Water-soluble Extract Content Research Articles

FORMULASI DAN UJI AKTIVITAS ANTI BAKTERI SEDIAAN SALEP EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN SIRIH CINA (peperomia pellucida) TERHADAP BAKTERI Staphylococcus Aureus

Chinese betel leaf (Peperomiapellucida) is one among the wild herbaceous plants belonging to the Piperaceae family which is employed as a natural medicine. The study's goal was to determine the antibacterial activity of an ethanol extract of Chinese betel leaf ointment against Staphylococcus aureus, as well as the optimal concentration. The test of the study was administered by the diffusion method using disc paper. The results of the characterization examination of Chinese betel leaf simplicia powder obtained water soluble extract content of 64.58%, ethanol soluble extract content of 24.95%, total ash content of three 3.2%, 5.9 % water of content and 0.28% acid insoluble ash content of and Simplisia contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. Staphylococcus aureus obtained a degree of 8% with a diameter of 16.81, the diameter of the inhibition zone of the Chinese betel leaf ethanol extract against. The ethanol extract of Chinese betel leaf exhibits antibacterial action against Staphylococcus aureus, according to the findings of the study. Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Chinese betel leaf Staphylococcus aureus

UJI FITOKIMIA DAN AKTIVITAS ASAM SUNTI (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) SEBAGAI ANTIMIKROBA

Many plants that have potential as antimicrobial agents are found in Indonesia. One of them is bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) which comes from the Oxalidaceae family. People in Aceh usually process the fruit into asam sunti. This research was conducted to determine the phytochemical, characterization simplicia, extract, and antimicrobial activity of the asam sunti methanol extract. Phytochemical tests were done using two methods that are the addition of reagents and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Phytochemical results in each test showed that the asam sunti methanol extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, and triterpenoids. The water content, water-soluble extract content, ethanol-soluble extract content and total ash obtained was 4,6; 46,6; 54,16 and 39,6% for simplicia and extract respectively, with a value of 22; 42.6; 47.6, and 10.3%. Antimicrobial activity testing used a diffusion well at various concentrations 10; 20; 30; 40 and 50%. The smallest inhibition zone results were obtained at a concentration of 10% with a range of the inhibition zone is 7.43-7.86mm. The biggest antimicrobial activity was found at a concentration of 50% with an inhibition zone of 17.76; 10.63 and 8.7 mm for bacteria and fungi, respectively. in conclusion, the results showed that asam sunti methanol extract was more active in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria than Escherichia coli bacteria and Candida albicans fungi.

Standarisasi Mutu Ekstrak Etanol Bunga Soka (Ixora coccinea L.)

Standardization is the process of determining properties based on certain parameters to achieve the same degree of quality. The extract was standardized with two parameters, namely specific and non-specific parameters. So that the efficacy and quality of this soka flower extract can be guaranteed, it is necessary to meet a quality standard for the product/extract material by standardizing the extract. Standardization is carried out so that uniform raw materials can be obtained which can finally guarantee the pharmacological effects of these plants. Standardization is the process of guaranteeing the final product (simplicia, extract or herbal product) to have certain parameter values ​​that are constant and predetermined. The research method is by testing various parameters on the extract, starting with determining the species of soka flower, then calculating the yield, organoleptic testing, water content, water soluble compounds, ethanol soluble compounds. The average water content test result is 9.54% and is still within the permissible standard, the water content in medicinal preparations including extracts should not exceed the 10% limit. Based on the results of determination of water soluble extract content of 20.7% and ethanol soluble extract content of 35.5%. The ethanol soluble extract content was higher than the water soluble compounds, thus the semi-polar compounds in the extract were higher than the polar compounds

PREPARATION OF PHYTOSOME OF KERSEN LEAVES (Muntingia calabura L.) ETHANOL EXRTACT AS ANTIOXIDANT

Kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) contains flavonoids that have the potential as antioxidants. However, its hydrophilic characteristics cause poor penetration so that its bioavailability is low. Research had been carried out on the preparation of ethanol extract of cherry leaves in ethosomal vesicle carriers. This study aimed to obtain the optimal phytosome suspension formula. Methods: Sample extraction was carried out by maceration method using ethanol as a solvent and was delipidated was by liquid-liquid method with n-hexane. The characterization of the extract included organoleptic, water-soluble extract content, ethanol soluble extract content, water content, ash content, acid insoluble ash content, and residual solvent. flavonoid contents were carried out by the TLC method and antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH method. Phytosome preparation was prepared by solvent evaporation and thin film hidration with ratio of extract and phosphatidylcholine 1:1 with concentration of 0.5% (A); 1% (B); and 1.5% (C). The characterization included observing morphology of vesicles using optical microscope, determining the size distribution of vesicles using PSA, and calculating the sorption efficiency using a spectrophotometer at max 281 nm. Results: The characteristics of extract were dark green; thick; distinctive aroma; ethanol soluble content were 70.91%; water soluble content were 32.5%; water content were 1.19%; ash content were 1.25%; acid insoluble ash content were 0.49%; and the remaining solvent was 0. The identification of flavonoids showed positive results. The extract has flavonoids and strong antioxidant activity with 62.71 g/mL for IC50. The shape is single layer large vesicle (LUV), diameter was 445.7 nm (A); 420.7 nm (B); and 419.6 nm (C). Vesicle entrapment efficiency was 5.83% (A); 47.575% (B); and 68.81% (C). It can be concluded that the optimal phytosome suspension formula is C with 1.5% phosphatidylcholine and 1.5% of extract.

Standarisasi Parameter Spesifik Ekstrak Etanol Daun Pegagan (Centella asiatica L.) Sebagai Antidiabetes

Gotu kola (Centella asiatica L.) is empirically used as a medicinal plant and scientifically it can be used to treat various diseases based on the results of the Scientification of Herbal Medicine. Gotu kola leaf (Centella asiatica L.) is one of the potential medicinal plants that can be used as herbal medicine because it contains various kinds of nutritious compounds. Because of the many benefits of gotu kola leaves, it is necessary to standardize the extract to ensure the quality associated with the identity substance, and the composition of the chemical content whose specifications are stated in the monograph as a quality requirement listed in Materia Medika Indonesia. Standardization includes organoleptic test, identification of chemical content, determination of water soluble extract content, ethanol soluble extract content and other tests, namely seeing the activity of gotu kola as an antidiabetic. The results and data on the characteristics of the specific parameters indicated that the extracts made had met the requirements of the herbal pharmacopoeia, which means that the ethanolic extract of gotu kola had met the standards, and based on activity testing it was known that the leaf of gotu kola (Centella asiatica L.) was efficacious as antidiabetic.

Characterization And Acute Toxicity Test Of Black Garlic Ethanol Exctract Based On OECD

Background: Garlic (Allium sativum, L) was used empirically by the ancestors as a useful plant for hypercholesterolemia. The processed garlic product, namely black garlic, has gone through an optimal heating process at a temperature of 70oC for 21 days. Black garlic can become a standardized herb if it has been through characterization and toxicity tests.
 Methods: The characterization test is known by measuring several general standard parameters of Indonesian extracts. Acute toxicity test was carried out by dividing 5 treatment groups namely negative control, group I (5 mg/kg BW), group II (50 mg/kg BW), group III (300 mg/kg BW), group IV (2000 mg/kg BW).
 Results: The results showed that the standardization of black garlic extract has a drying shrinkage content of 7.24%, a water content of 8.8%, a total ash content of 4.79%, an acid insoluble ash content of 1.52%, a water soluble extract content of 7.47% and an ethanol soluble extract content of 9.3% which is still into the Indonesian herbal pharmacopoeia standard and the administration of black garlic ethanol extract caused mild toxic symptoms during the acute toxicity test and obtained LD50 values > 2000 mg/kg BW.
 Conclusion: Characterization of black garlic extract according to standardization parameters of Indonesian plant extracts and administration of ethanolic extract of black garlic has an LD50 value > 2000 mg/kg BW which is included in category 5 in the OECD.

Antidiabetic of Mango (Mangifera longipes Griff.) Leves: Methanol Extract, Water Fraction, and Ethyl Acetate

Mango leaves (Mangifera longipes Griff.) are used for diabetic, malaria, gastrointestinal, kidney, as well as topical treatment of wounds. The aim of this study was to determine the antidiabetic activity of methanol extract, water fraction and ethyl acetate fraction from mango leaves (Mangifera longipes Griff.). Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) on 24 rats divided into 6 groups, namely normal; negative; positive (given acarbose 1.8 mg/200 g BW rats); methanol extract (EM), water fraction (FA), ethyl acetate fraction (FEA) with a dose of 58.8 mg/200 g BW rats. Induction of 1.35 g/200 g BW of rats glucose was carried out 30 minutes before the dosage administration. Data analysis with Paired T Test (95% confidence level). Results: In crude extract standardization, the water content was 2%, the ash content was 12.6% and the water soluble extract content was 19.5%. In crude extract and EM, flavonoids, saponins, and phenols were identified; in FA identified saponins and phenols; FEA identified flavonoids and phenols. A significant decrease in blood glucose levels at T0 and T120 in all groups (significant 2-tailed <0.05). The percentage of decline in the positive and FEA groups compared to the negative was 85.5% and 16.9%, respectively. Discussion:. Flavonoids are thought to increase antioxidant activity and inhibit α-glucosidase enzymes. Conclusion: EM, FA and FEA have antidiabetic activity with the best percentage reduction in glucose levels was FEA (16.9%). Keywords: Antidiabetic, OGTT, Mangifera longipes Griff

Characterization of Rollinia mucosa(Jacq.) Baill) Fruit Ethanol Extract

Introduction: The srikaya malinau plant (Rollinia mucosa (Jacq.) Baill), is empirically used to treat the gastrointestinal tract, antipyretic, stamina enhancer, scabies medication and antimicrobial.Research on the efficacy and characteristics of malinau srikaya fruit extract to date has not been reported. Objective: determine the characterization and class of chemical compounds in the malinau srikaya fruit extract. This research is non-experimental research. The research phase includes sample collection, plant determination, making simplicia, extraction using maceration method with 70% ethanol as solvent. Results: The results of the extraction were characterized by organoleptic, water content, water soluble extract content, ethanol soluble extract content, ash content and acid insoluble ash content, then phytochemical screening was carried out. Data were analyzed using descriptive method. The results of the specific characterization of the organoleptic test of the extract have a thick consistency, blackish brown in colour, have a distinctive smell like soy sauce and have a bitter taste. The content of the extract was soluble in water 88%, the content of the extract was soluble in ethanol 77% and the results of the identification of phytochemical screening were known to contain flavonoids. The results of the non-specific characterization test determined the water content of 9%, ash content of 1.665% and acid insoluble ash content of 2.075%.

Assessment of pharmacognostic specification of Cannabis sativa leaves in Thailand.

ABSTRACTLack of quality control can affect the safety, efficacy, and acceptability of herbal products that may lead to health problems. Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae) has been widely used as an ethnomedicinal practice for its medicinal values. This study aims to establish pharmacognostic specifications of C. sativa as per standard procedures. Macroscopic-microscopic characteristics, physicochemical parameters, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) fingerprinting, and phytochemical screening of C. sativa leaves collected from various locations throughout Thailand were investigated. Leaves are palmate consists of seven leaflets with green color, margin is serrate with acuminate apex. Anomocytic stomata were found in the upper epidermis while unicellular and glandular trichomes with cystolith were found in the lower epidermis and the epidermis layer covered with cuticle. The physicochemical analysis revealed that the loss on drying (4.068 ± 0.084 %w/w) was within acceptable limits, total ash (14.360 ± 0.084%w/w), acid insoluble ash (2.726 ± 0.080%w/w), ethanol-soluble extractive (11.101 ± 0.223%w/w), water-soluble extractive (23.038 ± 0.306%w/w), and water content (7.523 ± 0.524%w/w). TLC fingerprint showed nine spots with Rf value 0.14, 019, 0.23, 0.29, 0.32, 0.45, 0.58, 0.70, and 0.76. Phytochemical screening of Cannabis leaves indicated the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, diterpenes, triterpenes, and steroids. This study provided referential data for the accurate plant identity, and establishment of cannabis leaves monograph in Thailand.

The Effect of Drying Method on Turmeric Rhizome Simplicia’s Quality

Drying is one of the post-harvest processes that plays an important role in the quality of simplicia. Curcuma domestica is a plant that has antimicrobial, antioxidant, antifungal and anti-inflammatory. The objective of this research is to know the effect of drying oven and direct sunlight and to know the drying method which is effective on the quality of Curcuma domestica simplicia. This research is an experimental. Simplicia drying method is oven and direct sunlight. Quality inspection of simplicia include determination of total ash content, acid insoluble ash content, ethanol soluble extract content, water soluble extract content, drying shrinkage, water content and curcumin test with TLC. The results showed that the drying method effected on simplicia quality. Oven drying method gives the best results and is an effective drying method. with a total ash content of 6,6%, acid insoluble ash content of 0,6%, ethanol soluble extract content of 12%, water soluble extract content of 12%, drying shrinkage of 10%, and an Rf value of 0,97.

KARAKTERISASI DAN SKRINING FITOKIMIA SERTA ANALISIS FLAVONOID DARI BUAH MENGKUDU (Morindacitrifolia L) SECARA KROMATOGRAFI LAPIS TIPIS

Noni fruit (Morindacitrifolia L.) is a medicinal plant that is well known by the people in Indonesia. Noni is efficacious as an immune enhancer, normalizes blood pressure, anti-cancer, analgesic, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, stroke, antimicrobial. To know the characteristics of simplicia and the class of compounds from the noni fruit as well as to analyze the flavonoid compounds contained in the noni fruit using the thin layer chromatography method. The flavonoid compounds were extracted by maceration using ethanol solvent and then the ethanol extract was tested by thin-layer chromatography using 1% HCl mobile phase and spotting with 1 N H2SO4 reagent and methanol pa (1: 1% v/v). Result of simplicia characterization of fruit Noni, obtained 1.32% water content, 38.41 % water soluble extract content, 16.7% ethanol soluble extract content, 6.09% total ash content, and 0.45 acid insoluble ash content. %. Noni fruit simplicia contains chemical compounds of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, triterpenoids/steroids, anthraquinones, saponins with phytochemical screening tests. The value of Rf from the analysis of noni fruit flavonoid compounds using the Thin Layer Chromatography method with 3 repetitions is 0.75; 0.68 and 0.62. This indicates the presence of flavonoid compounds in the noni fruit.

Simplicia Characterization And Phytochemical Screening Of Secondary Metabolite Compounds Ethanol Extract Of Trembesi Leaves (Samanea saman)

Trembesi plant (Samanea saman) is a plant that has the potential as traditional medicine. People in using medicinal plants often do not know the chemical content of these plants, so that in determining the amount of dosage, people only rely on experience and estimates. Research on the characterization of trembesi leaf simplicia has never been done. Research on the characterization of trembesi leaf simplicia has never been done. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of trembesi leaf simplicia including specific and non-specific characteristics. The research is carried out in the form of experiments in the laboratory. The sample used is trembesi leaves. The research stages started from discovery, making simplicia, extraction, specific and non-specific characteristics. In the phytochemical test, ethanol extract of trembesi leaves was used. Data analysis used is descriptive method. Specific results showed trembesi leaf simplicia has a coarse powder form, distinctive odor, tasteless, green in color, and on microscopic results of trembesi leaf simplicia powder there is starch, fragments in the form of epidermis, water soluble extract content 11.93%, ethanol soluble essence 18, 93% and contains flavonoids, tannins, steroids and saponins. The results of non-specific characteristics are 8.07% water content, 7.91% ash content and 0.29% acid insoluble ash content.

Standardization of Simplicia and Ethanol Extract of Purun Danau (Lepironia articulata (Retz.) Domin) Rhizome

Purun Danau (Lepironia articulata (Retz.) Domin) has been shown to have antimalarial and antioxidant activity. This study aimed to standardize simplicia and extract of L. articulata by determining the value of its specific and non-specific parameters. A sampling of L. articulata rhizome was carried out in Guntung Manggis, Haur Gading, and Halat. The standardization method used was based on the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia and the General Standard Parameter of Extract. The organoleptic observations showed that L. articulata simplicia was reddish-brown in color, chelated taste, and had a specific odor. Microscopic observation showed parts of this plant: epidermis, cortex, endodermis, parenchyma, bundle vessels, and scalariform vessels. Ethanol-soluble extract content was 10.00-12.66%, water-soluble extract content 8.03-10.87%, drying shrinkage 7.10-7.33%, total ash content 2.03-2.52%, acid-insoluble ash 0.33-0.42%, Pb content 5.698-9.989 ppm, Cd content 0.300-0.500 ppm, Hg content 0.070-0.090 ppm. Ethanol extract of L. articulata rhizome contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, and saponins. The yield obtained was 8.05-11.23%, total ash content was 1.58-1.67%, acid-insoluble ash was 0.23-0.33%, and water content was 7.10-8.50%. Standardization of simplicia and ethanol extract of L. articulata rhizome has met the criteria.

Extraction And Phytochemical Screening of Ethanol Extract And Simplicia of Moringa Leaf (Moringa Oleifera Lam.) From Sidikalang, North Sumatera

Moringa leaf is a plant that has many uses that comes from the family Moringaceae and it is a tropical plant that is familiar to Indonesian people. Pharmacologically, this plant extract is reported to have antimicrobial and fungicide and it is rich in antioxidants. This metabolite compound contained in Moringa leaves has the potential as an antioxidant, antibacterial, functional and others. This study aims to determine the simplicia characterization of Moringa leaves and to determine the secondary metabolites contained in Moringa leaves, both Moringa leaf powder and Moringa leaf extract. The method of this research is experimental including the simplicia making and ethanol extract of Moringa leaves by maceration method, simplicia characterization and phytochemical screening. The results of the simplicia characterization of Moringa leaves for ethanol soluble extract content was 10,9% and water-soluble extract content was 15,8%, ash content was 9,6% and acid insoluble ash content was 0,6% and water content was 8%. The results of this study also showed that the simplicia powder and ethanol extract of Moringa leaves contained flavonoid, tannin, alkaloid, steroid and saponin.

The brewing conditions optimization of Eucalyptus blended tea bags

Blended tea is a mixed herbal drink made from herbal plants’ leaves, roots, flowers, or stems. The blended tea that formulation has been reported in previous studies is composed of Eucalyptus leaves, cinnamon, and black tea. However, the optimum brewing conditions of Eucalyptus blended tea have not been studied. This study aims to determine the optimum brewing conditions of Eucalyptus blended tea using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Central Composite Design (CCD). This study used two factors, the loading per tea bag (2 g, 2.5 g, 3 g) and brewing time (2, 4, and 6 minutes). The parameters used were water-soluble extract content, color (L, a, b), and overall acceptability. The results showed that a weight of 2.48 g with a brewing time of 3.45 minutes was the optimum condition for brewing blended tea of Eucalyptus, cinnamon, and black tea.

UJI EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK ETANOL HERBA KROKOT (Portulaca oleracea L.) SECARA Topical UNTUK Reepitelisasi PENYEMBUHAN LUKA INSISI PADA TIKUS PUTIH (Rattus norvegicus)

The krokot is a weed that usually grows in plantations. In scientific language, purslane is called Portulaca oleracea L. Purslane is well-known as a nutritious plant in several countries such as China, Mexico, and Greece. In Indonesia, purslane is also known to have uses, or a substitute for ginseng. This aims of the study to determine the effectiveness of purslane herb ethanol extract ointment on wound healing in white rats. This research was conducted using an experimental method. In this study, phytochemical screening and simplicia characterization were carried out. Incision wound healing effect was tested on 25 male white rats with 5 treatment subgroups, namely positive control, negative control, purslane herb ethanol extract ointment 10%, purslane herb ethanol extract ointment 20%, purslane herb ethanol extract ointment 30%. The ointment base used is Vaseline album, liquid paraffin, and solid paraffin. All formulations of purslane herb 10%, 20% and 30%, met the requirements for evaluation of ointment preparations. Phytochemical screening results showed positive containing flavonoids, tannins and saponins. The results of the characterization of purslane herb simplicia powder obtained water content of 8.37%, water soluble extract content of 11.35%, ethanol soluble extract content of 10.99%, total ash content of 7.46% and acid insoluble ash content of 0.88%. The average results of observation of incision wounds in white rats were concentrations of 10% (22 mm) for 14 days, 20% (0.1 mm) for 14 days, 30% (0.04 mm) for 14 days. While the positive control (betadine ointment) was (0 mm) and the negative control (ointment base) was (0.42 mm). It can be concluded that purslane herb ethanol extract can provide effectiveness and antioxidants for wound healing in white rats. The purslane herb 30% ethanol extract has almost comparable effectiveness with betadine ointment in healing incisional wounds in white rats.

Characteristics Study and Total Flavonoids Quantification of Kareho Leaves (Callicarpa longifolia Lam)

The Callicarpa longifolia Lam. known as ‘kareho’ is one of the plants used by several Dayak tribes for traditional medicine such as antiacne, swelling, wounds, diarrhea, diabetes, and lowering cholesterol levels. This study has obtained scientific data on the characteristics of dried leaves and determined the flavonoids levels of methanol extract of C. longifolia leaves. Characterization includes both qualitative and quantitative examination on the dried leaves of C. longifolia leaves, while the determination of total flavonoid content was determined by the aluminium chloride method and calculated as quercetin equivalent (QE). The results of characteristics observations obtained organoleptic in the form of powder, dark green, bitter taste and have a distinctive smell. Microscopic test of leaves had an actinositic stomata type, ethanol soluble extract content of 17.50 ± 0.10% and water soluble extract content of 16.53 ± 0.37%. Drying loss 8.16 ± 0.25%, total ash content of 5.52 ± 0.06%, and acid insoluble ash content of 0.07 ± 0.01%. The results of phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, glycosides, and phenols. TLC observasions using 254 nm UV light obtained 6 spots and 7 spots appearance on sulphuric acid. It has total flavonoid levels obtained at 7.995 ± 0.050% w/w QE.

KARAKTERISASI SIMPLISIA DAN EKSTRAK KULIT BATANG SEKILANG (Embelia borneensis Scheff.)

The Sekilang plant (Embelia borneensis Scheff.) Is one of the plants used by the Dayak community for fishing, leech repellent and as an ingredient for hair care. Empirical use of plants can be developed into products based on natural ingredients. This must be supported by research data. As a first step, the simplicia and ethanol extract of the stem bark were characterized. The research objective was to determine the specific and non-specific characteristics of the simplicia and the extracts of the bark of the sekilang. The research stage includes plant determination, collection of raw materials, manufacture of simplicia, extract preparation, organoleptic, microscopic testing, phytochemical screening, determination of water soluble extract content, determination of ethanol soluble extract content, determination of water content and determination of ash content. Microscopy test results of sekilang stem bark showed the presence of fiber fragments, stone cells, and oxalate crystals. The average water soluble content for simplicia and sekilang bark extract was 7.5% and 80%. The average ethanol soluble content for simplicia and extract was 6% and 30%. The average moisture content for the simplicia and extract was 9.5% and 12%. The mean total ash content for simplicia and extract was 5% and 8.5%. The mean acid insoluble ash content for simplicia and extract was 1% and 0.5%.

Genetic diversity and main functional composition of Lingzhi strains from main producing areas in China

In this study, we used genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to examine the genetic diversity of 22 strains of Lingzhi and the quality differences in 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi from different Chinese regions. The phylogenetic trees of 22 strains were constructed based on ITS (Internal transcribed spacer) and SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism). Moisture, ash, water-soluble extracts, alcohol-soluble extracts, polysaccharides, and triterpenoids from 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi were detected and analyzed based on Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the US Pharmacopoeia references. Moreover, the monosaccharide composition of polysaccharides was studied using PMP-HPLC, and the effect of polysaccharides on the proliferation rate of splenocytes was investigated in vitro. The identification results of these strains by the phylogenetic trees which were constructed based on ITS sequences and SNPs showed that most of the strains applied in the main producing areas of Lingzhi in China were accurate except for a few inaccurate strains. The moisture, ash, water and alcohol soluble extractive, polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of all samples were meet the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, while the polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of less than half of the samples meet the requirements of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia. The polysaccharide extracted from these samples have different effects on the proliferation rate of spleen cells. To sum up, this is the first study that reported on the differences in Lingzhi strains from the main producing areas in China. The quality of some fruit bodies did not meet the pharmacopeia requirements, and wrong strains were used in some production areas; thus, strains should be given special attention before legal processing.

FORMULASI SEDIAAN KRIM EKSTRAK ETANOL BUNGA KAMBOJA (Plumeria acuminata L.) DAN UJI AKTIVITAS ANTI ACNE

Cambodian flower (Plumeria acuminata L.) contains antioxidant and antibacterial properties, namely flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, steroids and glycosides. Kanboja flower ethanol extract (EEBK) was formulated into cream preparations because it tends to be more desirable and more efficient in its use. The research objectives were to formulate frangipani flower ethanol extract as cream soap and to test its activity against acne-causing bacteria. The research methods included: phytochemical screening, simplicia characterization of frangipani flowers, maceration of ethanol extract of frangipani flowers with 96% ethanol solvent, test activity of extracts against acne-causing bacteria by agar diffusion, formulation of cream preparations, test activity of preparations against acne-causing bacteria by diffusion agar. , and evaluation of preparations included: organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, physical stability test, emulsion type test, viscosity test, and irritation test on volunteers. Based on the research results, phytochemical screening of EEBK and frangipani flower simplicia powder has active compounds such as: alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids and glycosides. The results of the simplicia characterization of frangipani flowers have a water content of 7.99%, a water-soluble extract content of 26.22%, and an ethanol-soluble extract content of 10.57%. The cream evaluation results in the pH test ranged from 6.0 to 6.1, the viscosity test was between 208-226 mPas, and the physical stability test for 35 days did not change in color, smell, and shape. while the test results of antibacterial activity of the cream on the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes formula I with a concentration of 5% did not produce an inhibition zone, formula II with a concentration of 10% produced an inhibition zone of 8.95 mm -+ 3.79 and formula III with a concentration of 15% produced an inhibition zone of 15, 35 mm -+ 2.59. The conclusion of all the evaluation test results above meet the requirements according to the Indonesian National Standard (1994)