Water-saturated Samples Research Articles

Water-induced changes in mechanical response and fragmentation behavior of rocks exposed to conical pick indentation: Implications for rock cuttability improvement

Water-weakening presents a promising strategy for the in-situ improvement of rock cuttability. This study unveils the influences of water saturation on the mechanical response and fragmentation characteristics of rock samples. A series of rock-cutting tests using conical pick indentation was conducted on three types of sandstone samples under both dry and water-saturated conditions. The relationships between cutting force and indentation depth, as well as typical cuttability indices are determined and compared for dry and water-saturated samples. The experimental results reveal that the presence of water facilitates shearing failure in rock samples, as well as alleviates the fluctuations in the cutting force-indentation depth curve Furthermore, the peak cutting force (Fp), cutting work (Wp), and specific energy (SE) undergo apparent decrease after water saturation, whereas the trend in the indentation depth at rock failure (Df) varies across different rock types. Additionally, the water-induced percentage reductions in Fp and SE correlate positively with the quartz and swelling clay content within the rocks, suggesting that the cuttability improvement due to water saturation is attributed to the combined effects of stress corrosion and frictional reduction. These findings carry significant implications for improving rock cuttability in mechanized excavation of hard rock formations.

Chert outcrops differentiation by means of low-field NMR relaxometry

Siliceous rocks served as raw materials in the production of stone tools from the Middle Paleolithic onwards. Due to migration, the provenance of archaeological artefacts can differ from their natural outcrop location. The aim of this work was the application of 1D and 2D low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) relaxometry to distinguish cherts by their original source. Herein, bedded cherts and accompanying nodular cherts coming from three different outcrops of Kraków-Częstochowa Upland were investigated. 1D and 2D (T1-T2) experiments of water-saturated and dry rock sample states delivered T1, T2 times and T1/T2 ratios of distinct hydrogen populations – parameters sensitive to pore size, surface properties, and hydrogen bonding length. In-depth analysis of NMR data showed substantial differences in the porosity, pore surface and pore structure properties of investigated chert samples tested in the three different saturation levels (100% water-saturated, dried and differential). Finally, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to reduce the number of correlations obtained and highlight the most important NMR properties specific to the particular outcrop localization."Please check captured corresponding author email if correct.""The email is correct"

Color Change of Pear Wood (Pyrus communis L.) during Water Steam Treatment

Hydrothermal treatment of wood, particularly steaming with saturated water steam, is often used to achieve a more intensive and homogenous wood color or to vary its hue. However, information on pear wood (Pyrus communis L.) steaming is limited in the available literature. This paper investigates the influence of steaming on the color of pear wood. Green, water-saturated samples of pear wood heartwood and sapwood were steamed with saturated water steam for 24 h at 98 °C. The color of the heartwood and sapwood was assessed both visually and with a standard three-stimulus colorimeter using the CIEL*a*b* system, and compared to the natural color of pear-wood. Additionally, FT-IR spectrometry was employed to analyze chemical changes in the wood samples. The results showed that both heartwood and sapwood experienced a decrease in lightening (L*), an increase in redness (a*), and a decrease in yellowness (b*) during steaming. Furthermore, a trend toward the equalization of L*, a*, and b* parameters between heartwood and sapwood over time was observed. FT-IR spectroscopy revealed that the chemical changes during steaming were primarily related to extractives and hemicelluloses, with no significant changes in cellulose and lignin. The obtained results suggest that pear wood color can be equalized to some extent by steaming and that the extent of the color change to darker tones is dependent on steaming time.

Study on energy consumption and failure mechanism of water-saturated coal sample during impact cracking

To uncover the mechanism of energy dissipation in coal samples when subjected to both water and dynamic load, the damage patterns and energy absorption properties of coal samples in their natural and saturated states were investigated and analyzed through Hopkinson impact experiments. The results of the study show that the mass and wave velocity of the natural coal samples show an increasing trend when they are saturated with water. And the mass and wave velocity increase by 6.35 % and 21.42 % respectively. The coal sample's level of fragmentation and dynamic strength exhibited a positive correlation with the velocity (1 m/s-5.69 m/s) of impact. When subjected to dynamic loads, both natural and water-saturated coal samples primarily undergo splitting, fracturing, and crushing. Compared with natural coal samples, saturated water coal samples show greater degree of crushing and lower mechanical strength. The dynamic strength of saturated coal sample at 5.25 m/s (15.66 MPa) decreased by 33.86 % compared with that at 5.69 m/s (23.68 MPa). The mean size of particles in coal samples, both in their natural state and when saturated with water, had an linear reduction relationship with impact speed. Conversely, the fractal dimension, which represents dissipation, had a direct relationship with impact speed. The fractal dimensions of dry and saturated coal samples are distributed in the ranges of 1.56–2.08 and 1.65–2.1, respectively. And the dissipative energy of natural coal samples between 1.09 m/s and 5.67 m/s is about 0.039 J/cm3-0.175 J/cm3, and that of saturated coal samples between 1 m/s and 5.25 m/s is about 0.034 J/cm3-0.088 J/cm3. The surface energy of coal samples was analysed and calculated, and an energy consumption prediction model was proposed to predict the energy consumption of coal samples after dynamic crushing.

Experimental study on energy and damage evolution of dry and water-saturated dolomite from a deep mine

The deformation and failure of a rock is closely related to the strain energy consumption during the load process of rock. To investigate the effect of water on energy evolution and damage characteristics of dolomite samples from a deep mine, the uniaxial compression tests were carried out on dry and water-saturated dolomite samples at different burial depths (900 m–1200 m). The effects of water on the evolution characteristics of elastic and dissipative energy ratios ( Ue/ U and Ud/ U) during rock deformation and failure was analyzed. Based on the variation rate of damage factor ( Df), a new brittleness index is proposed, which can effectively characterize the brittleness characteristics of water-bearing dolomite. The results show that the uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of the water-saturated dolomite are significantly reduced compared to dry sample. The energy and damage evolution process of dolomite can be divided into four stages: initial damage stage, stable damage stage, pre-peak accelerated damage stage and post-damage stage. The variation rate of damage factor of the rock samples in the stable damage stage and the pre-peak accelerated damage stage appeared to increase significantly after water saturation treatment. Compared with water-saturated samples, more pronounced energy hardening characteristics and brittleness characteristics were observed in dry samples. In addition, the possible impact on the stability of deep rock engineering after the deterioration of rock mechanical properties and energy storage properties caused by water was analyzed. Groundwater can somewhat reduce rock burst proneness. However, it also has the potential to lead to greater rock engineering destabilization and failure hazards.

Pore-Scale Formation Characteristics of Impermeable Frozen Walls for Shallow Groundwater Contamination Remediation

Impermeability and water blocking are crucial for remediating shallow groundwater contamination. Traditional methods often employ curtain-grouting technology to create impermeable layers. However, cement slurry curing is irreversible, leading to permanent closure of underground aquifers and secondary pollution. This study employs an innovative approach by fabricating cylindrical models that simulate actual strata and utilizing a high-temperature and high-pressure displacement device. It systematically analyzes the variations in soil pore structure, distribution, porosity, and permeability under different temperatures, pressures, and freezing durations. The microscopic characteristics of the freezing process in water-bearing soils were studied. Results demonstrate that longer freezing time improves the effectiveness of soil freezing, reaching complete freezing at temperatures as low as −4 °C for samples with low water content. For water-saturated samples, freezing below −6 °C results in nearly zero porosity. Increased pressure at a certain freezing temperature significantly reduces permeability. When freezing temperature falls below −4 °C, water permeability in saturated samples after freezing reaches near-zero levels, while unsaturated samples experience complete freezing. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for constructing freezing curtains in remediating shallow groundwater pollution.

Study on the damage and seepage characteristics of water-saturated coal by microwave cycling

To investigate the extent of damage and seepage characteristics of water-saturated coal samples after subjecting them to microwave cycling. The microwave equipment was used to process the coal samples by microwave cycling. The non-contact digital image processing technology and acoustic emission system were used to carry out the triaxial loading experimental study of the coal samples to obtain the mechanical parameter characteristics, energy evolution pattern, acoustic emission information and permeability characteristics of coal samples under different microwave cycle times. The results of the study show that: With the increase in the number of microwave cycles, dense grid-loaded cracks gradually appeared on the surface of the coal samples, the triaxial partial stresses of the coal samples decreased, and the strains also decreased, and the modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio also decreased; In the densification stage stage, the dissipated energy is higher than the elastic energy, and as the elastic stage proceeds, the elastic energy gradually reverses to exceed the dissipated energy, and the total energy and elastic energy of the coal samples decrease with the increase in the number of cycles, and the dissipated energy rises; Coal samples produce a large number of fissures due to the increase in the number of microwave cycles, the more frequent the fissure activity during the loading process, the acoustic emission amplitude and ringing count scattering points all become dense with the increase in the number of cycles, and the data increase; Initial permeability, destructive permeability and average permeability were all increased, microwave treatment has a better effect of permeability enhancement, the permeability of the treated coal samples was changed from low permeability to medium permeability, and the permeability enhancement was the largest in 6 cycles, and the permeability was increased by 7.18 times. This article explores the damage condition of water-saturated coal samples under microwave cycling treatment. Then, it explores the effect of microwave cycling on the permeability enhancement of the coal body, which provides a new method for exploring the gas permeability enhancement and extraction of low-permeability coal samples underground.

Dynamic mechanical properties and constitutive model of oil-immersed and thermally-treated red sandstone

To thoroughly investigate the stability of reservoir rock mass in heavy oil thermal recovery projects, this study explored the dynamic mechanical properties and deformation behaviors of thermally-treated red sandstone from the oil-immersed reservoir, taking the dry and water-saturated reservoirs as the comparison. The results show that the dynamic compression strength and energy transmission rate of oil-immersed and thermally-treated red sandstone are enhanced. With the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests, we observed the grain-coating on the surface of the mineral particles of oil-immersed rock. The grain-coating enhances the rock matrix integrity and leads to the mechanical strengthening effect of oil-immersed rock. The fractal dimension of oil-immersed samples is smaller than that of dry and water-saturated samples. In addition, the theoretical values of the damage constitutive model are consistent with the experimental data, which verifies the validity of the damage model. Our new findings support that the oil weakens the deformation resistance ability of the micro-crack part but strengthens that of the rock matrix.

The influence of measurement conditions on the determined values of thermal parameters of different types of concrete

In recent years, great emphasis has been placed on the introduction of energy-saving solutions to the construction sector. Building envelopes made of concrete with a specially selected composition give great opportunities in this regard. As part of a wide-ranging experiment, the authors undertook to diagnose how much thermal conductivity, volumetric specific heat and thermal diffusivity can be improved with an aerating admixture and different types of aggregates. Three groups of composites were tested: B1 – on stone aggregate, B2 – on expanded clay aggregate, B3 – on sintered fly ash aggregate. Each of the groups was divided into 4 formulations made without an aerating admixture and with its increasingly higher content of 0.8, 1.1, 1.4% in relation to the weight of cement. The thermal parameters were measured on the top (T) and bottom (B) surfaces of 36 rectangular samples (3 samples from each of the 12 mixtures) with the ISOMET 2104 apparatus. Diagnostic tests concerning the influence of measurement conditions were carried out on dry and water-saturated samples. It has been proven that for each composite and in both conditions, the values of thermal parameters determined on the lower surfaces will not correctly describe the properties of the real structure present in the main volume of the element. Only measurements carried out on surfaces with a structure corresponding to the interior of the element provide adequate data that can be used in decision-making processes and in numerical simulations to assess the real thermal qualities of building envelopes.

Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents for Ethanol, Propan-1-ol, and Propan-2-ol Recovery from Aqueous Solutions

Separating hydroalcoholic mixtures remains a significant challenge in engineering. Liquid–liquid extraction has emerged as an appealing alternative method, because it avoids the need for the large energy inputs, volatile organic compounds, and high pressures that are typically required by other separation processes. This study explores the use of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDESs) composed of terpenes and 10-undecenoic acid as extraction agents for the liquid–liquid separation of hydroalcoholic mixtures composed of alcohols (ethanol, propan-1-ol, and propan-2-ol) and water. The water content in the solvents studied was notably low, reflecting their hydrophobic nature. For the dried HDES samples, the water content ranged from 553 to 4901 ppm. In contrast, the water-saturated samples exhibited higher water contents, ranging from 7250 to 20,864 ppm. The HDES based on thymol, DL-menthol, and L-menthol displayed a eutectic point at an xterpenes of approximately 0.67. These mixtures maintained a liquid state up to a mole fraction of terpenes around 0.75. In contrast, the HDES composed of carvacrol, fenchyl alcohol, and α-terpineol exhibited their eutectic point at an xterpenes near 0.5. Notably, these mixtures remained in a liquid state across the entire composition range studied. The 2:1 molar ratio (HBA:HBD) presented the best values for extracting alcohols, reaching 34.04%, 36.59%, and 39.78% for ethanol, propan-2-ol, and propan-1-ol, respectively. These results show that HDES can be applied to overcome issues with existing extraction solvents, increasing the separation efficiency and making the process eco-friendly.

Pore structure characteristics of artificial sand aggregate mortar

With the progressive depletion of natural sand, the substitution of natural sand with artificial sand as a construction aggregate has received significant attention. To analyzed the pore structure characteristics of artificial sand aggregate mortars, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology was utilized to analyze the distribution characteristics and dynamic changes of five types of aggregate gradation mortars, and fractal theory was employed for characterization. The study examined on the correlation between aggregate gradation and pore structure, fractal dimension, and assessed the connectivity of the pore structure. The results showed that: water-saturated samples were mainly composed of micropores and movable fluid pores after 28 days of hydration, while the micropores and clay-bound fluid pores dominated after 365 days of hydration. The formation of the pore structure in multi-aggregate-graded mortar is influenced by both the surface-to-volume ratio and aggregate packing density. At the same hydration time, lower porosity in water-saturated mortar results in increased non-homogeneity of the pore structure and a reduced permeability coefficient. Well-graded aggregate mortar has stronger resistance to hydraulic erosion, and the stronger the erosion effect of water will be with more developed pore structure.

Threshold capillary pressure of caprocks for CO2 storage: Numerical insight on the dynamic and residual method

The dynamic threshold pressure method and the residual capillary pressure method provide an estimate of the threshold capillary pressure for CO2 storage. In the dynamic method, the threshold capillary pressure is determined by comparing the discharge measured when the CO2 starts flowing into the sample with the one measured when only water is flowing. In the residual method, a high CO2 pressure is applied on the vessel at the inlet of a water-saturated sample while water cannot flow from the vessel at its end. The threshold capillary pressure is estimated as the difference between the CO2 and the water pressures at the sample boundaries at equilibrium conditions.Sensitive analyses showed the impact of material properties and experimental conditions on results. Both methods allow estimating the threshold capillary pressure within a few days and the estimates are influenced by the applied pressures. The dynamic method estimate is not precautionary, and it tends to the exact value as the applied CO2 overpressure decreases. The residual method estimate is influenced by the drainage conditions and the volume of the vessels: it is generally precautionary and tends to increase with the volume of the vessels and the applied pressure. Suggestions for test interpretation and planning are also provided.

Study on Characteristics of Failure and Energy Evolution of Different Moisture-Containing Soft Rocks under Cyclic Disturbance Loading.

During the coal mining process in soft rock mines with abundant water, the rock mass undergoes cyclic loading and unloading at low frequencies due to factors such as excavation. To investigate the mechanical characteristics and energy evolution laws of different water-containing rock masses under cyclic disturbance loading, a creep dynamic disturbance impact loading system was employed to conduct cyclic disturbance experiments on various water-containing soft rocks (0.00%, 1.74%, 3.48%, 5.21%, 6.95%, and 8.69%). A comparative analysis was conducted on the patterns of input energy density, elastic energy density, dissipated energy density, and damage variables of different water-containing soft rocks during the disturbance process. The results indicate that under the influence of disturbance loading, the peak strength of specimens, except for fully saturated samples, is generally increased to varying degrees. Weakness effects on the elastic modulus were observed in samples with 6.95% water content and saturated samples, while strengthening effects were observed in others. The input energy density of samples is mostly stored in the form of elastic strain energy within the samples, and different water-containing samples adapt to external loads within the first 100 cycles, with almost identical trends in energy indicators. Damage variables during the disturbance process were calculated using the maximum strain method, revealing the evolution of damage in the samples. From an energy evolution perspective, these experimental results elucidate the fatigue damage characteristics of water-containing rock masses under the influence of disturbance loading.

The Effect of Salt Concentration on Dielectric Permittivity and Interfacial Polarization in Carbonate Rocks with Complex Pore Structure

Summary Broadband dielectric dispersion measurements are attractive options for the assessment of water-filled porosity. Dielectric permittivity is influenced by salinity as well as other rock/fluid properties. However, the effect of salinity on Maxwell-Wagner polarization (i.e., interfacial polarization) and dielectric permittivity in rock samples with complex pore structures requires further investigation. The objectives of this work are (a) to perform frequency-domain dielectric permittivity numerical simulations on 3D pore-scale rock samples at different salt concentration levels, (b) to quantify the effect of salinity on dielectric permittivity and interfacial polarization in the frequency range between 20 MHz and 5 GHz, and (c) to quantify the critical frequency (i.e., the frequency at which the relative permittivity becomes frequency-independent). We first perform pore-scale frequency domain dielectric permittivity simulations in fully water-saturated carbonate samples with complex pore structures to obtain the complex dielectric permittivity in the frequency range of 0.01–5 GHz and at different salinity levels. Next, we numerically create partially water/hydrocarbon-saturated water-wet samples and perform simulations at different salinity and water saturation levels to investigate the combined effect of salinity and water saturation on dielectric permittivity. Finally, we investigate how reliable conventional mixing models, such as the complex refractive index model (CRIM) and Hanai-Bruggeman (HB), are in the assessment of water saturation at different salinity levels. We used 3D pore-scale rock samples with complex pore structures from Austin Chalk, Estaillades Limestone, and Happy Spraberry formations. The increase in salinity from 2 to 50 parts per thousand (PPT) resulted in the relative permittivity to increase by 18% at 20 MHz. Similarly, an increase in salinity from 2 PPT to 50 PPT resulted in electrical conductivity to increase by 15 times at 20 MHz. However, at 5 GHz, the difference between the relative permittivity of the samples at different salinities was negligible. We demonstrated that the critical frequency was above 1 GHz. Thus, if complex dielectric permittivity at 1 GHz is being used, an accurate salinity assumption is required in the interpretation of conventional dielectric mixture models in carbonate formations. Finally, we observed 52% and 42% average relative errors in water saturation quantification when applying CRIM and HB models at all the frequencies of interest, respectively. The results also indicated that conventional models should not be used in the presence of uncertainty in salinity at lower frequencies. The results of this work quantified the frequency at which the water-filled pore volume rather than the Maxwell-Wagner polarization controls the relative permittivity of rock samples saturated with a wide range of brine salinity. Moreover, the results demonstrated that the relative permittivity of the rock samples with complex pore structures may still be significantly affected by the interfacial polarization even at 1 GHz. Moreover, the results suggested that the conventional mixture methods cannot reliably take into account the salt concentration of formation water, and this can lead to significant errors in reserves assessment.

Strengthening highway road base soils using a polymer based additive under conditions of road climate I

The article provides a review of the study of stabilization of clay soil by adding polymer additives and surfactants. Research has been carried out to improve the quality of local cement-strengthened clay soils by introducing polymer-based additives and surfactants. The main objective of the work is to evaluate and compare the stabilizing effect of the two additives: strengthening impregnation, polymer based stabilizer. Studies were carried out to determine the compressive strength of dry and water-saturated samples, swelling and the coefficient of hydraulic conductivity to further determine the water regime and the degree of heaving of the reinforced soil. In addition to tests to determine the physical and mechanical characteristics of samples, additional experiments were carried out to study the capillary rise of water in strengthened soils using polymer-based stabilizing additives, which is important for predicting the process of moistening stabilized soils. It has been established that improving the quality of local reinforced soil is possible by introducing into the soil, in addition to the binder, polymer-based additives and surfactants. Based on the data obtained, it was revealed that the introduction of a stabilizer increases the compressive strength of strengthened soils compared to the same compositions strengthened only with cement. The methods of soil strengthening presented in the article can be considered suitable for use in Central Yakutia, since water-saturated clay soils are widespread on its territory.

СПЕКТРОСКОПИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ СТРУКТУРНЫХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК В ПОЛИСУЛЬФОНОВЫХ И ПОЛИЭФИРСУЛЬФОНОВЫХ УЛЬТРАФИЛЬТРАЦИОННЫХ МЕМБРАНАХ

The analysis of works on the study of structural transformation of semipermeable membranes in the processes of ultrafiltration separation of solutions has been carried out. Experimental studies were carried out using IR spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy of polysulfone and polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes to identify structural changes in the active layer. When the water swelling of the membranes under study changes in the spectral region of CH3 stretching, the bands in the IR spectra noticeably decrease with an increase in the content of weakly, moderately and strongly bound water in the pore space of polysulfone and polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes. The Raman spectra of dry and water-saturated polysulfone and polyethersulfone membranes differ only in the relative intensity of CH stretching vibrations. These changes in the IR spectra are caused by hydration. The width of the infrared bands SO2- and C-O-C systematically changes during swelling (range 1350...900 cm-1). They are wide for a dry membrane and narrow as the water content increases. At the same time, small shifts (from 2 to 6 cm-1) towards longer wavenumbers are observed. Water swelling of polysulfone membranes leads to obvious changes in the spectral region (vibrations of hydroxyl OH groups). When comparing the spectra of air-dry and water-saturated samples, it is clear that possible interchain interactions involving SO2- and C-O-C groups are destroyed.

A Laboratory-Scale Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Confinement Conditions on the Mechanical Responses of Coal under Various Saturation Conditions

Deep coal seams are generally preferred for CO2 sequestration, during which the saturation fluids and high-stress condition involved can significantly alter the mechanical attributes of coal. To understand the effect of stress conditions on the mechanical properties of coal during CO2 sequestration, a finite element model was developed and subsequently validated using experimental data. The results indicate that coal strength increases from 10.35% for a 5 MPa CO2-saturated sample to 114.54% for an 8 MPa CO2 + water-saturated sample as the confining pressure rises from 0 to 30 MPa, due to reduced porosity. However, this effect diminishes with higher confining pressures as dilation decreases. The critical confining pressure determined in this study is approximately 20 MPa, at which all samples exhibit similar failure strength (around 48.50 MPa). Moreover, the strengthening effect caused by applied stress is especially pronounced in CO2-saturated samples, particularly in those saturated with super-critical CO2 and CO2 + water. This suggests that the reduction in coal strength resulting from the adsorption of saturation fluids can be counterbalanced by the strength gain resulting from applied stress. The aforementioned results highlight the effectiveness of injecting high-pressure super-critical CO2 into deep coal seams for carbon sequestration purposes.

Mapping capabilities of geometric EM induction sounding in southern Yakutia permafrost

The purpose of the article is to consider the possibilities of the geophysical method in solving the problem of quantitative estimation of the strength of sedimentary rocks that form the basis of engineering structures at the Kyurgellakh station of the Amur-Yakutsk Railway located 572 km away from the town of Neryungri, which is an administrative center of southern Yakutia (Russia). The problem is solved using the method of geometric electromagnetic induction sounding and a new technique that explored the attenuation of the harmonic field induced by a vertical magnetic dipole in the inhomogeneous anisotropic geological medium at the frequencies of 1.125 and 0.281 MHz in the intermediate separation zone of 5–100 m. A comparative analysis has determined a good agreement in changes of geological and geophysical estimates of the average strength of laboratory water-saturated samples and sedimentary rock mass predicted in the same state at the comparable depth of 6–12 m. The measure of agreement when using the most adequate equation of the power function is high and equals 0.815 according to the normalized coefficient of multiple determination. This means that strength is the most important factor among the frozen ground characteristics affecting the electromagnetic field attenuation at the frequencies and spacing specified, contributing no less than 80 %. The tested geophysical method can thus correctly map the distribution boundaries of different strength sedimentary rocks. The crushed and fissured rocks with the strengths below 40–35 MPa are confined to the tectonic fractures of varying directions with a polygon-like structure. Geophysical data clearly delineate the structure at the depths of 12.3–27.5 m where predominate the rocks with high strengths (50–120 MPa). The geometric EM induction sounding is recommended to use at all stages of geotechnical investigations to map the development areas of southern Yakutia by rock strength classes.

Air and hydrogen injection tests on saturated compacted bentonite

Air and hydrogen injection tests on saturated compacted bentonite

CO2 storage: threshold capillary pressure estimate in a remoulded caprock specimen

CO2 storage: threshold capillary pressure estimate in a remoulded caprock specimen