Evaluation Of Water Resources Research Articles

Connection number based model for coordination development evaluation of regional water resources, social economy and ecological environment complex system

The development of social economy often requires a large consumption of water resources, and will also discharge a large amount of pollutants to the environment. Currently, the rapid development of regional water resources, social economy and ecological environment (WSE) complex system encounters significant challenges, and the coordination development of WSE complex system becomes important and necessary condition of regional sustainable development. Therefore, to scientifically evaluate the coordination development state of WSE system, based on the establishment of evaluation index system, the connection number and distance coordination model coupling approach for the coordination development evaluation of WSE complex system was proposed in this manuscript. The application results of the proposed method in Anhui Province, China indicate that, during 2011–2020, the coordination level of Anhui province is relatively high, and the coordination grade of most cities are in grade I or II. The coordination development degree of Anhui province presented a distinct improving trend with time, from most cities in grade IV or V in 2011 to most cities in grade II in 2020, from the worst 0.0580 in 2011 to the best 0.9200 in 2020. In terms of space, the coordinated development level of southern Anhui is higher than that of northern Anhui. Meanwhile, the coordination development status of the 16 cities in Anhui province can be divided into three patterns according to its historical variation characteristics, i.e., coordination development mode, ecological environment backward mode, and social and economic backward mode. Compared with the commonly used coordination evaluation method, the method of this paper can solve the problem of homogenization, and its calculation results are more reasonable and practical.

Analysis of the Applicability of Multisource Meteorological Precipitation Data in the Yunnan-Kweichow-Plateau Region at Multiple Scales

Multisource meteorological precipitation products are an important way to make up for a lack of observation sites or a lack of precipitation data in areas with a complex topography. They have important value for local industrial, agricultural, and ecological water use calculations, as well as for water resource evaluation and management. The Yunnan-Kweichow Plateau is located in southwest China and has a relatively backward economy and few meteorological stations. At the same time, the terrain is dominated by mountain valleys, precipitation is greatly affected by the terrain, and meteorological data are lacking, making the calculation of local water resources difficult. In this study, the applicability of the 3-hourly merged high-quality/IR estimates (3B42) of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), China Meteorological Forcing Dataset (CMFD), and China Meteorological Assimilation Driving Datasets (CMADS) in the Yunnan-Kweichow Plateau was analyzed using multiple evaluation indicators of different temporal scales and precipitation intensity levels as well as the spatial distribution of the indicators based on measured daily precipitation data from 59 national meteorological basic stations in the study area in 2008–2018. The results showed that (1) the three products had performed well and could be applied to the calculation of local water resources with CMFD performing the best; (2) the performance of precipitation products was slightly worse on the daily scale, and the overall performance of the yearly, quarterly, and monthly scales was better; (3) good results were achieved in most regions, but there were also some regions with prominent overestimation and underestimation; (4) the three precipitation products had the highest probabilities of detection and the lowest false alarm rates for no rain and light rain, and the probability of detection gradually decreased with an increase in the precipitation intensity; and (5) the mean absolute error of precipitation products in rainy months is large, so the accuracy of products in the calculation of heavy rain and flood will be limited.

An Evaluation of Water Resources in Tobruk, Libya: To Aware Consumers and Support Decision Making

An Evaluation of Water Resources in Tobruk, Libya: To Aware Consumers and Support Decision Making

Assessment of agricultural water resources carrying capacity and analysis of its spatio-temporal variation in Henan Province, China

With the rapid development of global economy and society, water shortage has become a crucial limitation to the growth of many cities. The agricultural water resources carrying capacity (AWRCC) is a key indicator to judge the sustainable development of agriculture. It is necessary to quantificationally evaluate AWRCC to ensure safety of regional economic development and human being's living demand. To reasonably quantify AWRCC, this paper constructs an agricultural water resources evaluation system. CRITIC (CRiteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation) is introduced, and its combination with analytic hierarchy process (AHP) solves the subjectivity and randomness of weight determination. Based on the definition of AWRCC and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE), we construct support index (CCS), pressure index (CCP) and carrying capacity index (CCI) to describe the spatio-temporal variation of AWRCC in Henan Province. Applying sensitivity and correlation analyses into the AWRCC evaluation demonstrates practicality and rationality of results. It eventually provides corresponding suggestions to each city group with diverse carrying capacities. Main conclusions are as follow: (1) The per capita water consumption and agricultural water utilization rate in Henan trended to decrease yearly. The irrigation rate of cropland and the proportion of water-saving irrigation of cropland increased to a varying extent. Water resources utilization rate, cropland irrigation rate, proportion of water-saving irrigation in cropland, grain yield per unit cropland, and wetland proportion were relatively sensitive indicators and they were higher correlated with AWRCC. (2) During 2010–2020, although the agricultural water resources have been overloaded in Henan, AWRCC exhibited a slight enhancement on the temporal scale. On spatial scale, the central region had a stronger AWRCC than the surrounding cities, while the southwest region was relatively weaker, and the AWRCC of the eastern region continued to enhance. (3) According to the tertiary characteristics and spatio-temporal variation of AWRCC, cities of Henan can be roughly divided into four groups and some proposals were proposed individually to enhance the carrying capacity. The conclusion of this paper is helpful to understand the current situation of agricultural water resources in Henan and can provide a reference for the sustainable development of AWRCC.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Water Resource Characteristics in the Northern Yangtze River Delta, China

The Yangtze River Delta is one of the most economically developed regions on the eastern coast of China. However, a local imbalance currently exists between its water resource environment and economic and social development due to its rapid urbanization. Thus, the reasonable evaluation and protection of local water resources are necessary. This study explores the northern Yangtze Delta, which is a more developed water system, as a pilot area. The temporal and spatial variation characteristics of rainfall and evaporation and their influencing factors were analyzed on the basis of 29 surface water sampling points, 16 rainfall stations, and three evaporation stations in the field from 1956 to 2019. Accordingly, the overall water supply quality of the river basin, the availability of different water resources, and the application of evaluation methods were assessed. Results show that local precipitation and evaporation are characterized by uneven spatial and temporal distributions in local areas, which, in turn, leads to the uneven temporal distribution of runoff, increasing the imbalance between the availability and demand of the limited local water resources. Nevertheless, the overall performance of local water quality is good. Surface water quality is mostly Ⅱ to Ⅲ, and locally Ⅳ. Most noncompliant months are during the non-flood season, and all values exceed the standard permanganate index. Groundwater is Class III or better, and the hydrochemistry type is predominantly calcium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, and magnesium bicarbonate. By exploring the evaluation model of the Yangtze River Delta watershed characteristics, this study aims to provide a helpful reference for extending water resource evaluation in the Yangtze River Delta. Accordingly, this study can promote the sustainable development of the economic and social sectors of the Yangtze River Delta and the construction of its ecological environment.

Effects of soil particle size and gradation on the transformation between shallow phreatic water and soil water under laboratory freezing-thawing action

The transformation between shallow phreatic water and soil water during the freezing-thawing period affects the accurate evaluation of water resources and aggravates soil salinization. In laboratory freezing-thawing experiments, constant temperature freezing at − 10, −20, and − 25 °C was conducted for 62 successive days, and natural thawing was conducted for 13 days, with a groundwater table depth of 1.0 m. The variations in the soil temperature, upward migration amount of phreatic water to soil water (UMA), and downward movement amount of soil water to phreatic water (DMA) of soil columns with particle sizes of d50 = 0.3 mm (A1), d50 = 0.75 mm (B1), d50 = 1.25 mm (C1), d50 = 1.75 mm (D1), and d50 = 2.25 mm (E1) and different particle gradations with inhomogeneity coefficients of 3.47 (A2), 4.69 (B2), 8.31 (C2), 14.67 (D2), and 19.08 (E2) were analyzed. The results showed that the soil temperature was more variable and reached stability earlier as the soil particle size or inhomogeneity coefficient increased. The cumulative UMA decreased as the soil particle size increased and the inhomogeneity coefficient decreased during the freezing process. For the constant temperature freezing at − 10, −20, and − 25 °C, the cumulative UMA and average soil particle size were fitted using an exponential function, but the effect of the soil particle size on the UMA gradually weakened as the freezing air temperature decreased. The daily DMA decreased as the soil particle size decreased, and the particle gradation improved during days 0–5 of the thawing stage, while the cumulative DMA increased as the soil particle size decreased and the inhomogeneity coefficient increased after days 9–10 during the thawing stage. The groundwater was in a negative equilibrium under freezing-thawing action, and the consumption of groundwater was greater when the average soil particle size was smaller and the inhomogeneity coefficient was larger during the freezing-thawing process. The results of this study have important significance for soil salinization prevention and the scientific evaluation of water resources.

Spatiotemporal Patterns of Evapotranspiration in Central Asia from 2000 to 2020

Evapotranspiration (ET) affects the dry and wet conditions of a region, particularly in arid Central Asia, where changes in evapotranspiration profoundly influence society, the economy, and ecosystems. However, the changing trends in and driving factors of evapotranspiration in Central Asia remain unclear. Therefore, we used estimated ET and reanalysis data to answer research questions. Our results showed that (1) potential evapotranspiration (PET) and ET showed a generally downward trend, in which PET and ET decreased in 37.93% and 17.42% of the total area, respectively. However, PET and ET showed opposite trends in 59.41% of the study area, mainly showing a decrease in PET and an increase in ET. (2) The absolute contribution rates of vegetation–human activity coupling factor (VH), PET, and precipitation (P) to ET were 43.19%, 40.02%, and 16.79%, respectively, and the VH was the main determiner of ET. (3) Transpiration (ETc) dominated the change in ET in 56.4% of the region, whereas soil evaporation (ETs) dominated the change in ET in the rest of the region. The coverage threshold that determines the dominant contributions of ETc and ETs to ET was approximately 18–19%. Below this coverage threshold, the contribution rate of ETs to ET exceeded that of ETc and vice versa. In the context of global climate change, this study can provide scientific support for the restoration of water resources and sustainability evaluation of water resources.

Response and prediction of unsaturated permeability of loess to microstructure

The study of water infiltration helps to investigate the pollutants' migration, grasp the mechanism of the water cycle, and correctly evaluate water resources. This paper reveals the mechanism of compacted loess's one-dimensional vertical water infiltration characteristics using a low-cost water infiltration device. In addition, it investigates particle arrangement and pore size distribution characteristics using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The test finding suggests that the loess's early-stage infiltration rate is significant, and the dry density is not related to the infiltration characteristics. With the advance of the wetting front, the infiltration rate decreases under air resistance. The unsaturated permeability decreases with dry density at lower matric suction while unaffected by the dry density at higher matric suction. Moreover, the volume and connectivity of pores mainly control the water infiltration characteristics. Finally, based on the test results, a method for rapidly predicting the unsaturated permeability of loess is proposed. The results of the study help predict contaminant transport and guide groundwater extraction and management.

How did blue and green water resource evolute spatially and temporally in the Meijiang River Basin, China?

Water is the source of all life on Earth. Blue water and green water are important for water resource evaluation and are also essential for the efficient use of water resources. By constructing a SWAT model to simulate the spatiotemporal evolution of blue water and green water resources in the Meijiang River Basin from 2008 to 2018, this paper explored the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of blue water and green water and evaluated the change trend of the green water coefficient. The results showed that: 1) the average amount of blue water resources per unit area in the Meijiang River Basin was 921 mm, accounting for 43% of the total water resources; the amount of green water resources was 1,232 mm, accounting for 57% of the total water resources. 2) blue water quantity and precipitation were highly positively correlated, and the overall change in green water quantity had been relatively stable. Water quantity of green also showed a positive correlation with precipitation within a certain range, while the green water coefficient and precipitation showed a highly negative correlation; 3) precipitation and other climatic conditions were the decisive factors affecting the amount of blue water resources in the basin, whereas the nature of the underlying surface, such as the vegetation or land use, altitude, and topography, was the main factor affecting the green water volume of the watershed.

Baseflow estimation based on a self-adaptive non-linear reservoir algorithm in a rainy watershed of eastern China

Accurate baseflow estimation is critical for water resources evaluation and management, and non-point source pollution quantification. Nonlinear reservoir algorithm (NRA) has been increasingly applied to baseflow separation because of its good approximation to the real groundwater discharge (commonly dominated by the unconfined aquifer) in most watersheds. However, in the rainy regions, large uncertainties may remain in the traditional NRA-separated baseflow sequences due to its empirical transition function for the rising limb of discharge process, and the evident variations of baseflow recession in the initial period of the falling limb caused by the disturbance from surface flow or rainfall events. To improve the reliability of baseflow separation, a self-adaptive non-linear reservoir algorithm (SA-NRA) was developed in this study based on the NRA, a self-adaptive groundwater discharge modified parameter, and the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (PSO). The validation of SA-NRA in a rainy watershed of eastern China showed that SA-NRA could be the approach to provide a goodness-of-fit for baseflow recession behaviors in the rainy regions. The traditional NRA and Eckhardt's two-parameter recursive digital filter (ERDF), calibrated (or validated) only with the pure baseflow recession data, can hardly provide reliable baseflow predictions for the non-pure baseflow recession periods (including the rising limb and the falling limb with surface flow or rainfall disturbance) due to the apparent variations of baseflow recession behavior. Therefore, more attentions should be paid to the uncertainties of baseflow separation for the non-pure baseflow recession periods in the rainy regions.

Comprehensive evaluation of water resources and environmental carrying capacity based on dualistic water cycle analysis and its application in the Tuo River Basin, China

Maintaining water quantity and quality are two problems that occur during water resource development. Considering the reciprocal relationship, the threshold of water resource development urgently needs to be evaluated to guarantee environmental water function. In this study, the water resources and environmental carrying capacity (WRECC) evaluation method was proposed based on dualistic water cycle analysis. Nine indicators from 4 aspects, including the water resource utilization proportion, water use efficiency, pollutant treatment efficiency, river flow, and mutual coupling in the dualistic water cycle processes, were selected to represent the comprehensive WRECC. The first-order tributary of the Yangtze River, the Tuo River Basin, was chosen to validate the method. During the year 2009 to 2018, the water environment quality was improving in the study area, and WRECC evaluation results were in accordance with the change in the water system, which showed a decreasing trend during the study periods. WRECC revealed that the upstream area had severer water pressure than the middle area, mainly coming from insufficient freshwater to support social development and provide dilution capacity. The study proposed a human water cycle intervention scenario by increasing the recycled water use rate and wastewater treatment rate to improve the WRECC, and the improvement effects can reach 30%. The WRECC method provides a useful tool for water environment management and water resource planning.

The increasing contribution of greening to the terrestrial evapotranspiration in China

Evapotranspiration (ET) in terrestrial ecosystems is of great significance for water resource evaluation, crop water requirements, and drought monitoring and is affected by multiple environmental factors. Several studies investigated the environmental factors affecting evapotranspiration with long time series, but there are few detailed research exploring changes in the dominant controls of ET. It is essential to understand the primary mechanisms involved and their response to climate change. In this study, we analyzed the dominant controls on ET using variable importance in projection (VIP) scores from a Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) analysis and then explored the change of dominant controls over time. Our results indicated a significant ET increase trend over 1982–2015 of 1.40 mm/year in China, with solar radiation (SR), temperature (T), and leaf area index (LAI), as the dominant controls contributing to the increasing changes of ET. Increase in LAI (greening) was the primary cause of increasing ET over the 1982–2015 period, especially in temperate monsoon climate regions. In contrast, the VIP scores of SR and T indicated a negative contribution to increasing ET during the 34 years. The differences in the contribution dynamics of dominant controls to ET may result from different sensitivities to canopy resistance in different vegetation types. This research revealed an increasing contribution of greening to terrestrial evapotranspiration in China and improved our understanding of the change of dominant controls over China from 1982 to 2015 and their influence to ET under the changing climate and its impact.

Evaluation of water resources: A case study of Rohtak district, Haryana

Water is one of the most important natural resources for life. Because of the rapid increase in population, urbanization, and industrialization, the demand for water to meet various needs is constantly increasing. Water that is present below the Earth's surface and fills any gaps in the soil or geologic strata is known as groundwater. It is additionally known as subsurface water. Data related to underground water table were obtained from Central Ground Water Board of the Ministry of Water Resources. Maps of underground water table depth, quality and surface water resources were prepared in Arc GIS software. After the analysis of maps, the depth of the underground water table in the study area ranges from 0 to 20 meters. The maximum area of the study area is 3-10 meters, which covers 48.35% of the study area. The minimum area is 10-20 meters deep and covers 1.43% of the study area. In Rohtak block, the maximum depth is observed in the villages of Brahmanvas, Chamaria, Aryanagar, and Bohar. The quality of groundwater varies from fresh to saline. Fresh underground water quality occupies the largest area, accounting for 59.8% of the study area. Saline underground water quality accounts for 0.5% of the study area. In terms of surface water resources, this district lacks a perennial river. The main irrigation channels in this area are artificial drain no. 8 and sub drains, major canals, distributaries, and minor canals. This research paper will make a better understanding of water resources in Rohtak district. It will help to analyse and understand the current status of underground water depth, quality and surface water to build up any water resource management plan. A water resource management plan will ensure the sustainable use of water resources which is very important for our ecosystem.

Evaluation of water resources carrying capacity in Anhui Province based on association analysis model in the context of digital transformation

Evaluation of water resources carrying capacity in Anhui Province based on association analysis model in the context of digital transformation

Economic value evaluation of water resources based on big data

Economic value evaluation of water resources based on big data

Water Resources Evaluation in Arid Areas Based on Agricultural Water Footprint—A Case Study on the Edge of the Taklimakan Desert

Water scarcity is an important factor limiting agricultural development in arid areas. Clarifying and evaluating the current situation of water resources in arid regions is helpful for decision-makers in the rational use of water resources. This study takes a typical arid region located at the edge of Taklamakan Desert-Hotan region as the study area. The water footprint (WF) of the Hotan region was calculated based on 20 years of data information from 2000–2019. An evaluation system was established using four aspects of the WF: structural indicators, efficiency indicators, ecological safety indicators, and sustainability indicators. The results show that the WF of the study area is mainly dominated by blue water consumption, with a proportion of 65.74%. The WF of crop production is larger than that of livestock production. The produced WF of grain crops is the highest of all products with a share of 44.21%. The increase in the local agricultural WF reached 53.18% from 2000 to 2019, but it was still lower than the amount of water available for agriculture. The evaluation results indicated that the region’s WF import dependency is lower than the global level, with an annual average self-sufficiency rate of 91.13% and an increase of 878.95% in the WF economic efficiency index. The agricultural WF produced in Hotan is exported in the form of trade, but the quantitative contribution is small and does little to relieve water stress in other regions. The agricultural water consumption was still within the range of local water resources that could be carried but only 6 years of sustainable water use, and the future development was not optimistic. With the ratio of produced WF to available water resources maintained at about 58%, the local available water resources should be above 43.21 × 108 m3 to initially ensure the sustainable use of water resources. There were 12 drought years in the study period, which are prone to droughts and high disaster levels. The drought-water scarcity systems behaved in three phases: 2000–2011 (uncoordinated level), 2012–2015 (transitional phase), and 2016–2019 (coordinated level). Water scarcity threatened by drought reduced. The occurrence of meteorological droughts was more related to natural factors while the changes in WF were mainly driven by socio-economic elements such as human activities.

Applicability of stomatal conductance models comparison for persistent water stress processes of spring maize in water resources limited environmental zone

Through the Stomata of plants, water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are transferred between leaves and the atmosphere. The intakes of CO2 during photosynthesis and water loss through transpiration are facilitated by stomata. To effectively model plant transpiration, and study the mass, energy transfer between plants, and the atmosphere, stomatal conductance of plant leaves requires accurate modelling. Abnormal changes in soil moisture result from frequent droughts in water-strapped environmental regions in a warming context. This has an impact on the stomatal conductance models's applicability and, in turn, the precision of the carbon and water cycles in agro-ecosystems. Four commonly used stomatal conductance models-Jarvis, Ball-Woodrow-Berry (BWB), Ball-Berry-Leuning (BBL) and unified stomatal optimization (OS) were investigated in the simulation of spring maize during persistent water stress to determine the impact of introducing a soil moisture response function on the simulation effect of the stomatal conductance model. The results showed that the BWB model was the best model for spring maize during persistent water stress, followed by the OS and BBL models, and the Jarvis model was the worst model. The OS and BBL models' simulation effects were improved by the addition of the soil moisture response function, while the Jarvis and BWB models' simulation effects were diminished. The OS-θ model was the best, followed by the BBL-θ and BWB-θ models, and the Jarvis-θ model was the worst, according to the model simulation effect. The 95 % confidence intervals of BWB-θ and OS-θ models were simulated with the addition of the soil moisture response function. The addition of soil moisture function improved the model's applicability, allowing it to be used for a variety of relative soil moisture contents, including 13∼68 %, 13∼89 %, 13∼78 % and 13∼89 %forthe Jarvis, BWB, BBL and USO models. With or without the addition of a moisture response function, the OS model performs optimally and is appropriate for various soil moisture conditions. The study's finding may serve as a foundation for choosing an appropriate stomatal conductance model for effective simulation of carbon and water cycles of agricultural ecosystems under drought conditions in water-limited environmental regions. This may support effective use and evaluation of agricultural water resources.

Impacts of the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation on precipitation extremes in Indonesia

AbstractThe relationship between boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) and precipitation extremes over Indonesia is investigated using observational datasets from 30 years (1987–2016) of rain gauge measurements and the gridded Asian Precipitation‐Highly Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation of Water Resources from 1998 to 2015. The results indicate that the frequency of daily extreme precipitation events in Indonesia (defined as total precipitation above the 95th percentile) during extended boreal summer (May–August) is significantly modulated by BSISO, especially over the western and northern regions. Under the influences of BSISO1, the probability of the precipitation extremes over Sumatra and Borneo increases by 20–120% (relative to the seasonal probability) during phases 1–3 and approximately 50–80% over the eastern part of Borneo and Sulawesi during phase 4. Under BSISO2, the probability of the extremes increases up to 40% over Sumatra during phases 1 and 2 and up to 140% over Borneo and Sulawesi during phases 2 and 3. The increase in the probability of extreme summer precipitation is associated with enhanced large‐scale moisture flux convergence and upward moisture transport induced by the active phases of BSISO. These results provide potential information for medium‐ to extended‐range predictions of summer precipitation extremes in Indonesia.

Evaluation of Water Resources through Efficiency Index and Water Productivity in EU

Water presents one of the earth resources as a component of environmental change, demanding the research of water use. A nusmber of authors analyzed water use from different perspectives, in different regions, not including the water efficiency index and water productivity in the whole of the EU. The presented contribution is orientated to the evaluation of water resources through the development of efficiency and productivity indexes in EU member states. The research is made by a single analysis of the index in time development, followed by countries’ comparison according to the available data and software support, accessing the sustainability features in water supply that are the three-fold-goals of economic feasibility, social responsibility, and environmental integrity, linked to the purpose of the water use. The results of the contribution show the countries with a positive indexes trend, and countries with a negative indexes trend. Such results can be used for improving measurements to increase water productivity, as well as to make measurements to decrease water use.

Comprehensive Analysis of PERSIANN Products in Studying the Precipitation Variations over Luzon

This study evaluated the capability of satellite precipitation estimates from five products derived from Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (including PERSIANN, PERSIANN-CCS, PERSIANN-CDR, PERSIANN-CCS-CDR, and PDIR-Now) to represent precipitation characteristics over Luzon. The analyses focused on monthly and daily timescales from 2003–2015 and adopted surface observations from the Asian Precipitation Highly Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation of Water Resources (APHRODITE) platform as the evaluation base. Among the five satellite precipitation products (SPPs), PERSIANN-CDR was observed to possess a better ability to qualitatively and quantitatively estimate spatiotemporal variations of precipitation over Luzon for the majority of the examined features with the exception of the extreme precipitation events, for which PERSIANN-CCS-CDR is superior to the other SPPs. These results highlight the usefulness of the addition of the cloud patch approach to PERSIANN-CDR to produce PERSIANN-CCS-CDR to depict the characteristics of extreme precipitation events over Luzon. A similar advantage of adopting the cloud patch approach in producing extreme precipitation estimates was also revealed from the comparison of PERSIANN, PERSIANN-CCS, and PDIR-Now. Our analyses also highlighted that all PERSIANN-series exhibit improved skills in regard to detecting precipitation characteristics over west Luzon compared to that over east Luzon. To overcome this weakness, we suggest that an adjustment in the cloud patch approach (e.g., using different cloud temperature thresholds or different brightness temperature and precipitation rate relationships) over east Luzon may be helpful.