Water Resources Research Institute Research Articles

Karık ve Damla Sulama Yöntemleriyle Kırmızı Biberde Farklı Sulama Stratejilerinin Yaprak Osmotik Potansiyeli ile K ve Ca İyon Konsantrasyonları Üzerine Etkilerinin Belirlenmesi

A study was managed to identify the water stress effect on marketable yield, osmatic potential, and potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) ions for drip and furrow irrigated processing red pepper in the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons in Tarsus, Turkey. The treatments for drip irrigation; comprise full irrigation (DFI1.0), deficit irrigation DDI0.75, DPRD0.5, DFPRD0.5, and DDI0.5; for furrow irrigation; full irrigation (FFI1.0), fix alternative furrow (FAF0.5) and PRD furrow (FPRD0.5). FAF0.5 and FPRD0.5 received 50 % of the water applied to FFI1.0. In FAF0.5 the same furrows were irrigated while in FPRD0.5 irrigated alternately. Irrigation methods and irrigation levels had a remarkable effect on the total yield of red pepper in both experimental years. Drip irrigation treatments manufactured higher red pepper yields than the furrow irrigation treatments. The maximum yield in the drip irrigation system was acquired from the DFI1.0 treatment followed by DDI0.75, DDI0.5, and DFPRD0.5 treatments. Though DPRD0.5, DFPRD0.5, and DDI0.5 applied the same amount of water, DPRD0.5 resulted in a higher yield. In furrow treatments, FFI1.0 resulted in the highest yield followed by FPRD0.5 and FAF0.5. Water use efficiency (WUE) diminished with increasing the water amount for drip and furrow irrigation methods. While lower osmotic potential values were measured in full irrigation treatments in furrow and drip irrigation plots, higher osmotic potential values were determined in treatments where water stress was determined in both years. In both drip and furrow irrigation, the lowest Ca (%) values were obtained in full irrigation, while the highest Ca values were obtained in limited irrigation with water stress in the 2010 and 2011 years. K ion values were generally similar in the first and fourth pepper harvests in drip and furrow irrigation.

Contributors

Other| November 01 2022 Contributors Gastronomica (2022) 22 (4): x. https://doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2022.22.4.x Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Contributors. Gastronomica 1 November 2022; 22 (4): x. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2022.22.4.x Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentGastronomica Search Shomit Barua is an intermedia artist and doctoral student in the School of Arts, Media, and Engineering at Arizona State University. He specializes in ecoacoustics, responsive environments, and emergent narratives. Camille Bégin is a historian of food and the senses and the author of an award-winning book, Taste of the Nation: The New Deal Search for America’s Food (University of Illinois Press, 2016). She lives and writes between Toronto and Paris. Holly Brause completed a PhD in cultural anthropology and now works as a research scientist at the New Mexico Water Resources Research Institute. Her research interests include food and agriculture, natural resources, the politics of transboundary water sharing, anthropology of the future, and the US/Mexico borderlands. Chanelle Dupuis is a PhD candidate in French and Francophone studies at Brown University. Her research focuses on smell, the senses, perception, and trauma in twentieth-century French and Francophone literature. Beyond this, she... You do not currently have access to this content.

Featured Collection Introduction: Severe Sustained Drought Revisited: Managing the Colorado River System in Times of Water Shortage 25 Years Later — Part I

Featured Collection Introduction: Severe Sustained Drought Revisited: Managing the Colorado River System in Times of Water Shortage 25 Years Later — Part I

Mapping legal authority for terrestrial conservation corridors along streams.

Wildlife corridors aim to promote species’ persistence by connecting habitat patches across fragmented landscapes. Their implementation is limited by patterns of land ownership and complicated by differences in the jurisdictional and regulatory authorities under which lands are managed. Terrestrial corridor conservation requires coordination across jurisdictions and sectors subject to site‐specific overlapping sources of legal authority. Mapping spatial patterns of legal authority concurrent with habitat condition can illustrate opportunities to build or leverage capacity for connectivity conservation. Streamside areas provide pragmatic opportunities to leverage existing policy mechanisms for riverine and terrestrial habitat connectivity across boundaries. Conservation planners and practitioners can make use of these opportunities by harmonizing actions for multiple conservation outcomes. We formulated an integrative, data‐driven method for mapping multiple sources of legal authority weighted by capacity for coordinating terrestrial habitat conservation along streams. We generated a map of capacity to coordinate streamside corridor protections across a wildlife habitat gap to demonstrate this approach. We combined values representing coordination capacity and naturalness to generate an integrated legal‐ecological resistance map for connectivity modeling. We then computed least‐cost corridors across the integrated map, masking the terrestrial landscape to focus on streamside areas. Streamside least‐cost corridors in the integrated, local‐scale model diverged (∼25 km) from national‐scale least‐cost corridors based on naturalness. Spatial categories comparing legal‐ and naturalness‐based resistance values by stream reach highlighted potential locations for building or leveraging existing capacity through spatial coordination of policy mechanisms or restoration actions. Agencies or nongovernmental organizations intending to restore or maintain habitat connectivity across fragmented landscapes can use this approach to inform spatial prioritization and build coordination capacity. Article impact statement: Combined mapping of legal authority and habitat condition reveals capacity to coordinate actions along streams for clean water and wildlife.

Appalachian Environmental Health Literacy: Building Knowledge and Skills to Protect Health.

Environmental health literacy (EHL) is an emerging, multidisciplinary field that promotes understanding of how environmental exposures can affect human health. After discussing the regional relevance of environmental health knowledge and skills, this article describes three ongoing Appalachian projects that are focused on measuring and building EHL.

The Relationship between Surface Water Quality and Watershed Characteristics

The healthy water resources are necessary and essential prerequisite for environmental protection and economic development, political, social and cultural rights of Iran. In this research, water quality parameters i.e. total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium absorption rate (SAR), electrical conductivity (EC), Na+, Cl-, CO32-, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, pH, HCO3- and SO42- during 2010-2011 were obtained from Iranian Water Resources Research Institute in water quality measurement stations on Mazandaran province, Iran. Then, the most important catchment characteristics (area, mean slope, mean height, base flow index, annual rainfall, land cover, and geology) were determined on water quality parameters using stepwise regression via backwards method in the 63 selected rivers. The results showed that sodium absorption rate (SAR), total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), Na+ and Cl- parameters are strongly linked to geology characteristics, while K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ cations is linked to rainfall and geology characteristics. pH and HCO3- are related to area, rainfall, land cover and geology characteristics, CO32- is related to area, rainfall, rangeland area and geology characteristics and SO42- is related to area, rainfall, range and bar land area and geology characteristics. Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) was used for modeling the selected catchment characteristics and water quality parameters. The ANFIS models have a high Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (NSE) and low root mean squares error (RMSE) to estimate water quality parameters.

Dr. Ari M. Michelsen: Life Dedicated to Advances in Water Resources Development

Dr. Ari M. Michelsen: Life Dedicated to Advances in Water Resources Development

Student Training and Workforce Development at the USGS Water Resources Research Institutes

Measures of student training and workforce development are key academic, social, and economic metrics. A principal component of the United States Geological Survey Water Resources Research Act Program is the training of water scientists and engineers through participation in research and other mentoring. This training occurs through Water Resources Research Institutes known as the National Institutes for Water Resources. Though the institutes have a demonstrated record in student training, there has been limited synthesis of data on students trained at state and national levels to clarify these contributions to workforce development. We investigated student support at the 54 institutes from 2000 through 2015 using archived data, including a survey of institute practices. Institutes play a key role in water resources training within a greater science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) framework. Institutes pooled supported on average 678 (sd = 83) students per year (range 518 to 788), providing 10,853 student support years during this period. Individual institutes supported on average 201 (sd = 102) students per year (range 76 to 646). While 98% of institutes used data on students supported to fulfill required reporting, fewer used these data for institute promotion (45%), website or social media engagement (41%), and development/donor activities (16%). Consistency in data collection and management among institutes, coupled with refined use of student support data, such as documenting disciplines and dates of degrees earned, post-support job placement, and diversity and equity metrics, would further demonstrate the value of this investment in student training and workforce development.

Instituting water research: the Water Resources Research Act (1964) and the Idaho Water Resources Research Institute

In 1964, Congress passed the Water Resources Research Act (WRRA) and created state research institutes to pursue practical research for the nation’s growing water problems. The Idaho Water Resources Research Institute (IWRRI), initiated as part of WRRA, implemented its research program with multidisciplinary specialists across Idaho. Collaborating with public and private partners, IWRRI advanced research that reflected distinct political, economic, and environmental needs at a time when the state required more rigorous water planning. Case studies presented here include research on understanding and valuing wild and scenic rivers, tracing and mitigating water pollution from industrial mining, and improving efficiency and promoting maximization in irrigation among rural landscapes. Scientists developed new methods and advised on ways to improve water quality. Tracing IWRRI’s research demonstrates how concerns about wilderness, pollution, and efficiency developed within a research regime determined to improve water resources management. Each element reflected historical forces and social values, something only occasionally acknowledged by the researchers but nonetheless central to their efforts. In this way, IWRRI shines analytical light on state water use and the policy and scientific methods used to comprehend, mitigate, and manage water resources. The history of institutes like IWRRI provide a neglected, but useful, avenue to explore the powerful ways contemporary legal, political, and economic concerns shaped scientific research agendas, reminding us of the larger social context in which scientific research occurs.

Towards a Sustainable Stability of Coastal Zone at Rosetta Promontory/ Mouth, Egypt

Rosetta promontory/mouth where Rosetta branch of the Nile River meets the Mediterranean sea suffers from several severe environmental problems which began to take place since the beginning of the 20th century along Rosetta area, and increased dramatically since the construction of the Aswan High Dam (AHD) in 1964. It suffers from coastline erosion and sedimentation inside the inlet. The shoaling of the inlet leads to hindering the navigation process of fishing boats, negative impacts to estuarine and salt marsh habitat and decreases the efficiency of the cross section to transferring the flood flow to the sea. Many attempts to solve the erosion, and sedimentation problem were performed. Although, hard protection (and dredging) works have been implemented since 1989 including seawalls on the tip of the promontory and several groins along the eastern and western shores of the promontory, the problems still existing. This paper presents the results of testing a huge number of proposed alternative solutions to sustain the stable conditions of the Rosetta promontory/mouth. Hard structures, soft measures, combination of hard structures and soft measures were tested with and without nourishments of predetermined. The utilized Coastal Modeling System in testing the suggested measures was calibrated using collected field data from Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation authorities and research institutes. The results indicated using only hard structures or soft measures without nourishment is not capable of keeping the Rosetta promontory/outlet stable. Only combination of both hard structures and soft measures with application of nourishment can improve the situation towards sustainable stable conditions but absolutely not the original stable conditions that were there before the construction of AHD.

Effects of different irrigation methods on pepper yield and soilborne diseases incidence

In this study, the effect of different irrigation strategies and irrigation methods on yields and the incidence of wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) and root rot (Fusarium solani and Macrophomina phaseolina) diseases causing significant yield losses on field grown processing red pepper is determined. Experiments were carried out at Topcu Station of the Soil and Water Resources Research Institute of Tarsus in 2010 and 2011. Karaisali processing pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) was used in the experiments. Three furrows and five drip irrigation treatments were used in the study. The disease incidence rates were found 8.0-18.2% in furrow irrigation plots and 4.5-10.0% in drip irrigation plots in 2010, while it was 3.4-9.7% in furrow irrigation plots and 2.2-4.5% in drip irrigation plots in 2011. Pepper yields ranged from 3 416 to 4 417 kg da-1 and 3 376 to 4 779 kg da-1 in drip irrigated plots in 2010 and 2011, respectively. However, yields varied between 3 172-3 559 kg da-1 and 2 932-4 150 kg da-1 in furrow irrigated plots in 2010 and 2011 growing seasons.

Evolution of a Watershed-Management Framework in the Kentucky River Basin

AbstractFollowing an increased emphasis on watershed management by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the 1990s, the Kentucky Division of Water (KDOW) developed and implemented a watershed-management framework process for the state of Kentucky in 1997. The Kentucky Water Resources Research Institute (KWWRI) coordinated the first implementation of the framework process in the Kentucky River basin beginning in 2000. After an evaluation of the program that followed the completion of the first five-year cycle of the framework, the KWRRI made significant changes to the framework so as to incorporate greater stakeholder involvement and to place a greater focus on the development and implementation of watershed plans at a local level. This paper provides a summary of the watershed activities in the Kentucky River basin over the past 15 years and evaluates the lessons learned during that process. It is hoped that these observations will be useful to other agencies and organizations that are engaged...

Exempt Wells: An Introduction

When it comes to water use in the west, the general rule is “first in time, first in right,” otherwise known as the prior appropriations doctrine. However, another rule that also holds fast and true is that there are always exceptions to the rule. One of the exceptions to the prior appropriations doctrine in regards to ground water rights is that certain water uses are ruled “exempt” from many states’ water rights administration processes. These states “exempt” ground water use for domestic and stock watering purposes from their water rights application processes, considering the amount of water extracted for these uses to be a de minimus amount of water used in relation to the relatively larger amounts of water extracted for irrigated agriculture, industrial, and municipal uses. This exception to the rule has resulted in an ever increasing use of exempt domestic wells as water supplies for new residential developments in many suburban and exurban areas of the western United States, in essence utilizing exempt wells as a substitute for developing municipal water supplies. This expansion in the use of exempt domestic wells has raised concerns about the sustainability of ground water resources within several western basins, created conflict between traditional water rights holders and water users that rely on newly developed exempt domestic wells, raised concern about the reliability of the ground water supplies for the exempt domestic well users themselves, and the impact that exempt wells have on ground water quality during their development, use, and abandonment. A conference was held in May of 2011 in Walla Walla, WA, whose purpose was to develop a broader understanding of the issues associated with exempt wells and to provide a forum for professionals engaged in ground water development, water management, land planning, and water policy to discuss the impacts that exempt domestic wells have on water supplies and land development at the local and regional level. This conference was sponsored by a number of research centers and institutes that are members of the National Institutes of Water Resources, including the State of Washington Water Research Center at Washington State University, the Institute for Water and Watersheds at Oregon State University, the Montana Water Center at Montana State University, the Idaho Water Resources Research Institute at the University of Idaho, and the Colorado Water Institute at Colorado State University. The goal of this conference was to identify the critical issues associated with the management and impacts of exempt domestic wells, and to stimulate new ideas to solve the conflicts that have arisen between traditional water rights holders and water users that rely on exempt domestic wells. From this conference a number of papers were solicited from authors that cover a range of issues that have arisen due to the continuing expansion of the use of exempt wells across the Western US. This journal issue provides an overview of these issues that are now coming to the forefront in regards to exempt wells, with articles covering the legal standing of exempt wells, potential problems that have

The Role of Headwater Wetlands in Altering Streamflow and Chemistry in a Maine, USA Catchment1

Water Resources Research Institute and the Environmental Protection Agency 104(b)(3). The Maine Outdoor Heritage Fund and the Department of Plant, Soil, and Environmental Sciences at the University of Maine provided additional support.

The effect of irrigation scheduling and water stress on the maturity and chemical composition of Virginia tobacco leaf

The study was carried out in order to determine the effect of different irrigation scheduling programs and water stress, imposed at different growth stages, on the maturity and leaf chemistry of Virginia tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.). Field experiments and lab investigations were carried out during 2000–2003, on a silty loam Entisol soil, poor in organic matter and rich in potassium, on the fields of Atatürk Soil and Water Resources Research Institute in Kirklareli, Turkey. A randomized complete block experimental design with three replications was applied, and K-326 Virginia tobacco cultivar was used in the experiment. Three known stages of the plant – vegetative (V), yield formation (F), and ripening (R) – were considered, and a total of 14 irrigation treatments (including rain-fed) were applied. All the experimental treatments were irrigated on the same day of VFR and were irrigated at each growth stage with the amount of water required to fill the 0–90 cm soil depth to field capacity; and three levels of water reductions (0%, 40% and 60%) were done at each development stage. Results of the investigations show that irrigation scheduling and the water stress imposed during different stages of growth influenced the ripening dynamics of Virginia tobacco leaves and that severe water stress causes delay in the ripening of the leaves. Favorable moisture conditions considerably decrease the nicotine and nitrogen content of the Virginia tobacco leaves, both of which are hazardous for humans, to the ranges of 0.85–1.21% versus 2.1–2.2% under stress (for nicotine), and 1.4–1.6% versus 1.8–2.0%, and 2.0–2.4% versus 2.9–3.1% (for nitrogen) for 2001 and 2003, respectively. However the percentage of chloride and sodium in the leaf increases if the amount of seasonal water is increased. It was determined also that close linear relationships exist between seasonal irrigation water amounts or seasonal evapotranspiration and any of the chemical traits. Mutual relationships between nicotine and each of the traits – i.e. nitrogen, chloride, potassium, and sodium – were also established.

Yield, water use and yield response factor of flue‐cured tobacco under different levels of water supply at various growth stages

AbstractThe study aiming to determine the effect of different irrigation regimes and water stress imposed at different growth stages on water use and leaf yield of flue‐cured tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum L.), was carried out during the period of 2000–03. The field trials were conducted on a silty loam Entisol soil, poor in organic matter and rich in potassium on the fields of the Atatürk Soil and Water Resources Research Institute in Kırklareli. A randomised complete block design with three replications was applied and K‐326 Virginia tobacco cultivar was used in the experiment. Three known stages of the plant, vegetative (V), yield formation (F) and ripening (R), were considered and a total of 14 (including rain‐fed) irrigation treatments were applied. All the experimental treatments were irrigated on the same day in each growth stage with the amount of water required to fill the 0–90 cm soil depth to field capacity, and three levels of water amount reductions (0, 40 and 60%) were applied at each development stage. A single irrigation was applied during the second part of the vegetative stage, while subsequent water applications were at the 50 and 70% depletion level during the yield formation and ripening stages, respectively. Results of the 3‐year study show that either total irrigation water amounts and number of applications, or leaf yields are closely related to precipitation rate and distribution during the growing year. While the seasonal irrigation amounts applied in the adequate irrigation treatment (VFR) were greater (945 and 815 mm respectively in the drier experimental years of 2000 and 2001), they were much lower (587 mm) during the rainy year of 2003. The highest leaf yields in the range of 5170–6050 kg ha−1 were obtained from the fully irrigated programme (VFR), from treatments with 40% reduction in irrigation water amount at any stage (V1FR; VF1R, VFR1) and irrigation programme (FR) including omitted irrigation at vegetative stage and fully irrigated during the next two stages. It was also determined that close linear relationships exist between seasonal evapotranspiration rate and leaf yield, and seasonal evapotranspiration deficit and relative yield reduction, during each of the experimental years. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Hungarian national report on IAHS 2003–2006

Hydrological research in Hungary is carried out mainly by the recently renamed Environmental Protection and Water Resources Research Institute (in Hungarian by the old acronym of VITUKI) and several other organizations, such as the Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BUTE), the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (HAS), the National Meteorological Service (NMS), the Pannon University (PU), the University of Miskolc (UM), and the University of Western Hungary (UWH), among others. This report aims to list (without striving to be exhaustive) major hydrologyrelated research and development that took place in the 2003–2006 reporting period in Hungary by the above listed institutions, putting an emphasis on the leading institution, VITUKI. In 2003 VITUKI started to build a new program, called MAHAB (Hungarian Hydrological Database), designed to facilitate data handling, storage and share of hydrology-related information. The National Hydrological Forecasting Service (NHFS within VITUKI) opened a new web-page (www.hydroinfo.hu) where historical and daily actual stage measurements are available to the public for selected gauging stations along the Danube (Nagymaros, Budapest, Mohacs) and Tisza (Vasarosnameny, Szeged) as well as on Lake Balaton (Siofok) going back to 1901. Also, NHFS has performed a complete recalibration of its Operational Hydrological Forecasting Model for the entire

Katrina's Damaging Floodwaters Not As Toxic As Feared

In the wake of Hurricane Katrine, when Lake Pontchartrain breached its levees and fitted the low-lying city of New Orleans like bath-tub, public health officials feared floodwaters would expose residents and first responders to a brew of toxic chemicals and pathogenic origanisms. A newly published analysis, however, indicates that those floodwaters were no more toxic than the city's normal storm runoff [Environ. Sci. Technol., published online Oct. 11, dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0518631]. What we had in New Orleans was basically a year's worth of storm water flowing through the city in only a few days, says John H. Pardue, director of the Louisiana Water Resources Research institute at Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge. We still don't think the floodwaters were safe, but it could have been a lot worse, it was not the Chemical catastrophe some had expected, he adds. In early September, Pardue and coworkers collected ftoodwater samples from the city's West End and Lakeview neighborhoods—an ...

Atmospheric nitrogen compounds II: emissions, transport, transformation, deposition and assessment

The Atmospheric Nitrogen Compounds II: Emissions, Transport, Transformation, Deposition and Assessment workshop was held in Chapel Hill, NC from 7 to 9 June 1999. This international conference, which served as a follow-up to the workshop held in March 1997, was sponsored by: North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources; North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, North Carolina Office of the State Health Director; Mid-Atlantic Regional Air Management Association; North Carolina Water Resources Research Institute; Air and Waste Management Association, RTP Chapter; the US Environmental Protection Agency and the North Carolina State University (College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, and North Carolina Agricultural Research Service). The workshop was structured as an open forum at which scientists, policy makers, industry representatives and others could freely share current knowledge and ideas, and included international perspectives. The workshop commenced with international perspectives from the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Denmark. This article summarizes the findings of the workshop and articulates future research needs and ways to address nitrogen/ammonia from intensively managed animal agriculture. The need for developing sustainable solutions for managing the animal waste problem is vital for shaping the future of North Carolina. As part of that process, all aspects of environmental issues (air, water, soil) must be addressed as part of a comprehensive and long-term strategy. There is an urgent need for North Carolina policy makers to create a new, independent organization that will build consensus and mobilize resources to find technologically and economically feasible solutions to this aspect of the animal waste problem.

Review: Windy Gap: Transmountain Water Diversion and the Environmental Movement, Colorado Water Resources Research Institute Technical Report No. 61, by Gregory M. Silkensen; The Soil Conservation Service Responds to the 1993 Midwest Floods, by Steven Phillips; and An Environmental History of the Little Applegate River Watershed, Jackson County, Oregon, by Jeff LaLande

Review: <i>Windy Gap: Transmountain Water Diversion and the Environmental Movement, Colorado Water Resources Research Institute Technical Report No. 61</i>, by Gregory M. Silkensen; <i>The Soil Conservation Service Responds to the 1993 Midwest Floods</i>, by Steven Phillips; and <i>An Environmental History of the Little Applegate River Watershed, Jackson County, Oregon</i>, by Jeff LaLande