Water Resources Management In Basins Research Articles

The institutionalization of the Kura-Aras River Basin for effective management of water resources

ABSTRACT Water scarcity in the region underscores the urgent need for effective management of the Kura-Aras River Basin, emphasizing the critical role it plays in ensuring sustainable water access and security for all riparian states. The research on the institutionalization of the Kura-Aras River Basin holds significant importance in advancing academic understanding and informing policy decisions regarding effective water resource management in transboundary river basins. During a semi-structured interview with field experts from riparian states, the consensus highlighted the significance of institutionalizing the Kura-Aras River Basin for effective water resource management. Field experts from basin countries highlighted the importance of establishing robust governance mechanisms as a strength, fostering cooperation, enhancing transparency, and mitigating conflicts among riparian states in the region. In contrast, the lack of trust between riparian states emerged as a significant weakness, exacerbating the deprivation of the Kura-Aras River Basin and contributing to underdevelopment.

Study on the Application of Water Resource Management Based on GF-7 Stereo Mapping Satellite

Abstract. GF-7 satellite was successfully launched on 3 Nov 2019. The two-line stereo camera can effectively obtain 20 km-width panchromatic stereo images with resolution better than 0.8m and 3.2m-resolution multispectral images. Through the composite mapping mode of stereo camera and laser altimeter, the satellite realizes 1:10,000-scale stereo mapping. This article selected the Qiafuqihai Reservoir and its upstream of the Yili River Basin as the study area. Hydrological landforms and vegetation coverage were monitored and three-dimensional dynamic simulation software was developed to verify the potential application of GF-7 stereo mapping satellite data in supporting drainage basin water resource allocation and management in future scenarios. 3 meters DSM derived from GF-7 surveying and mapping satellite finely portrayed the characteristics of hydroponic landforms of small watersheds. The upstream of Qiafuqihai was divided into eleven small watersheds. The water density was 8.5 times more than which was produced from STRM 90m. The elevation of the water-level fluctuation zone of the Qiafuqihai Reservoir ranged from 970 to 998 meters with the water area changed from 28.3 to 57.6 square kilometres. The terrain in the northwest and northeast was flat, with the main vegetation types being natural grasslands (64.9%) and arid lands (5.03%). The three-dimensional dynamic visualization software was developed and demonstrated hydrology information, vegetation coverage information and dynamic changes in the landform of the basin in three-dimensional environment. GF-7, the stereo surveying and mapping satellite, could be perfectly able to support the application of water resources deployment and management in the future.

Tackling water scarcity in agriculture—Asian Development Bank's perspective

Abstract‘Tackling water scarcity in agriculture’, which is the theme of the 25th Congress of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID), is at the crux of the global challenge of ensuring a climate‐resilient and water‐ and food‐secure world for future generations. The Asian region faces significant threats due to its high vulnerability to climate change impacts and growing food insecurity and water stress across many river basins. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is stepping up assistance in line with the international commitments by the multilateral financial institutions. There are significant opportunities that are tapped to address this theme, including (i) exploring and replicating highly successful experiences of enhancing irrigated agriculture productivity manifold as seen in the Indian states of Chhattisgarh, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh and in other South Asian countries; (ii) reinvigorating efforts to operationalize integrated water resources management in river basins; (iii) adopting new technologies, such as remote sensing and automation, and digital technologies, including artificial intelligence; and (iv) pursuing institutional and financing innovations. Resources of ADB and other multilateral institutions can be utilized to develop and demonstrate successful innovations before they are replicated by the own sources of the developing countries.

Evaluation and valuation of tajan river basin ecosystem services

Rivers as a blue ecosystem have a lot of ecosystem services that awareness of the value of their services will protect them as much as possible and communities will benefit from their environmental services. In this study, Tajan river basin ecosystem services in the north of Iran was valuated. To valuate, the choice experiment method was used to estimate willingness to pay. Tajan river basin ecosystem services attributes including regulating, supporting, provisioning and cultural services and a price attribute at three levels were determined. Data from 239 resident households of Mazandaran province were used in 2017. The empirical analysis did by the conditional logit model and mixed logit model. Also, multi criteria decision making including techniques Entropy, TOPSIS and SAW used for evaluating the role and importance of the Tajan river basin ecosystem services. The findings indicated that residents were willing to pay for the conservation of Tajan river basin ecosystem services, 13.77 USD per year. It was for regulating, supporting, provisioning and cultural services of Tajan river basin, 2.62, 6.30, 2.50 and 2.35 USD per year to move away from the status quo to the improvement status respectively. Also, findings of weighting and prioritization of Tajan river basin ecosystem services with TOPSIS and SAW methods showed that supporting and provisioning services had the highest weight for the evaluation Tajan river basin ecosystem services. In other words, the residents prefer the services as the most important Tajan river basin ecosystem services. Results showed that willingness to pay can be introduced as a useful tool to investigated people's preference for conservation of river basin ecosystem services under various activities. Therefore, by determining the value of river ecosystem services, community will understand that river services are of great importance, and the application of its value in calculations related to comprehensive management of basin water resources will provide a suitable economic solution to increase user utility the river.

Assessing the water potential and wastewater load capacity of the La Tinh River, Binh Dinh province by MIKE 11AD and Ecolab model combined with GIS method

The study used the NAM model of flow simulation with a time series of 14 years (2008 - 2021), statistical analysis method, and MIKE 11 AD water quality model, and Ecolab combined with GIS method to calculate wastewater reception capacity and load capacity of the basin. The model validation is highly reliable with a model efficiency factor of R2 of 0.777 and BIAS = 5%. The results of the application of the NAM model have determined the daily flow series of 14 years (2008 - 2021) and the average flow characteristics of many years of the La Tinh basin such as Qo flow is about 5.9; 6.0 m3/s, total amount of Wo = 292.1; 188.8 million m3 flow modulus Mo = 19.3 l/s-km2 flow class Yo = 611 mm and flow coefficient α= 0.3 for all sub-basins. The results of the study show that the capacity of receiving wastewater, the capacity of most river sections in the La Tinh basin is still received with five parameters at a relatively high level, the section of the Binh Tri river upstream alone has exceeded its capacity to receive. This is one of the very useful tools in integrated management and effective use management of river basin water resources.

Construction and Change Analysis of Water Ecosystem Service Flow Networks in the Xiangjiang River Basin (XRB)

Clearing and successfully characterizing ecosystem service flow paths has become a key bottleneck restricting in-depth research on the supply and demand relationships of ecosystem services. At present, although some explorations have been performed using water ecosystem services as a pioneer, the nature of its network and the fact that ecological base flow needs to be eliminated have been ignored. This study used InVEST and network models to consider ecological base flow, quantifying the supply, demand, and flow paths of freshwater ecosystem services in the Xiangjiang River Basin. The results showed that the overall distribution of the water supply in the Xiangjiang River Basin from 2000 to 2020 shows a pattern of higher supply in the south and lower supply in the north. The distribution of water demand shows higher levels in the north and lower levels in the south. The network density remains at its maximum level. The results of this study have provided a scientific basis for water resource management in river basins and improving ecological compensation mechanisms.

Lessons from the last 30 years for future water resource management in national and transboundary basins

Lessons from the last 30 years for future water resource management in national and transboundary basins

Connecting flow duration curve and precipitation duration curve based on the relationship deduced from machine learning in the watersheds of northern China

Obtaining reliable hydrological data for ungauged watersheds has always been a significant challenge in the water resources management. The flow duration curve (FDC) and precipitation duration curve (PDC) are classical methods to address this challenge. However, traditional FDC and PDC methods mostly rely on pre-assumed probability distribution function form, which may result in sub-optimal model parameters and consequently sub-optimal simulation results of hydrological data, and the common function forms are not applicable to deal with the data including zero-values, which often occurs in the discharge data of arid region and daily rainfall data. To address the issues in FDC and PDC , this study firstly determines the most suitable function form to describe FDC and PDC from various distribution functions, i.e., Log Normal, Generalized Pareto Distribution and H2018 function, from 1960 to 2010 in 7 watersheds in the north of China. The multiple methods including Random Forest, polynomial, Multilayer Perceptron and K-Nearest Neighbor are employed to simulate the parameters of the functions, aiming to deduce the optimal parameters of FDC functions. The results show that, H2018 function form has the best performance in simulating the PDC and FDC and in general, parameter a and b of H2018 function indicate an opposite trend, and parameter k declines in mostly condition at the annual scale from 1960 to 2010. The results of different methods indicate that the Random Forest method is the most efficient and accurate approach to deduce FDC parameters from measured precipitation and climate factors, compared with polynomial, Multilayer Perceptron and K-Nearest Neighbor. Based on the relationship between PDC parameters and FDC parameters, the FDC of ungauged basins can be deduced from the observed precipitation data. The research findings provide a new method to estimate FDC for the water resources management in the ungauged basins.

The ternary water cycle of ‘nature–society–trade’ in the inland arid areas

AbstractWater cycle is important for maintaining the dynamic balance of regional water resources. Here, based on the input–output water circulation flux accounting model, we take Xinjiang as a case area to empirically explore the mechanism of the ‘nature‐society‐trade’ ternary water cycle. The results show that the water transferred out was much larger than the transferred in in Xinjiang. The scale of water resources development and utilization and the social water cycle fluxes have been constantly expanding, but there was a mismatch between the hydrological system and the socio‐economic system in terms of water resource utilization. From 2007 to 2017, agriculture had always been the department with the largest amount of direct water consumption and virtual water transfer in Xinjiang, which mainly transferred virtual water to the light industry and service sector where the production of final products requires large amounts of agricultural products as raw materials or intermediate products. In Xinjiang, the virtual water transferred outside through trade in products and services was much larger than the virtual water transferred in from other regions, and it was thus always in a state of net virtual water outflow as a whole. In inter‐provincial trade of China, Xinjiang mainly transferred virtual water to areas with abundant water resources, developed economies and dense populations in eastern China. Lastly, we put forward targeted suggestions on the optimal allocation of water resources to promote the sustainable development of Xinjiang and we hope that our study will be instructive for water resources management in other arid inland river basins.

Assessment of the impact of land cover changes on sediment yield: a case study

Abstract Land use is one of the most important variables impacting river basin water and land resource planning and management. Sediment transport in streams is an important issue in the assessment of sediment deposition in dam reservoirs and its impact on operational activities. Evaluation of sediment yield contributes to decision-makers for effective water management and protection of the dam body and its elements. In this study, land use cover changes, in particular in forest areas, agricultural areas, arable lands, permanent crops, heterogeneous agricultural areas, and pastures in the Çakıt and Körkün sub-basins of the Seyhan River basin were examined between 1990 and 2018 using CORINE land use cover (CLC) data. The effect of land use/land cover (LULC) modifications on sediment yield was studied using suspended sediment observation data and CLC data. It was determined that the forest area in the Çakıt sub-basin drainage area increased between 1990 and 2018, and decreased in the Körkün sub-basin. It was determined that the increase in forest area in the Çakıt sub-basin drainage region until 2018 helped to reduce sediment movement. The regression values between forest area and suspended sediment concentration in Çakıt and Körkün sub-basins were found to be 0.9521 and 0.4431, respectively.

Analysis of the dynamics of the ecological state of watercourses in the sub-basin of the Syan River

Based on the generalization of the results of regime observations by environmental monitoring services, an analysis of the dynamics of the ecological state of watercourses in the sub-basin of the Syan River (at six observation points) has been carried out. The dynamics of water use in the Syan River sub-basin for 2021–2022 were analyzed, according to which the total discharge in the Syan sub-basin in 2022 decreased by a quarter. The discharge of polluted wastewater in 2022 was a third higher, accordingly, the discharged volume of treated sewage was also lower than in 2021. An analysis of potentially possible sources of pollution of water bodies in the Syan River sub-basin has been carried out. The most significant impact on the water quality change here is caused by the wastewater discharges of municipal enterprises: the municipal enterprises “Novoyavorivskvodokanal” and “Yavorivvodokanal”. A significant cause of surface water pollution is the discharge of wastewater by the private sector. The Yavoriv quarry “Sіrka” causes the ingress of sulfates into the Shklo River, a significant trend towards their reduction has been observed from 2020 to 2022 by 71.9 %. In Lviv region, agriculture accounts for about 11%, which also negatively affects the state of water bodies. According to the results of monitoring of surface waters within the Ukrainian part of the Vistula River basin, presented by the Basin Water Resources Management of the Western Bug and Syan Rivers for 2021–2022, a high total content of pesticides was observed in 2022, in particular, at the observation point of the Vishnya River in Mostyska – about 5.5 µg/dm3. Also, a high content of manganese, zinc and iron was recorded here. The analysis of monitoring observations of the state of water bodies in the Syan River sub-basin and the calculated water pollution coefficients based on them show that the cleanest water in this area is the water of the Vyar River (the highest Pollution Index in 2021 – 1.463) and the water of the Zavadivka River (the highest Pollution Index in 2021 – 1.218). The most polluted water was the water of the Vishnya River at the observation point in Mostyska, especially due to the high content of iron (7.6 MPC) and manganese (30 MPC), where the pollution coefficient in 2020 was 4.761, and in 2022, it decreased by half. Also, the water of the Shklo River in urban-type settlement Krakivets was quite polluted, where the pollution coefficient in 2022 was 2.057. The BOD5 value was highest in 2021 in the Shklo River – 3.5 MPC and in the Vishnya River in Chernove village – 2.9 MPC, however, in 2022, it decreased to 1.8 MPC across the study area. The COD value in 2021 in all investigated observation points was above the norm, the highest in the Vishnya River, in Chernove village – 2.3 MPC, in 2022, it significantly decreased across the study area, the highest was in the Shklo River in urban-type settlement Krakivets – 1.6 MPC. A high content of ammonium salts and nitrites was recorded in 2022, respectively: in the Shklo River – 3.8 MPC and 2.7 MPC; in the Vishnya River in Chernove village – 2.5 MPC and 3.2 MPC. The phosphate content was highest in 2022 in the Vishnya River in Chernove village (2.6 MPC), however, in 2021 and 2022, it was below the permissible level across the study water area. In all observation points of the Syan River sub-basin, a significant zinc content was observed in the water, the highest was in 2020 in the Vyаr River in Pidmostychi village (5.2 MPC) and in 2022 in the Shklo River in urban-type settlement Krakivets – 4.7 MPC. A high content of sulfates was observed in the Shklo river, especially in 2020 (4.4 MPC), which may be the cause of the influence of the Yavorivsky “Sirka” quarry. Regarding the assessment of water quality in the Syan River sub-basin by pollution levels, in all observation points during the analyzed period, the water is mainly characterized as “slightly polluted”, only at the observation point of the Vishnya River in Mostyska in 2020 and 2021 – “moderately polluted”, in the Zavadivka River, Grushiv village in 2020 the water was “slightly polluted; bordering on clean”.

Improving rainfall-runoff modeling in the Mekong river basin using bias-corrected satellite precipitation products by convolutional neural networks

Accurate rainfall-runoff (RR) modeling is crucial for effective Mekong River Basin (MRB) water resource management. Satellite precipitation products (SPPs) can offer valuable data for such modeling; however, these products often exhibit biases that may adversely affect hydrological simulations. This study aimed to improve RR modeling using bias-corrected SPPs and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model for MRB. A convolutional neural network-based deep learning framework was employed to correct biases in four SPPs (TRMM, PERSIANN-CDR, CHIRPS, and CMORPH), resulting in four respective bias-corrected SPPs (ADJ_TRMM, ADJ_CDR, ADJ_CHIR, and ADJ_CMOR). The bias-corrected products were compared against a gauge-based dataset in terms of rainfall analysis, and their performance within the SWAT model was assessed over calibration (2004–2013) and validation (2014–2015). Bias-corrected products demonstrated superior performance in rainfall analysis, with ADJ_TRMM outperforming other products. The SWAT model calibration results showed satisfactory performance across all stations, with a Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) ranging from [0.76–0.87]. Integrating bias-corrected SPPs into the SWAT model significantly increased the RR simulations in the MRB, indicated by higher NSE values [0.72–0.85] compared to uncorrected SPPs [-0.37 to 0.85] at the Kratie station. Besides, the inconsistent performance of bias-corrected products between rainfall analysis and RR modeling was observed, with ADJ_CDR outperforming ADJ_TRMM in the SWAT model. These results highlight the significance of using bias-corrected SPPs in hydrological modeling applications, especially in areas with limited ground-based precipitation data, and highlight the need for further research to refine bias correction methods and address the limitations of the SWAT model.

Elucidating the response mechanisms of hydrological and sediment connectivity to the river network structure, vegetation, and topographic features in the Jinghe River Basin

AbstractThe management of basin water and soil resources greatly benefits from investigating the spatial changes and primary determinants of hydrological and sediment connectivity from perspectives of topographic features, vegetation characteristics, structural features of river networks. However, quantifying the effects of influencing factors and their interactions on connectivity is still a challenge in the field of studies of surface processes. To address this challenge, we applied the geographical detector model (GDM) and random forest (RF) to quantify the relative importance and explanatory power of topographic factors, vegetation features, and river network structure on the hydrological connectivity and sediment connectivity and to clarify the interaction mechanism of various factors in the Jinghe River Basin. Results indicate that from 2005 to 2020, the mean value of hydrological connectivity (ICH) witnessed a decreasing trend from −5.47 to −5.58. Similarly, the mean value of sediment connectivity (ICS) declined over the same period from −9.74 to −10.05, with high values registered in valleys and low values in plains. The river density (D) and hydrological weight factor (normalized SCS‐CN) exhibited a greater spatial explanatory power on ICH than other parameters, reaching 0.149 and 0.182, respectively. The vegetation factor (0.299) and sediment weight factor (0.410) manifested considerably more influence over ICS. Spatial integration between relevant elements can enhance our understanding of basin connectivity. Interactions between vegetation, topography, and river network structure provide more explanatory power compared to interactions among same‐type features. Ultimately, this study offers a theoretical template for understanding the management of soil and water resources in the Jinghe River Basin, as well as the spatial variability in soil erosion.

Wetter trend in source region of Yangtze River by runoff simulating based on Grid-RCCC-WBM

Exploring the future hydroclimatic conditions of source region of Yangtze River (SRYaR), an alpine affected by climate change significantly, is essential for basin water resources management and development ss global climate change intensifies and the process of climate warming and humidification in Northwest China. This study proposed a practical framework for assessing water resource response to the context of climate changes in alpine catchments from the respective of both runoff and hydroclimatic conditions. Utilizing Grid-RCCC-WBM driven by corrected climatic forcing from the global climate models, this study estimate the prospective overall warmer and wetter pattern in the source region of Yangtze River. The key results indicated that: (1) Under all future scenarios, both temperature and precipitation within the catchment exhibit a significant upward trend. Projections from multi-model ensembles (MME) suggest that during the mid-term period (2041–2060, MT), temperatures are expected to rise by [0.74 °C, 3.08 °C] compared to the baseline period (1995–2014), with precipitation changes ranging from [4.8%, 21.4%]. (2) Future runoff within the catchment exhibits a consistent increase, with a linear trend rate of 1.1 mm/decade. runoff changes in MT compared to the baseline period vary from [−5.1%, 33.7%]. Runoff decreases in the northern part of the catchment, while notable increases occur in the southeastern and western regions. (3) In the future, the ratio of catchment evaporation capacity to precipitation decreases in comparison to the baseline period with an augmentation in soil moisture, enhancing its capacity for water retention and reducing the conversion of precipitation to evaporation, resulting a wetting trend of the catchment. (4) The future snowpack in the catchment continues to decrease, with a significant reduction in both the proportion of snowfall relative to total precipitation and the proportion of snowmelt runoff relative to total runoff, the risk of water resources crisis in the watershed is escalating.

Ecological environmental flow estimation for rivers with complicated hydraulic conditions.

Estimating ecological environmental flow in tidal rivers is one of the major challenges for sustainable water resource management in estuaries and river basins. This paper presents an ecological environmental flow framework that was developed to accommodate highly dynamic medium tidal estuaries found along the Yellow Sea coast of China. The framework not only proposes a method of water quality-based ecological flow for tidal gate-controlled rivers but also proposes a method of water demand for scouring and silting to protect ports in coastal viscous sediment environments. The framework integrates the instream water requirements of water quality, sediment and basic ecological flow, and considers the temporal and spatial variation differences for the environmental flow requirements of tidal rivers. This study emphasizes the significance and necessity of continuous monitoring of ecological data in determining the environmental flow of tidal rivers. The output of this study could provide vital references for decision-making and management of the water resource allocation and ecological protection in tidal rivers.

Improving the forecasting accuracy of monthly runoff time series of the Brahmani River in India using a hybrid deep learning model

Abstract Accurate prediction of monthly runoff is critical for effective water resource management and flood forecasting in river basins. In this study, we developed a hybrid deep learning (DL) model, Fourier transform long short-term memory (FT-LSTM), to improve the prediction accuracy of monthly discharge time series in the Brahmani river basin at Jenapur station. We compare the performance of FT-LSTM with three popular DL models: LSTM, recurrent neutral network, and gated recurrent unit, considering different lag periods (1, 3, 6, and 12). The lag period, representing the interval between the observed data points and the predicted data points, is crucial for capturing the temporal relationships and identifying patterns within the hydrological data. The results of this study show that the FT-LSTM model consistently outperforms other models across all lag periods in terms of error metrics. Furthermore, the FT-LSTM model demonstrates higher Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency and R2 values, indicating a better fit between predicted and actual runoff values. This work contributes to the growing field of hybrid DL models for hydrological forecasting. The FT-LSTM model proves effective in improving the accuracy of monthly runoff forecasts and offers a promising solution for water resource management and river basin decision-making processes.

Application of Judgmental Sampling Approach for the Monitoring of Groundwater Quality and Quantity Evolution in Mediterranean Catchments

Groundwater monitoring is critically important, even though it is costly and often neglected. In this study, a judgmental monitoring of groundwater offering solutions based on a cost and time-effective research approach is presented. The method was performed in three Mediterranean areas in Greece and Italy to examine its advantages and disadvantages. As a first step, a multi-statistical analysis was practiced to assess and apportion the potential contributions of pollution sources of groundwater. Pearson correlation, principal component analysis, and factor analysis were applied to groundwater samples to characterize the evolution of hydrochemical processes. High concentrations of chlorides and nitrates highlight that salinization and the extensive use of nitrate fertilizers dominate in the coastal part of Eastern Thermaikos Gulf, the dissolution of carbonate rocks and livestock/industrial activities drive the groundwater quality status in the Upper Volturno basin, while in the Mouriki basin thermal power plant and the use of zinc fertilizers are the main factors of groundwater quality degradation. The determination of the critical sampling points was applied, considering the land use and hydrogeological and morphological characteristics of the areas. The application of the judgmental sampling approach provides reliable results regarding groundwater evolution. These results were compared to previous works and found that a non-probability sampling technique can provide the same results as a more costly method in the Mediterranean region. Thus, judgmental sampling is crucial for the optimal application of water resource management and control techniques in basins to avoid gaps in data collection.

Impacts of human activities and climate change on water and sediment evolution in four large subtropical river basins in China

Human activities and climate are two key factors affecting hydrological and soil erosion processes. Understanding their impacts on water discharge and sediment transport is very important for sustainable development of watersheds, particularly in subtropical regions with high precipitation and high sediment loads. We here compared the long-term dynamics of water discharge and sediment transport in four large contiguous watersheds in subtropical China and explored the importance of the main influencing factors including climate, nature endowment such as geology, and human activities. Significant differences have been observed between watersheds in terms of sediment and water discharge (p < 0.001). Pairwise comparison among the four basins demonstrated significant differences in sediment modulus among 5 of the 6 pairs (p < 0.05). The sediment modulus in the Lishui Basin was significantly higher than those in other basins, mainly due to the substantial presence of steep slopes in the mountainous region, which is prone to soil erosion. Temporally, sediment transport in the four basins was well synchronized showing significant decreasing trends with abrupt change points (p < 0.001). In contrast, no trends and abrupt change points were detected in water discharge, mainly influenced by precipitation. Human activities played a predominant role to the reduction of sediment transport (80% to 102%) compared with those of climate (-2% to 19%) across the four basins. Additionally, our study also showed land cover had various basin-independent impacts on the change of sediment transport. Through cross-basin comparisons of the long-term changes in water discharge and sediment transport, our study revealed the similarities and differences in their driving mechanisms, providing valuable information for land use planning and water resource management in large subtropical basins.

A method of water resources accounting based on deep clustering and attention mechanism under the background of integration of public health data and environmental economy.

Water resource accounting constitutes a fundamental approach for implementing sophisticated management of basin water resources. The quality of water plays a pivotal role in determining the liabilities associated with these resources. Evaluating the quality of water facilitates the computation of water resource liabilities during the accounting process. Traditional accounting methods rely on manual sorting and data analysis, which necessitate significant human effort. In order to address this issue, we leverage the remarkable feature extraction capabilities of convolutional operations to construct neural networks. Moreover, we introduce the self-attention mechanism module to propose an unsupervised deep clustering method. This method offers assistance in accounting tasks by automatically classifying the debt levels of water resources in distinct regions, thereby facilitating comprehensive water resource accounting. The methodology presented in this article underwent verification using three datasets: the United States Postal Service (USPS), Heterogeneity Human Activity Recognition (HHAR), and Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). The evaluation of Accuracy rate (ACC), Normalized Mutual Information (NMI), and Adjusted Rand Index (ARI) metrics yielded favorable results, surpassing those of K-means clustering, hierarchical clustering, and Density-based constraint extension (DCE). Specifically, the mean values of the evaluation metrics across the three datasets were 0.8474, 0.7582, and 0.7295, respectively.

Quantifying future water-saving potential under climate change and groundwater recharge scenarios in Lower Chenab Canal, Indus River Basin

AbstractQuantifying water-saving potential (WSP) is crucial for sustainable water resource management in canal command areas and river basins. Previous studies have partially or fully ignored the importance of groundwater in WSP assessments, particularly in irrigated areas. This study is aimed at quantifying WSP in the Lower Chenab Canal (LCC) command area of the Indus River Basin, Pakistan, under various scenarios of future climate change and groundwater recharge. These quantifications are conducted using an empirical model based on the Budyko theory. The model was forced using observed, remote sensing, and CMIP6 future climate data for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP245 and SSP585) and their ensembles (cold-dry, cold-wet, warm-dry, and warm-wet) for possible futures. The results showed that the average WSP in the LCC command area was 466 ± 48 mm/year during the historical period (2001–2020). The WSP is projected to decrease by – 68 ± 3% under the warm-dry ensemble scenario (SSP245 and SSP585) and – 48 ± 13% under the ensembled cold-wet scenario by 2100. The results also demonstrated that WSP could be increased by up to 70 ± 9% by artificially recharging 20% of the abstracted groundwater per year in the LCC command area by the late twenty-first century. Our findings highlight the importance of adopting artificial groundwater recharge to enhance the WSP and sustainably manage water resources in the LCC command area. Policymakers should consider these findings when deciding on water resource management in the Indus River Basin.