Water Resources Problems Research Articles

Water Resources Optimal Allocation in Middle Line of South to North Water Diversion Project of Hebei, China Using AHP-LP

Water resource is irreplaceable as one kind of important natural resources and strategic economic resources. Water resources optimal allocation is an important means to solve the problem of water resources to keep the relative balance of the supply and demand. For ensuring the sustainable development, according to the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, and aiming at the maximum synthesized benefits, the model for water resources optimal allocation was established. A lot of factors were considered. The cause function, restriction and parameters were discussed. At last, optimal allocation of water resources in the middle line of Project in Hebei Province was studied under the guarantee of 95 % in 2010 and 2014. The results showed that the Project can solve the serious water shortage in Hebei province, North China.

TiO2 photocatalysis of 2-isopropyl-3-methoxy pyrazine taste and odor compound in aqueous phase: Kinetics, degradation pathways and toxicity evaluation

In recognition of the growing demand regarding the control of undesired taste and odor (T&O) problems in natural water resources, the photocatalytic degradation of 2-isopropyl-3 methoxy pyrazine (IPMP), a common metabolite of soil actinomycetes which contributes a rotten vegetable odor to water, was investigated under simulated solar irradiation. Under the studied conditions (C=10mgL−1, CTiO2=100 mg L−1 and I=600Wm−2), 95% of IPMP was removed within 20min of irradiation. The reaction intermediates were completely mineralized to CO2 and the nitrogen was predominantly released as NH4+ ions after 240min irradiation. The major transformation products of TiO2 photocatalysis of IPMP have been determined by the use of high resolution accurate liquid chromatography–orbitrap mass spectrometry as well as gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) techniques. Hydroxylation of the isopropyl and methoxy groups has been identified as the main reaction pathway. Scavenging experiments indicated the important role of HO•, h+ and O2•− in the photocatalytic process. Toxicity assessment revealed the efficiency of the photocatalytic treatment to achieve almost complete detoxification of the irradiated solution.

Sustainability Monitoring and Assessment: New Challenges Require New Thinking

Sustainability Monitoring and Assessment: New Challenges Require New Thinking

Monitoring and modeling of sediment transport in the watershed of Oued El Ardjem, Algeria

Conservation and management problems of water resources have become increasingly influencing. The growing need for these resources increases the risk of degradation. Millions of tons of soil depart each year into the sea via rivers and a significant amount gets deposited at the bottom of our dams. Our job is to investigate a monographic approach to both analytic and synthetic flow methods, the hydrological regime, and sediment transport in suspension phase to determine the water surface and their spatio-temporal variability. Our study consists of two main parts: first, the diagnostic physical geographical catchment area which will show the main factors involved in the natural water flow, and thus determining basin characteristics. And second, the study of Ouled Ben Abdelkader gauging station for quantification of suspended sediment based on the regression method using different regression models for water and sediment discharge at different scales. The analysis was based on the regression method to find the best relationship for solid flow–liquid flow which leads to accepting of the power regressive model and its use in the quantification of sediment transport. The calculated intake is 18,087.66 tons/year at average where specific erosion is about 0.15 tons/km2/year. An analysis of Sidi Yacoub dam reservoir siltation by bathymetric surveys method showed a retaining has a loss of 11% of its original capacity for 18 years of operation with 1.79% annual capacity loss.

Transition of Land Cover Characteristics at Wild-Fired Watershed

Wild fires in a mountain area cause severe runoff. The runoff causes secondary mal-effects such as soil erosion and environmental contamination. Korea had suffered from serious soil yield problems at Imha reservoir in 2003. The muddy flow in the reservoir lasts for an years at that time and the water resources problem had prevailed around the watershed. But there was no reliable method in predicting the amount of soil yield and developing count measures against soil erosion. The goal of this research is to find the sustainability transition of land cover characteristics in a wild-fired watershed. For the success of this research, experimental watershed which had suffered from wild-fires was operated last five years. With the collected field data, the transition of land cover characteristics of watershed was analyzed. It was found that the land cover factor was increased about one hundred times at first year after the wild fire. Then it decreases constantly until it remains stable condition which is reached at fourth year after wild-fires.

The Necessity of Systematic and Integrated Approach in Water Resources Problems and Evaluation Methods, a Review

The Necessity of Systematic and Integrated Approach in Water Resources Problems and Evaluation Methods, a Review

Universal approximators for direct policy search in multi-purpose water reservoir management: A comparative analysis

This study presents a novel approach which combines direct policy search and multi-objective evolutionary algorithms to solve high-dimensional state and control space water resources problems involving multiple, conflicting, and non-commensurable objectives. In such a multi-objective context, the use of universal function approximators is generally suggested to provide flexibility to the shape of the control policy. In this paper, we comparatively analyze Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Radial Basis Functions (RBF) under different sets of input to estimate their scalability to high-dimensional state space problems. The multi-purpose HoaBinh water reservoir in Vietnam, accounting for hydropower production and flood control, is used as a case study. Results show that the RBF policy parametrization is more effective than the ANN one. In particular, the approximated Pareto front obtained with RBF control policies successfully explores the full tradeoff space between the two conflicting objectives, while the ANN solutions are often Pareto-dominated by the RBF ones.

Biological Approach for Recycling Waste Water in Iraq

The middle and southern parts of Iraq are exposed to a series of serious drought-related problems. This is mainly linked to the absence of applied international law for water distribution in the Euphrates and Tigris rivers between Turkey, Syria, and Iraq, in addition to climate change and unawareness of the water resource problems for more than three decades. The Inter-Agency Information and Analysis Unit of the United Nations reported that water in the Tigris and Euphrates will decrease by up to 80% and 50%, respectively, by 2025. Therefore, water recycling would be an essential and inevitable sustainable approach under these circumstances. The biological treatment of sewage, industrial waste water, scientific laboratories effluent, and irrigation waters using compact units is described here to be involved in solving the water shortage in Iraq. The main indicators used to assess the efficiency of these units are chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total solved salts (TSS), and total fecal coliforms (TFC). These units have been approved to treat contaminated waters with 10-fold pollutants in a fifth of the time required as compared to other classical procedures. In conclusion, using these treatment units will be useful in tackling the problem of water shortage in Iraq and could potentially be the best control method to stop the spread of infectious diseases obtained from contaminated waters.

Adaptation Technology: Benefits of Hydrological Services—Watershed Management in Semi-Arid Region of India

Watershed management consists of multifunctional activities to manage and address the increasing water resource problems. Ever increasing water demand and rapidly depleting water resources, it has become necessary to develop the adaptation options to recharge groundwater resources. A watershed is a special kind of Common Pool Resources (CPRs); an area is defined by hydrological linkages where optimal management requires coordinating the use of natural resources by public participation. Watershed developments have shown significant positive impacts on water table, perennially of water in wells and water availability especially in semi-arid regions. This paper describes direct and indirect impacts of the watershed activities and benefits of hydrological services dealing with watershed management with future prediction of net irrigation water supply. In the present work, we have also discussed the multiple impacts of watershed of CPRs for improving groundwater and surface water resources.

实施最严格水资源管理制度面临的技术问题与挑战

我国水资源面临的形势十分严峻，水资源短缺、水污染严重、水生态环境恶化等问题日益突出，已成为制约经济社会可持续发展的主要瓶颈。最严格水资源管理制度是解决我国水问题的有效途径。本文根据最严格水资源管理制度的内涵，在阐述最严格水资源管理与水资源优化配置关系的基础上，分析了目前水资源优化配置研究面临的技术问题与挑战，并从最严格水资源管理的考核要求出发，提出了在最严格水资源管理制度下，动态的水资源优化配置模型结构、求解算法和方案评价等方面的对策和建议，从而为实施最严格水资源管理制度提供技术支撑和保障。 China faces a very serious situation of water resources, with increasingly conspicuous problems of water resources shortage, serious water pollution, deterioration of the water ecological environment, and so on, which have become major bottlenecks inhibiting sustainable economic and social development in the country. Applying the strictest water resources control system is the most effective way to solve these water resources problems. The optimal water resources allocation is the core issue of the strictest water resources control system. The challenges and controversies in optimal water resources allocation research under the strictest water resources control system have been analyzed according to the relationship between the strictest water resources control and the optimal water resources allocation. In order to satisfy the requirements of the strictest water resources control system, the dynamic structure of new water resources allocation model, the optimal solution algorithms and the scheme evaluation methods have been presented and suggested. What have been analyzed and suggested in this paper will be very helpful for applying the strictest water resources control system in China.

变化环境下非一致性水问题研究进展

近年来随着气候变化和剧烈人类活动等变化环境的影响，水文序列形成的物理条件发生了较大的变化，使得水文序列失去了“一致性”，并引发了水资源评价失真、防洪与抗旱决策失误等一系列“非一致性”水问题，严重影响了社会稳定与经济进步。本文将非一致性水问题分为非一致性水资源问题、非一致性洪水问题和非一致性干旱问题，分别从水资源、洪水、干旱三个角度对非一致性水问题进行研究和探讨。在总结国内外研究进展的基础上，指出目前仍需解决的问题及需要开展的研究工作。A series of water problems was caused by the exploitation and utilization of water resources in recent years. The changing environment, the impact of climate change and intensive human activ-ities made the physical conditions for the forming hydrological series have changed a lot and the hydrological series have lost their consistency, thereby leading to the distortion of water resources evaluation and decision-making of flood control and drought judgment error, which seriously affected the social stability and economic progress. In this paper, inconsistent water problems were divided into three categories: inconsistent water resources problem, inconsistent flood problem and inconsistent drought problem, and the inconsistent water problem in changing environment was studied and discussed from the perspective of the water resources, flood and drought. Based on the domestic and abroad research progresses, the unresolved problems and the future research work were put forward.

Applications of the SWAT Model Special Section: Overview and Insights

The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model has emerged as one of the most widely used water quality watershed- and river basin-scale models worldwide, applied extensively for a broad range of hydrologic and/or environmental problems. The international use of SWAT can be attributed to its flexibility in addressing water resource problems, extensive networking via dozens of training workshops and the several international conferences that have been held during the past decade, comprehensive online documentation and supporting software, and an open source code that can be adapted by model users for specific application needs. The catalyst for this special collection of papers was the 2011 International SWAT Conference & Workshops held in Toledo, Spain, which featured over 160 scientific presentations representing SWAT applications in 37 countries. This special collection presents 22 specific SWAT-related studies, most of which were presented at the 2011 SWAT Conference; it represents SWAT applications on five different continents, with the majority of studies being conducted in Europe and North America. The papers cover a variety of topics, including hydrologic testing at a wide range of watershed scales, transport of pollutants in northern European lowland watersheds, data input and routing method effects on sediment transport, development and testing of potential new model algorithms, and description and testing of supporting software. In this introduction to the special section, we provide a synthesis of these studies within four main categories: (i) hydrologic foundations, (ii) sediment transport and routing analyses, (iii) nutrient and pesticide transport, and (iv) scenario analyses. We conclude with a brief summary of key SWAT research and development needs.

Present Conditions and Future Challenges of Water Resources Problems in Iraq

Iraq is part of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA region). It greatly relies in its water resources on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Iraq was considered rich in its water resources till 1970s. After that problems due to water scarcity aroused. Recently, it is expected that water shortage problems will be more serious. The supply and demand are predicted to be 43 and 66.8 Billion Cubic Meters (BCM) respectively in 2015, while in 2025 it will be 17.61 and 77BCM respectively. In addition, future prediction suggests that Tigris and Euphrates Rivers will be completely dry in 2040. To overcome this problem, prudent water management plan is to be adopted. It should include Strategic Water Management Vision, development of irrigation techniques, reduction of water losses, use of non-conventional water resources and research and development planning.

Development of probability distributions for urban hydrologic model parameters and a Monte Carlo analysis of model sensitivity

AbstractThis paper proposes an approach to estimating the uncertainty related to EPA Storm Water Management Model model parameters, percentage routed (PR) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), which are used to calculate stormwater runoff volumes. The methodology proposed in this paper addresses uncertainty through the development of probability distributions for urban hydrologic parameters through extensive calibration to observed flow data in the Philadelphia collection system. The established probability distributions are then applied to the Philadelphia Southeast district model through a Monte Carlo approach to estimate the uncertainty in prediction of combined sewer overflow volumes as related to hydrologic model parameter estimation.Understanding urban hydrology is critical to defining urban water resource problems. A variety of land use types within Philadelphia coupled with a history of cut and fill have resulted in a patchwork of urban fill and native soils. The complexity of urban hydrology can make model parameter estimation and defining model uncertainty a difficult task. The development of probability distributions for hydrologic parameters applied through Monte Carlo simulations provided a significant improvement in estimating model uncertainty over traditional model sensitivity analysis. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The Sprinkler Irrigation System Based on Wireless Sensor Networks

China is a country with serious shortage of water resources,water resources problem isn't just a matter of resources, but also a significant strategic question related to national economic and social sustainable development. Using efficient intelligent water-saving irrigation technology has become the general trend of irrigation technology all over the world. Is proposed a kind of intelligent irrigation system based on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), can be used to realize large area such as landscaping, field crop on a large scale irrigation control,real-time monitoring of large area of soil's temperature and humidity distribution, and keep the block in the most appropriate humidity range to the growth of the crop, which effectively implement water-saving irrigation.

Integrated Flood Management for Beiyun River, China

Abstract Beiyun River Basin is holistically suffering a water shortage and relatively concentrated flood risk. The current operation (level-control) of dams and floodgates, which is in passive defense mode, cannot meet the demands of both flood control and storm water resources. An integrated flood forecasting and management system is developed by the connecting of the hydrological model and hydrodynamic model and coupling of the hydrodynamic model and hydraulic model for dams and floodgates. Based upon the forecasted runoff processes, a discharge-control operation mode of dams and floodgates is proposed to be utilized in order to well regulate the flood routing in channels. The simulated water level, discharge, and water storage volume under different design conditions of rainfall return periods and floodgates operation modes are compared. The results show that: (1) for small floods, current operation modes can satisfy the objectives, but discharge-control operation can do better; (2) for medium size floods, since pre-storing of the floods affects the discharge of follow-up floods by floodgates, the requirement of flood control cannot be satisfied under current operations, but the discharge-control operation can; (3) for large floods, neither operation can meet the requirement because of the limited storage of these dams. Then, the gravel pits, wetlands, ecological lakes and flood detention basins around the river must be used for excess flood waters. Using the flood forecasting and management system can change passive defense to active defense mode, solving the water resources problem of Beijing city and Beiyun River Basin to a certain extent.

기후변화에 따른 남강유역의 수문환경의 변화가 하천수질에 미치는 영향

In Korea, the rainfall is concentrated in summer under the influence of monsoon climate. Thus, even a small climate change can be significant problems in water resources. As a result, a lot of attention has been focused on climate changes and a number of researches have been conducted in a manner commensurate with the attention to the climate change. This study is intended to forecast the changes in the flow and water quality of the Nam river resulting from the future climate changes in the Nam river basin using a watershed and water quality model. An SWAT model, as a watershed hydrologic model, was established after estimating a climate scenario using an artificial neural network method, and the established model was verified and adjusted using date from the Ministry of Environment to evaluate the applicability of the model. As a consequence, showed more than 0.7 in the simulation test, which satisfies the minimum required level. Results from the SWAT model and the future Namgang dam discharge calculated by HEC-ResSIM is used as input date for QUALKO. The results showed a huge variation in BOD depending on the annual flow of the river, which recorded a maximum difference of 2 mg/L between a rainy season and a dry season. It can be deduced that because rainfall and the runoff of a basin significantly account for the water quality of a river, higher water concentrations are recorded in a dry season in which the flow is not as much as that in a rainy season. It also can be said that water should be reserved in advance to secure water in the Nam river downstream for a dry season and be controlled in an effective and efficient manner to provide better water quality.

Evolutionary mechanism of water cycle and efficient utilization of water resources in the Haihe River Basin

Water cycle in the river basin constitutes the objective basis of water resources evolution. Whatever their manifestations, water resources problems can all attribute to the imbalances caused by the evolution of water cycle or its associated processes in the river basin. Various types of water activities for solution to water problems are in nature a regulation of natural-social dualistic water cycle or its associated processes in the river basin. China is one of those countries which are faced with the most violent water cycle evolution and serious water problems with the Haihe River Basin as the

A framework to assist the financial community in incorporating water risks into their investment decisions

Recently, much attention has been paid to the fundamental meaning of water resources, with regard to the efficient operation of the business community and the viability of the financial market by a range of financial stakeholders such as the banking sector, insurance companies and investors. The main concern of these actors is to avoid significant financial losses associated with water problems namely, the deterioration of water quality, water overuse, supply chain risks and climate change effects. This article proposes a framework to assess business risks that are associated with water resource problems. The proposed framework is based on ideas from current benchmarking and scoring accounting systems which drew data from published corporate environmental reports. By identifying the relationship between environmental and financial issues, it would enable actors of financial markets to make better investment decisions. It was applied to a number of Greek businesses certified by the Environmental Management and Audit Schemes certification system.

Analysis of the Present Situation of Water Resources and Water Security in Zhejiang Province

This paper analyzes the status quo and the existing problems of water resources in Zhejiang Province. Although with an abundant total quantity, the per capital hold of water resources here is low. Besides, this area is characterized by an uneven annual and inter-annual distribution of water resources, with frequent droughts and floods. The uneven regional distribution causes incompatible socio and economic development, and the low utilization of water resources leads to serious water pollution. In order to solve the existing problems and insure water security, the government proposed countermeasures which mainly cover the following items:first, to enhance the efficiency of water use and resolve contradictions between water supply and the demand; second, to promote rational development of water resources and strengthen comprehensive utilization; third, to raise the awareness of water security and promote innovations on the scientific management of water resources;fourth, to improve related mechanisms on water price and accelerate the pace of water rights trading.