SeMet intake, Se is increasingly accumulated as LMW selenosugars and as selenosugar-decorated proteins.

Platelet hyperactivity: a comparison of water-soluble, bioactive compound levels in commercial tomato products and water-soluble tomato concentrate, a supplement with an approved EFSA antiplatelet health effect

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the concentration of water-soluble bioactive compounds in tomato products (polyphenols profile, water-soluble vitamins and nucleophilic substances) with the concentration of the same bioactive molecules existing in a water-soluble patented tomato extract, water-soluble tomato extract (WSTC), commercially available as FruitFlow®. This patented tomato extract has been recognised by EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) in a specific Health Claim declaration as having an “Antiplatelet health effect”. More than 100 commercial tomato samples, coming from 18 different processing tomato companies worldwide, were analysed and compared with the FruitFlow® supplement. According to the multivariate statistical analyses applied to the data matrix, it is possible to conclude that the commercial tomato products measured (pastes, purees, others) show a significantly higher concentration of water-soluble bioactive molecules (nucleosides/nucleotides and polyphenols) responsible for an anti-platelet aggregation effect than the FruitFlow® dietary supplement.