Water Sink Research Articles

Large‐eddy simulations of an Arctic mixed‐phase stratiform cloud observed during ISDAC: sensitivity to moisture aloft, surface fluxes and large‐scale forcing

Large‐eddy simulation (LES) is used to examine the complex interactions between cloud properties and boundary‐layer structure in Arctic low‐level mixed‐phase clouds using idealised conditions based on the Indirect and Semi‐Direct Aerosol Campaign (ISDAC, April 2008). The persistence of steady mixed‐phase conditions depends mostly on a balance between ice vertical redistribution and ice growth by vapour deposition in such a way that ice crystals cannot accumulate within the cloud layer to consume the available liquid water. An external source of water vapour is necessary to balance the net sink of total water in the cloud layer. Two main local sources of moisture are present: the initial moist surface layer and the free troposphere. In the studied case, the surface layer is found to be the dominant source of vapour to the cloud, the temperature inversion preventing significant entrainment from above. In most of the cases, the simulated boundary layer becomes rapidly well‐mixed despite the stabilising effect of ice sublimation and latent cooling close to the surface. The minor effect of near‐surface latent cooling on stability is connected to the initially moist surface layer limiting ice sublimation. Water vapour supply in the sub‐cloud layer, resulting from entrainment of moisture from aloft, reduces ice sublimation above the surface layer and contributes to the maintenance of some degree of boundary‐layer decoupling. In contrast, moisture surface fluxes reduce sublimation in the surface layer and accelerate cloud–surface coupling. Overall, the persistence of cloud–surface decoupling remains mostly driven by large‐scale heat and moisture advection.

Comparison between FEM and high heat flux thermal fatigue testing results of ITER divertor plasma facing mock-ups

The divertor is one of the most challenging components of “DEMO” the next step ITER machine, so many tasks regarding modeling and experiments have been made in the past years to assess manufacturing processes, materials and thus the life-time of the components. In this context the finite element analysis (FEA) allows designers to explore multiple design options, to reduce physical prototypes and to optimize design performance.The comparison between the hydraulic thermal-mechanical analysis performed by ANSYS WORKBENCH 14.5 and the test results [1] on small-scale mock-ups manufactured with the Hot Radial Pressing (HRP) [2] technology is presented in this paper.During the thermal fatigue testing in the Efremov TSEFEY facility to assess the heat flux load-carrying capability of the mock-ups, only the surface temperature was measured, so the FEA was important because it allowed to know any other information (temperature inside the materials, local water temperature, local stress, etc.). FEA was performed coupling the thermal-hydraulic analysis, that calculated the temperature distributions on the components and the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) between water and heat sink tube, with the mechanical analysis.The comparison between analysis and testing results was based on the temperature maps of the loaded surface and on number of the cycles supported during the testing and those predicted by the mechanical analysis using the experimental fatigue curves for CuCrZr-IG, that is the structural material in the component. Also the behavior for Cu-OFHC interlayer material based on the experimental fatigue curves was considered and the ultimate tensile strength for W, because their failure affects the heat removal capability of the component.The good correlation found between FEA results and testing campaign validated again the use of FEA itself for future design improved concepts.

Long-term variation in sea ice production and its relation to the intermediate water in the Sea of Okhotsk

Overturning in the North Pacific extending to the intermediate layer (about 200–800m depth) originates from the sinking of dense shelf water (DSW) formed by sea ice production in the Okhotsk coastal polynyas. It has been suggested that this overturning has weakened during the past 50years. The purpose of this study is to clarify the long-term variability of sea ice production in the polynyas and to discuss its linkage with DSW formation and the overturning. First, we have developed a thin ice thickness retrieval algorithm using Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) data for the Sea of Okhotsk, and have estimated the ice production for 21years (1988–2008) by calculating heat flux from SSM/I-derived ice thickness. From a comparison with atmospheric variables, it is suggested that interannual variability of sea ice production in the polynyas can be explained mainly by three atmospheric parameters: autumn air temperature northwest of the sea, winter air temperature north of the sea, and late winter offshoreward wind speed north of the sea. By using these parameters from atmospheric reanalysis data, the annual ice production for the 34years period from 1974 to 2008 is reconstructed from a multiple regression coefficient analysis. The reconstructed ice production shows a significant decreasing trend of ∼11.4% over 34years, which is mainly explained by the warming of autumn air temperature. It is also found that the variation in the annual total ice production corresponds well with the potential temperature variation in Okhotsk Sea Intermediate Water (OSIW). This first observational evidence of a linkage between the annual total ice production and OSIW supports a hypothesis that decreasing ice production in the Okhotsk coastal polynyas, at least in part, has led to weakening of the overturning in the North Pacific.

Significant groundwater contribution to Antarctic ice streams hydrologic budget

Satellite observations have revealed active hydrologic systems beneath Antarctic ice streams, but sources and sinks of water within these systems are uncertain. Here we use numerical simulations of ice streams to estimate the generation, flux, and budget of water beneath five ice streams on the Siple Coast. We estimate that 47% of the total hydrologic input (0.98 km3 yr−1) to Whillans (WIS), Mercer (MIS), and Kamb (KIS) ice streams comes from the ice sheet interior and that only 8% forms by local basal melting. The remaining 45% comes from a groundwater reservoir, an overlooked source in which depletion significantly exceeds recharge. Of the total input to Bindschadler (BIS) and MacAyeal (MacIS) ice streams (0.56 km3 yr−1), 72% comes from the interior, 19% from groundwater, and 9% from local melting. This contrasting hydrologic setting modulates the ice streams flow and has important implications for the search for life in subglacial lakes.

Aquaporin water channel in the salivary glands of the Formosan subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus is predominant in workers and absent in soldiers

AbstractTermite society is unique because the worker caste fetches and carries free water, utilizing it as a solvent for nest construction and gallery building and to maintain wetness for their nestmates. Such water management in a social organization relies largely upon the function of the workers in the colony, as well as on the individuals controlling the location and movement of water inside their bodies. The movement of water via aquaporins (AQPs; water channels) into and out of cells is a key feature of the numerous physiological functions related to whole‐insect water balance. In the present study, the homologue of the water‐specific Drosophila AQP [Drosophila integral protein (DRIP)] is characterized in workers of the Formosan subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), a highly active wood decomposer. Immunoblot analysis of DRIP‐type AQP using an antibody from the silkworm Bombyx mori reveals that the Coptotermes DRIP (formerly cloned as ‘CfAQP1’) with a molecular mass of approximately 25.7 kDa is expressed predominantly in the salivary (labial) gland of the workers. The Coptotermes DRIP is present at the basal plasma membrane of the parietal cells, as demonstrated by immunocytochemistry. By contrast, there is no DRIP detected within the salivary glands of soldier termites, and neither caste expresses DRIP in their labial gland reservoir (water sac), a tissue that is suggested to have a function as a water sink. The AQP present in the salivary glands is of physiological importance with respect to salivation, aiding in the secretion of cellulolytic enzymes for wood ingestion by the workers of the subterranean termite.

North Atlantic marine radiocarbon reservoir ages through Heinrich event H4: a new method for marine age model construction

Abstract Cooling and sinking of dense saline water in the Norwegian–Greenland Sea is essential for the formation of North Atlantic Deep Water. The convection in the Norwegian–Greenland Sea allows for a northward flow of warm surface water and southward transport of cold saline water. This circulation system is highly sensitive to climate change and has been shown to operate in different modes. In ice cores the last glacial period is characterized by millennial-scale Dansgaard–Oeschger (D–O) events of warm interstadials and cold stadials. Similar millennial-scale variability (linked to D–O events) is evident from oceanic cores, suggesting a strong coupling of the atmospheric and oceanic circulations system. Particularly long-lasting cold stadials correlate with North Atlantic Heinrich events, where icebergs released from the continents caused a spread of meltwater over the northern North Atlantic and Nordic seas. The meltwater layer is believed to have caused a stop or near-stop in the deep convection, leading to cold climate. The spreading of meltwater and changes in oceanic circulation have a large influence on the carbon exchange between atmosphere and the deep ocean and lead to profound changes in the 14 C activity of the surface ocean. Here we demonstrate marine 14 C reservoir ages ( R ) of up to c. 2000 years for Heinrich event H4. Our R estimates are based on a new method for age model construction using identified tephra layers and tie-points based on abrupt interstadial warmings.

Análisis del transporte y bombeo de Ekman en el Caribe colombiano entre 1999 y 2009

Se realizó el análisis de la distribución espacial y temporal del transporte y bombeo de Ekman en la cuenca Caribe colombiana con datos de viento del sensor SeaWinds, entre noviembre de 1999 y noviembre de 2009. Los resultados indicaron la influencia del chorro de baja altura del Caribe en ambas variables, las cuales mostraron un ciclo estacional. El bombeo promedio fue positivo cerca a las costas de Colombia mientras que en el norte de la cuenca se observó hundimiento de agua. La dirección dominante del transporte de Ekman fue hacia el norte y noroeste, registrando una magnitud máxima relativa en el oriente de la cuenca.

Ion Microprobe Determination of Hydrogen Concentration and Isotopic ratio in Extraterrestrial Metallic Alloys

The isotopic ratio of hydrogen was measured in an iron meteorite and terrestrial native iron using an IMS 3f ion microprobe. The extraterrestrial D/H ratio (93 ± 9 × 10−6) was close to the terrestrial value (105 ± 6 × 10−6), and both samples had low H concentrations (7 ± 4 and 33 ± 11 ng g−1 for the iron meteorite and the terrestrial sample, respectively). Experiments on artificially D‐enriched samples showed that the measured hydrogen signal is a combination of indigenous H and terrestrial atmospheric contamination. This contamination comes from the isotope exchange reaction between water adsorbed on the sample surface and atmospheric water, and would be continuously added to the indigenous H in the ion crater by the adsorbed water sinking into the crater during sputtering. Experiments showed that this contamination represents up to 20% of the signal but was within the uncertainty of the measured D/H ratio.

Experimental and theoretical study of counter-current oil–water separation in wells with in-situ water injection

Abstract The study investigates a counter-current gravity separation in a downwards-flowing mixture of (up to 3%) oil in water. At much higher oil fraction, the separation is a basis for the conventional downhole oil–water separation (DOWS) where the whole oil and water separate in the well. In contrast, the counter-current separation of a very small oil content is needed in the new “downhole water loop” technique (DWL) prior to injecting the oil-free water in-situ. In the DWL triple-completed wells, the top completion produces oil and only trace of the oil contaminates the water drained by the lower “water sink” completion and is re-injected in-situ using the (third) bottom completion. A drift-flux concept was used to develop an empirical model for predicting the oil droplets raise velocity at different water flow velocities. The model was derived from experiments using seven different oils with a wide range of density, viscosity and interfacial tension values. The experiments monitored oil droplets ejected from a single perforation into the stream of water flowing downwards at various velocities. The results show that the oil–water interfacial tension is the most important factor in the separation process, as it controls the oil droplet size. This observation significantly simplifies the model by replacing the droplet size (most difficult to measure) with a correlation based on interfacial tension developed using the experimental results. The new model also considers the effect of oil viscosity that has been ignored in the co-current separation studies. (Our results reveal over 10% contribution of the viscosity effect to the counter-current separation process.) A practical finding in this study is the 0.33 ft/s (0.1 m/s) value of critical maximum water velocity for counter-current oil separation. In a real DWL well, this value corresponds to a point in the perforated well section above which separation takes place. It is also shown how oil separation could be predicted from a given water sink completion length and drainage–injection rate.

THE ROLE OF THE BARENTS SEA IN THE ARCTIC CLIMATE SYSTEM

Present global warming is amplified in the Arctic and accompanied by unprecedented sea ice decline. Located along the main pathway of Atlantic Water entering the Arctic, the Barents Sea is the site of coupled feedback processes that are important for creating variability in the entire Arctic air‐ice‐ocean system. As warm Atlantic Water flows through the Barents Sea, it loses heat to the Arctic atmosphere. Warm periods, like today, are associated with high northward heat transport, reduced Arctic sea ice cover, and high surface air temperatures. The cooling of the Atlantic inflow creates dense water sinking to great depths in the Arctic Basins, and ~60% of the Arctic Ocean carbon uptake is removed from the carbon‐saturated surface this way. Recently, anomalously large ocean heat transport has reduced sea ice formation in the Barents Sea during winter. The missing Barents Sea winter ice makes up a large part of observed winter Arctic sea ice loss, and in 2050, the Barents Sea is projected to be largely ice free throughout the year, with 4°C summer warming in the formerly ice‐covered areas. The heating of the Barents atmosphere plays an important role both in “Arctic amplification” and the Arctic heat budget. The heating also perturbs the large‐scale circulation through expansion of the Siberian High northward, with a possible link to recent continental wintertime cooling. Large air‐ice‐ocean variability is evident in proxy records of past climate conditions, suggesting that the Barents Sea has had an important role in Northern Hemisphere climate for, at least, the last 2500 years.

New Cold-Production Technique for Heavy Oil With Strong Bottomwaterdrive

Summary Few heavy-oil reservoirs with strong bottomwaterdrive have been developed successfully, because severe water coning causes low ultimate recovery, low well productivity, and high water production. In these reservoirs, thermal and gravity-assisted methods that could improve recovery are perceived as economically unfavorable or technologically infeasible. In this paper, we propose a new cold-production technique, called the bilateral water sink (BWS), to meet those challenges. The BWS method suppresses water cresting by producing oil and water simultaneously from bilateral horizontal wells completed in the oil and water zones separately. Unlike conventional horizontal-well production, where water cresting causes water to bypass oil, making the waterdrive mechanism ineffective, the BWS prevents water cresting by altering the potential distribution in the near-well region. With cresting suppressed, water drives the oil from the edges of the well drainage area to the well, resulting in high ultimate recovery. By exploiting the natural reservoir energy of the bottomwaterdrive, the BWS becomes economically, technically, and environmentally appealing—especially for offshore fields where cold production is the only option and oil/water separation is a problem. In this paper, new analytical models are derived to design the water and oil rates for the BWS and to quantify the method's effect of avoiding water cresting and improving oil recovery. The analytical models are verified with numerical simulations. The BWS technique is also theoretically demonstrated by use of data from an actual oil field. The results show a considerable increase of oil recovery, from less than 15% for a conventional horizontal well to approximately 40% for a BWS well.

Deep-Sea Bioluminescence Blooms after Dense Water Formation at the Ocean Surface

The deep ocean is the largest and least known ecosystem on Earth. It hosts numerous pelagic organisms, most of which are able to emit light. Here we present a unique data set consisting of a 2.5-year long record of light emission by deep-sea pelagic organisms, measured from December 2007 to June 2010 at the ANTARES underwater neutrino telescope in the deep NW Mediterranean Sea, jointly with synchronous hydrological records. This is the longest continuous time-series of deep-sea bioluminescence ever recorded. Our record reveals several weeks long, seasonal bioluminescence blooms with light intensity up to two orders of magnitude higher than background values, which correlate to changes in the properties of deep waters. Such changes are triggered by the winter cooling and evaporation experienced by the upper ocean layer in the Gulf of Lion that leads to the formation and subsequent sinking of dense water through a process known as “open-sea convection”. It episodically renews the deep water of the study area and conveys fresh organic matter that fuels the deep ecosystems. Luminous bacteria most likely are the main contributors to the observed deep-sea bioluminescence blooms. Our observations demonstrate a consistent and rapid connection between deep open-sea convection and bathypelagic biological activity, as expressed by bioluminescence. In a setting where dense water formation events are likely to decline under global warming scenarios enhancing ocean stratification, in situ observatories become essential as environmental sentinels for the monitoring and understanding of deep-sea ecosystem shifts.

A note on the intraseasonal variability in an Antarctic polynia: Prior to and after the Mertz Glacier calving

During winter, thin sea ice is formed in coastal polynias, areas of open-water within a sea ice pack and important sites of dense shelf water formation. In the Mertz Glacier polynia (138°E–147°E, East Antarctica), we examined the effects of an extreme calving event, the last Mertz glacier calving, on the regional sea ice distribution. The high-frequency variability of sea ice concentration was studied for years 1992 to 2011 from passive microwave satellite data with fine spatial (6.25km and 12.5km) and temporal (1day) resolutions. Our results showed that the last calving of the Mertz glacier tongue in February 2010 greatly modified the size and shape of the polynia with a significant westward shift in the regional ice regimes. We also identified a post-calving transition state characterised by a 70%-decrease in polynia area from the pre-calving mean. In the eastern part of the study area, our findings are in agreement with other studies predicting an important decrease in polynia activity. In the western part, where the main polynia activity has shifted after the calving, the new sea ice distribution is expected to have a major impact on local sea ice production, dense shelf water sinking, and potentially the regional thermohaline circulation. With extreme climatic events predicted to occur more frequently, long-term monitoring of the regional icescape could be used to evaluate the vulnerability of Antarctic physical processes and related ecosystems.

Thermodynamic properties of anhydrous and hydrous wadsleyite, β−Mg2SiO4

Wadsleyite, β-Mg2SiO4, is an important high pressure mineral that may act as a sink of water in the Earth's transition zone. In this study, we first determine the heat capacity and entropy of anhydrous wadsleyite at ambient pressure both experimentally and by first principles simulations. The measured standard entropy S0 at 298 K is 86.7(11) J/(mol K). Then, extended simulations are performed to explore the effect of pressure and hydration on these thermodynamic properties. The stability of several structural models of hydrogen incorporation is investigated and the lowest energy structures are used to derive the vibrational entropy and the heat capacity of hydrous wadsleyite with a nominal content of 1.6 and 3.3 wt% H2O at an ambient pressure and at 15 GPa. Considering an estimation of the configurational entropy, S0 of hydrous wadsleyite with 1.6 and 3.3 wt% H2O is predicted to be about 3.5 and 5 J/(mol K) higher than that of anhydrous wadsleyite at the ambient pressure.

Performance analysis of a multi-functional heat pump system in cooling mode

A multi-functional heat pump system is proposed to effectively utilize waste heat and heat capacity in gray water for heating or cooling of residential buildings. Heat is also reclaimed from a plate heat exchanger installed at the discharge outlet of the compressor to provide sufficient hot water for residential use. To study the performance of this innovative system, laboratory testing has been performed with a prototype consisting of an outdoor heat pump, an indoor air handler, a gray water tank and a hot-water tank. This system is set in two environmental chambers that they mimic the outdoor and indoor environments, respectively. In this paper, the investigation of the proposed system is focused on the performance in cooling mode. The multi-functional heat pump system has been run under (i) space cooling mode and (ii) space cooling plus hot-water supply mode, with the same temperature conditions. The system performances in these two modes are compared and analyzed. The system is designed to allow four combinations of heat sinks with a water sink condenser and an air sink condenser. The four combinations are (1) air sink only, (2) water sink only, (3) air sink and water sink in parallel and (4) air sink and water sink in series, at the refrigerant cycle. Performance of the four combinations of heat sinks is experimentally investigated at a typical indoor air temperature of 26.7 °C and various outdoor air temperatures at 29.4 °C, 35 °C, and 40.5 °C. The results show that the heat sink combinations influence the cooling capacity and coefficient of performance (COP) of the system. The system performance and the optimal heat sink combination depend on the outdoor temperature. The impacts of outdoor temperature and gray water temperature on the performance of the system are discussed. The dynamic performance of the system for heating hot water from 30 °C to 48.9 °C is also studied. The proposed system has been shown providing significant energy savings in space cooling and hot-water supply. Moreover, the optimal source combination is critical in pursuing the maximum energy savings.

Optimization of water network integrated with process models

In this paper, a novel approach for the synthesis of water network incorporated with process models is introduced. The process models are utilized to relate the variables (i.e., flow rate and concentration) of process output (typically defined as internal water source) with those of process input (i.e., water sink). A generalized water network superstructure is developed to embed all possible process units and all the connections among resources, interceptors, process units, and wastes. The problem is formulated as four optimization problems (minimum freshwater flow rate, intercepted flow rate, intercepted mass load, and number of connections), and the four models are solved in sequence to locate the targets. A literature case is used to validate the proposed approach. Moreover, a sour water network of a practical refinery plant is presented to illustrate the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Impact of atmospheric and physical forcings on biogeochemical cycling of dissolved oxygen and nutrients in the coastal Bay of Bengal

Time-series observations were conducted off Visakhapatnam, central west coast of Bay of Bengal, from October 2007 to April 2009 to examine the influence of physical and atmospheric processes on water column nutrients biogeochemistry. The thermal structure displayed inversions of 0.5 to 1.0° C during winter and were weaker in summer. The water column was vertically stratified during the entire study period and was stronger during October–November 2007 and August–December 2008 compared to other study periods. High concentrations of chlorophyll-a and nutrients were associated with the extreme atmospheric events. The strong relationship of nutrients with salinity indicates that physical processes, such as circulation, mixing and river discharge, have a significant control on phytoplankton blooms in the coastal Bay of Bengal. Phosphate seems to be a controlling nutrient during winter whereas availability of light and suspended matter limits production in summer. Formation of low oxygen conditions were observed in the bottom waters due to enhanced primary production by extreme atmospheric events; however, re-oxygenation of bottom waters through sinking of oxygen-rich surface waters by a warm core (anticyclonic) eddy led to its near recovery. This study reveals that atmospheric and physical processes have significant impacts on the water column biogeochemistry in the coastal Bay of Bengal.

Numerical Modeling of the Effects of Disproportionate Permeability Reduction Water-Shutoff Treatments on Water Coning

In the present paper, we analyze numerically the disproportionate permeability reduction (DPR) water-shutoff (WSO) treatments in oil production well, i.e., the ability to reduce relative permeability (RP) to water more than to oil. The technique consists of bullhead injection of polymer solutions (gelant) into the near-wellbore formation without zone isolation. By assuming the low dissolution of polymer in oil and the low mobility of the gel in porous medium, we reduced the compositional model of the process to a simple two-phase model, with RP and capillary pressure (PC) dependent on the water and gel saturation. We proposed the extension of the LET correlations used to calculate RP and PC for the case of three phases (oil–water–gel). The problem is divided into two stages: the polymer injection and the post-treatment production. Both of these processes are described by the same formal mathematical model, which results from incompressible two-phase flow equations formulated in terms of normalized saturation and global pressure. The thermal effects caused by the injection of a relatively cold aqueous solution are taken into account. The numerical solution shows favorable results for the DPR WSO treatments. Other techniques, such as the creation of impermeable barrier and downhole water sink (DWS) technology, are also tested in order to check the validity of the developed numerical model with experimental data.

The French Hygiene Offensive of the 1950s: A Critical Moment in the History of Manners

Previous articleNext article No AccessArticlesThe French Hygiene Offensive of the 1950s: A Critical Moment in the History of Manners*Steven ZdatnySteven ZdatnyUniversity of Vermont Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Modern History Volume 84, Number 4December 2012Europe in the 1950s: The Anxieties of Beginning Again Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/667596 Views: 211Total views on this site Citations: 4Citations are reported from Crossref © 2012 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Ana Quiroga Álvarez Una mujer enmarcada, Pensar la Publicidad. Revista Internacional de Investigaciones Publicitarias 15, no.11 (May 2021): 157–175.https://doi.org/10.5209/pepu.75691Anthony Galluzzo, Hélène Gorge Institutional entrepreneurs and legitimation strategies: The case of personal hygiene in France from 1880 to 1980, Recherche et Applications en Marketing (English Edition) 35, no.44 (Aug 2020): 2–22.https://doi.org/10.1177/2051570720941798Anthony Galluzzo, Hélène Gorge Entrepreneurs institutionnels et stratégies de légitimation. Le cas de l’hygiène corporelle en France de 1880 à 1980, Recherche et Applications en Marketing (French Edition) 35, no.44 (May 2020): 3–22.https://doi.org/10.1177/0767370120910994Barbara Bramanti, Katharine R. Dean, Lars Walløe, Nils Chr. Stenseth The Third Plague Pandemic in Europe, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no.19011901 (Apr 2019): 20182429.https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2429

Development of Energy-Saving Water and Electricity Separation Electromagnetic Heating Sink

This paper analyzed the disadvantages in current heating sink, which includes the waste of water and electric power, and hazardous elements to the staff. This paper proposed a new water and electricity separation energy-saving heating sink. This kind of heating sink could improve the water and electric power efficiency, as well as safety performance. The heating system of sink was improved by analyzing the electromagnetic heating method, the bottom structure of the sink, and the dirt discharge method.