Investigation Of Water Quality Research Articles

HBFT-아쿠아포닉 시스템 내 독립 및 종속 미생물의 적용에 따른 시베리아 철갑상어 (Acipenser baerii), 바질 (Ocimum basilicum) 및 엽채류 4종류의 성장과 수질변화

Aquaponics is a cultivation system that combines aquaculture and agricultural hydroponics. This study investigated water quality changes and growth of fish (siberian sturgeon) and leafy vegetables (basil and four leafy vegetables) through the use of nitrifying autotrophic bacteria alone (Auto+CO2)and the mixed use of heterotrophic and autotrophic microorganism (Hetero+HBFT) in operation of aquaponic system. After basil stocking (5-8 weeks) in EXP1, Auto+CO2 experimental groups showed rapid water quality stabilization for about 2 weeks compared to Hetero+HBFT groups, but the lattergroups showed significantly higher growth of both fish and basil (P0.05).. In EXP2 (9-12 weeks), the growth factors of fish and 4 kinds of european lettuce cultivars in Hetero+HBFT experimental groups were higher than Auto+CO₂ groups. In hematological ananlysis [hematocrit (PCV, %), hemoglobin (g/dL), GOT (U/L), GPT (U/L), ALB (g/dL), GLU (mg/dL), plasma Na, K, Cl (mEq/L) and inorganic phosphorus (mg/dL)] between two experimental groups, all items were not significantly different at the end of the experimental period (P0.05). This study shows that for aquaponics water quality management, it is more effective to use it in combination with heterotrophic bacteria rather than autotrophic bacteria alone to stabilize water quality.

An integrated approach for the identification of potential shallow groundwater zones in west-central Saudi Arabia

This study aimed to identify groundwater resources at Harrat Khaybar to meet the increasing demand for groundwater for drinking and other purposes, including agricultural and industrial activities. Aquifers were assigned based on integrated electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and hydrogeological data. Twenty-three ERT profiles ranging 590–890 m long distributed across Harrat Khaybar were acquired. The ERT data were processed to obtain 2D subsurface geoelectrical sections that indicated a variable depth for groundwater as 6–280 m. To investigate water quality, 69 groundwater samples were collected from intensively pumped wells distributed throughout the Harrat. The depth to groundwater measured in these wells ranged 1.5–80 m. It was concluded that Harrat Khaybar is composed of basaltic lava flows underlain by alluvial deposits, which represent two significant water-bearing formations: sub-basaltic alluvial deposits and basalt flows. The depth to the groundwater abruptly deepened from 1.5 to 80 m in the northeast and southwest directions, which could be due to groundwater-bearing formations dipping in these directions or northwest-orientated tension faults. The groundwater quality was assessed in terms of total dissolved solids (TDS), which ranged from 225 to 8340 mg/l, and a TDS-drilling zone encountered in the western part of the Harrat, the following similar most likely resulted from groundwater mineralization. The concentration of TDS generally decreased toward the east in the groundwater flow direction. The pH (6.5–8.1) of the samples indicated that the groundwater pH meets quality standards for domestic and irrigation purposes. It is concluded that, the application of both methods will be of great benefit to identify the groundwater sources and its quality as well.

A comprehensive physico-chemical quality and heavy metal health risk assessment study for phreatic water sources in Narora Atomic Power Station region, Narora, India.

An investigation of water quality and heavy metal distribution in the groundwater samples collected from the vicinity of Narora Atomic Power Station (NAPS), Narora, India, was conducted for the metals including Cu, Zn, Ni, Co, Cd, Pb, and Fe. A total of 16 water quality parameters were measured for all the groundwater samples, and TDS, TH, Mg2+, Ca2+, F-, and turbidity were found to be on the higher side in comparison to the prescribed limits of Indian standards. Geometrical mean concentrations for these heavy metals were found to be 0.049, 0.213, 0.23, 0.135, 0.017, 0.061, and BDL for Cu, Fe, Zn, Pb, Cd, Co, and Ni, respectively. Pb and Cd were more than the permissible limits (0.01mg/L for Pb and 0.003 for Cd) prescribed for safe drinking water while Cu and Fe were exceeding the permissible limits of 0.05mg/L and 0.3mg/L in 32% and 36% samples, respectively. Health risk assessment was done by calculating total hazard quotient (THQ), and the values for all the metals were below the threshold value of 1.0 beyond which they may pose a significant risk.

Analysis of Mode of Access to Quality Public Water Supply in Jalingo Metropolis, Taraba State

This study analyse the mode of access to safe public water supply in Jalingo Metropolis. The study applied both survey and experimental research designs. The survey design involves sampling consumers' modes of accessing the public water supply, whereas the experimental approach involved laboratory investigation of water quality. A cross-sectional study carried out among 348 consumers who had access to public water supply and seven supply points each served by the three (3) production units of the Taraba State Water and Sewerage Corporation (TAWASCO) in Jalingo metropolis were selected. The standard procedures for water sample collection was done, which were analysed using the Wagtech Water Quality analysis machine in the World Health Organization Modern Laboratory located within Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency (RUWASA) office in Jalingo. Whereas, the questionnairs elicited information on the mode of access to water by the residents. The questionnaire data were analysed using frequency count and simple percentage. The result revealed that both the physical and chemical characteristics of public water supply in Jalingo metropolis are within the permissible limits of WHO and NSDWQ. The coliform count for the water samples were in trace amount and within the standard limits of WHO/NSDWQ. On the mode of access to safe water supply, the result revealed that majority of the respondents (80%) in Magami and ATC production channels do not have direct connection to the main water supply from RUWASA but gain access through indirect connection from neighboring houses/compounds. It was only from the Mile Six production channel that majority of the respondents (70%) reported that they access water from taps located within the house. This implies that most of the residents in the study area do not have connection to the main supply, which delivers water directly to their homes. The study therefore recommended that the government should ensure equitable distribution of portable water to the generality of the public.

Lagoon and Stream Water Quality Investigation in Rarotonga & Aitutaki, Cook Islands Subjected to Rapid Developments: A Focus on Anthropogenic Factors Impacting Aquatic Health, Human Health, and Economy

Lagoon and Stream Water Quality Investigation in Rarotonga & Aitutaki, Cook Islands Subjected to Rapid Developments: A Focus on Anthropogenic Factors Impacting Aquatic Health, Human Health, and Economy

Assessment of recent rehabilitation projects’ impact on water quality improvement in Lake Burullus, Egypt

Lake Burullus, the second largest coastal lake and wetland in Egypt, is suffering environmentally and economically under the tremendous pressure of rapid urbanization and increase of agriculture, aquaculture and industrial activities for more than 4 decades. This caused significant reduction of the lake’s area and sever degradation of its ecological system, including the decrease in fishing yield, which consequently led to serious socio-economic challenges for the local fisheries communities as well as affecting the national fish production of Egypt. Recently, the Egyptian Government has made great efforts for the rehabilitation and restoration of the northern lakes and wetlands in attempt to improve their environmental conditions and restore their economic value. Among these efforts is Burullus Lake Rehabilitation Project, which has started in 2018 covering the inlet and the eastern part of the lake and aims to improve the water quality and fish production in the lake mainly by enhancing water exchange between the lake and the sea through dredging and side protection works. The current study provides an update of the water quality conditions over Burullus lake by carrying out a wide water sampling program that covers the entire perimeter of the lake with an emphasis on the most problematic areas. The main water quality parameters were measured and analyzed spatially in order to provide a quantitative assessment of the efficiency of the implemented rehabilitation and restoration works and provide recommendation for further improvement works. The results show that there was a significant improvement of investigated water quality parameters over the lake inlet and the eastern part where the dredging works were carried out while less improvement was found over the western part. This indicates that water exchange with the sea and the circulation pattern in the lake have the most significant influence on the lake’s water quality, which should be considered in future rehabilitation projects.

Macrozoobenthos in an altitudinal gradient in North Patagonian Cautín River (Araucanía Region, Chile).

The Cautín River is closely related with the economic development of Temuco city, (38°S; Chile). Existing knowledge of the Cautín River is limited to information about its biological characteristics as a reference for the evaluation and assessment of water quality. The object of this study was to develop taxonomic characterisation of the benthic macroinvertebrates along the main course of the Cautín River, and to study the community structure using correlation analysis between community parameters. To carry out this research, the macroinvertebrate community was studied in 10 sampling sites distributed along the main course of the river. The samples were taken in summer (1997 and 2000), when optimal hydrological conditions existed. Analysis of the samples showed that the benthic fauna was composed of 56 taxa, the dominant group being insects with 48 taxa. Three main sectors were recognised in the course of the Cautín River: high, middle and low. Each sector has restricted-distribution species, while other species are widely distributed along the river. These distribution patterns seem to be influenced by dissolved oxygen concentration, temperature, altitudinal distribution and anthropo-cultural activity, present at every sampling site. Finally, this research provides a first approach to the biology of the Cautín River. Further studies could be planned on the basis of this knowledge to investigate water quality indicators based on macroinvertebrate communities.

Vertical Farming: The Only Way Is Up?

Vertical farming is on its way to becoming an addition to conventional agricultural practices, improving sustainable food production for the growing world population under increasing climate stress. While the early development of vertical farming systems mainly focused on technological advancement through design innovation, the automation of hydroponic cultivation, and advanced LED lighting systems, more recent studies focus on the resilience and circularity of vertical farming. These sustainability objectives are addressed by investigating water quality and microbial life in a hydroponic cultivation context. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have been shown to improve plant performance and resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses. The application of PGPRs to plant-growing media increases microbial functional diversity, creating opportunities to improve the circularity and resilience of vertical farming systems by reducing our dependency on chemical fertilizers and crop protection products. Here, we give a brief historical overview of vertical farming, review its opportunities and challenges in an economic, environmental, social, and political context, and discuss advances in exploiting the rhizosphere microbiome in hydroponic cultivation systems.

Study of physicochemical and statistical analysis of water quality parameters in Veeranam Lake, Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu, India

Lakes are one of the most biologically diverse and productive inland surface water habitats. Insanitary due to the integration of a drainage system and its surplus flow into lakes is the foremost origin of lake water contamination. This research aimed to figure out how to apply statistical approaches like the systematic correlation coefficient and cluster analysis. We choose water quality testing of Veeranam Lake in Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu District, to investigate water quality for public use, restoration, and other objectives. From August 2018 to July 2019, water samples were collected from 6 locations using varied seasonal incidence at three months intervals. Because of the influence of domestic and Environmental factors in the catchment areas, we found a perfect positive relationship between Total Dissolved Solids Vs. Conductivity, COD Vs. BOD, Copper Vs. BOD and Total Chromium Vs. cadmium. And the Turbidity, Ortho phosphates, Total Dissolved Oxygen, Biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, Iron, Lead were not within the permissible limit as described by the Indian traditional value.

Quality Assessment of Underground Water Resources in the Northeast of Sabzevar

Introduction. In semi- arid and arid countries in which groundwaters are the main supplier of water, monitoring of water quality is of vital significance. To better manage water resources, therefore, investigation of water quality utilized for drinking, agricultural and industrial purposes sounds compulsory. The purpose of article. The aim of this study was to investigation the factors in fluencing the evolutionary process of groundwater resources and hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater resources in the northeast of Sabzevar. The research methods. Given the geological formation, water yield and condition of the region’s water resources, a total of 10 underground water resources were surveyed in respect of quality. In this regard, physical parameters e.g. PH, Electric Conductivity (EC) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) were measured in the sampled solution by multimeter. The hydrochemical analysis of data was implemented in laboratory and by inductive Plasma method and by statistical analysis and the modeling process were conducted by the SPSS, Chemistry and AqQA suites. The results of research. According to Scholler diagram, that most of water samples are categorized in good and acceptable class. According to the drawn Wilcox diagram, the samples are in C2S2, C2S4, C3S2 and C3S4 classes. Most samples agriculturally unsuitable with high salinity. According to the water quality index (GQI)), the water resources of the study area are in poor to acceptable category. Spatial study showed that the catchment area of water resources located in volcanic rocks, conglomerates and gravels, due to the lower impact of these rocks on water salinity, has caused the outflow of water of appropriate quality from these areas. In the western part of the region, due to the presence of marl and evaporation -detrital deposits, the value of this index is low and water is of poor quality. In other parts of the region, the water quality index (GQI), increases and water has a better quality. The type of geological formation around the basin is one of the important factors in the evolution of water resources. Chemical weathering of different rocks with natural waters produces different cations and anions. The water-rock reaction and weathering of minerals, is the main factor in changing the quality of groundwater chemistry in the region. Chemical analysis of water entering the aquifer of region showed that the sources of ions entering the region were affected by the lithology of rocks and sediments that were exposed to weathering for a long time, hence, as the region water, due to the passage of the detrital evaporation formation of the third period and marl, have dissolved them and increased the ratio of Cl+SO4>HCO3. The results showed that the presence of rocks and minerals of carbonate such as limestone, dolomite and calcite, sandstone and silicate such as volcanic rocks in the water passage has caused the scenarios of Ca>CO3 and Ca + Mg>CO3. Conclusions. Results revealed that drinking water resources are decent in most of the sites, exclusive of the resources that place in detrital-evaporate deposits. Meanwhile, the water is hypersaline and indecent for agricultural purpose. To the east, however, salinity plummets and is decent for agricultural purpose. The concentration of bicarbonate as the most abundant onion in the entire resources is higher than the global health standard and dissolution of carbonate rocks like limestones and dolomites play a role in this manner. The concentration of nitrate in the entire resources is lower than the global standard. Their concentration in the area is owing to agricultural activities and circulated water. Water resources emplaced in volcanics, conglomerate and gravels are of less concentration in respect of salts content and quality of water is higher. The young detrital-evaporate deposits in the west have augmented the concentration of ions as per the Ground Quality Index (GQI) and zonation maps, and where upon, water quality in this portion is poor.

Investigation of Water Quality Using Fuzzy and Analytic Network Process (ANP) Methods in GIS

استان فارس، با توجه به واقع‌شدن در مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک ایران، دچار کمبود منابع آب سطحی شده است. بنابراین، به‌منظور بهره‌برداری از منابع آب زیرزمینی، تعیین کیفیت آب بسیار اهمیت دارد. با توجه به اهمیت موضوع، هدف این مطالعه تعیین میزان کیفیت مناطق جنوب شهر شیراز در استان فارس است. به‌منظور تهیة نقشه‌های پهنه‌بندی از نقاط نمونه‌برداری‌شده، از روش میانگین عکس فاصله (IDW) استفاده شد. در ادامه، برای همگن‌کردن هریک از لایه‌های تهیه‌شده، روش فازی به‌کار رفت. در این روش، تابع عضویت برای هریک از نقشه‌های پهنه‌بندی تعریف شد و داده‌ها بین 0 و 1، براساس درجة اهمیتی که در کیفیت آب دارند، قرار گرفتند. در نهایت، برای وزن‌دهی به لایه‌ها و تهیة نقشة نهایی کیفیت آب، از روش فرایند تحلیل شبکه‌ای (ANP) استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که کیفیت آب حدود ۸۰% منطقة مورد مطالعه مطلوب است؛ درحالی‌که کیفیت آب شرب در حدود ۴% از منطقه (بخش‌هایی از شمال و شرق) نامطلوب است.

Evaluation of coastal pollution in Banda Aceh based on BOD5 and DO approach

The demand for preserving the aquatic environment is a top priority for the Indonesian government. The Banda Aceh coast has experienced anthropogenic developments since the 2004 tsunami hit. During the preliminary investigation in 2017, it indicated that the Banda Aceh coast had been contaminated. Here, we investigated water quality in Banda Aceh coast has been conducted during 2018-2019. We employed the Winkler titration for determining Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO). Furthermore, we generated spatial analysis to show the distribution of BOD5 and DO around the Banda Aceh coast. As a result, BOD5 has been decreased with the value of 1.33 mg/L. Interestingly, the increased DO value of 1.48 mg/L indicated the presence of autotroph biota producing an oxygen atom during 2018-2019. A contrary influence of BOD5 and DO on NO3- was identified, which approximately 50% concentration of nutrient determined by oxygen availability in 2018, while it was less than 5% for the 2019 survey. In conclusion, we suspect that the Banda Aceh coast is categorized as polluted waters for marine biota and tourism.

Investigation of water quality and its spatial distribution in the Kor River basin, Fars province, Iran

As one of the largest rivers in the southwest of Iran, the Kor River plays an important role in local economy and ecosystem. However, the rapid development of industry has caused significant pollution in this river in recent years. Despite of a number of studies reported on this river regarding water pollution, few have conducted a comprehensive investigation of a wide range of water quality parameters to map the current pollution status. This study focuses on 21 water quality parameters around the industrial centers of the Kor River basin with samples taken from 25 stations. With the measured parameters, the interpolation maps of each parameter were determined using the Kriging method, and the water quality was quantified using the Water Quality Index (WQI) method. The results showed that the WQI values were between 28 and 73, showing more pollution around the factories than in the upstream areas. The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that BOD, COD, NO3−, and coliforms were the most important parameters among the 21 parameters affecting the water quality. Linear regression results suggested that the best parameters for determining coliforms and WQI values were BOD, and Cr, PO43−, Hg and Zn levels, respectively, with R2 greater than 0.87. These results can also simplify the prediction of coliforms and WQI using only a few parameters. We further found that flatter regions generally had more pollution, primarily due to pollutant accumulation as a result of water stagnation.

Water quality, shrimp growth performance and bacterial community in a reusing-water biofloc system for nursery of Penaeus vananmei rearing under a low salinity condition

This study aimed to investigate water quality, growth performance of Penaeus vananmei postlarvae (PL) and bacterial community in a reusing-water biofloc system under a low salinity condition. PLs (~ stage 15) were stocked in two biofloc systems: the reusing-water system (RS) and the new-water system (NS), at a density of 4000 individuals m−3 for a 28-days nursery experiment at a salinity of 5.0‰, with a C:N of 15:1. Results showed an acceptable growth performance of shrimp in RS that the final body weight and productivity were 0.104 ± 0.014 g shrimp−1 and 0.37 ± 0.05 kg m−3, although those parameters were significantly lower than those in NS (0.138 ± 0.018 g shrimp−1 and 0.48 ± 0.07 kg m−3, P < 0.05). However, the survival rate of shrimp in RS (88.9 ± 4.2%) was not significantly different from that of NS (86.6 ± 6.5%, P = 0.786). The TAN and nitrite levels in RS were 1.90 ± 0.42 and 6.55 ± 0.86 mg L−1, non-significantly higher than those in NS (0.04 ± 0.02 and 0.07 ± 0.01 mg L−1, P ≥ 0.05). Whereas, the levels of total nitrogen (285.5 ± 10.2 mg L−1) and nitrate (24.8 ± 2.7 mg L−1) in RS were significantly higher than those in NS (231.3 ± 6.1 and 4.6 ± 0.4 mg L−1, P < 0.05). The Shannon index of bacterial community in RS (6.22 ± 0.02) was significantly lower than that in NS (7.23 ± 0.02, P < 0.05). The bacterial communities in both systems were dominated by Bacteroidetes (10.64–15.55%), Firmicutes (4.11–9.42%), Planctomycetes (14.43–29.67%) and Proteobacteria (38.73–50.35%) with few ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria. The proportions of denitrification bacteria and heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification bacteria in RS were 0.65 ± 0.07% and 5.73 ± 0.23%, significantly lower than those in NS (9.05 ± 0.15% and 9.26 ± 0.14%, P < 0.05). The results suggested that acceptable growth performance of postlarvae and water quality could be obtained in the reusing-water biofloc system, although the nitrogenous load was slightly high and should be studied next to reduce.

Mitigation of urbanization effects on aquatic ecosystems by synchronous ecological restoration

Ecosystem degradation and biodiversity loss have been caused by economic booms in developing countries over recent decades. In response, ecosystem restoration projects have been advanced in some countries but the effectiveness of different approaches and indicators at large spatio-temporal scales (i.e., whole catchments) remains poorly understood. This study assessed the effectiveness of a diverse array of 440 aquatic restoration projects including wastewater treatment, constructed wetlands, plant/algae salvage and dredging of contaminated sediments implemented and maintained from 2007 to 2017 across more than 2000 km2 of the northwest Taihu basin (Yixing, China). Synchronized investigations of water quality and invertebrate communities were conducted before and after restoration. Our analysis showed that even though there was rapid urbanization at this time, nutrient concentrations (NH4+-N, TN, TP) and biological indices of benthic invertebrate (taxonomic richness, Shannon diversity, sensitive taxon density) improved significantly across most of the study area. Improvements were associated with the type of restoration project, with projects targeting pollution-sources leading to the clearest ecosystem responses compared with those remediating pollution sinks. However, in some locations, the recovery of biotic communities appears to lag behind nutrients (e.g., nitrogen and phosphorus), likely reflecting long-distance re-colonization routes for invertebrates given the level of pre-restoration degradation of the catchment. Overall, the study suggests that ecological damage caused by recent rapid economic development in China could potentially be mitigated by massive restoration investments synchronized across whole catchments, although these effects could be expected to be enhanced if urbanization rates were reduced at the same time.

Fluctuations of water quality time series in rivers follow superstatistics

SummarySuperstatistics is a general method from nonequilibrium statistical physics which has been applied to a variety of complex systems, ranging from hydrodynamic turbulence to traffic delays and air pollution dynamics. Here, we investigate water quality time series (such as dissolved oxygen concentrations and electrical conductivity) as measured in rivers and provide evidence that they exhibit superstatistical behavior. Our main example is time series as recorded in the River Chess in South East England. Specifically, we use seasonal detrending and empirical mode decomposition to separate trends from fluctuations for the measured data. With either detrending method, we observe heavy-tailed fluctuation distributions, which are well described by log-normal superstatistics for dissolved oxygen. Contrarily, we find a double peaked non-standard superstatistics for the electrical conductivity data, which we model using two combined -distributions.

Water Quality Maintenance Approaches and On-Site Monitoring Results of an Artificial Bathing Beach

Ji, Y. and Yin, Y., 2021. Water quality maintenance approaches and on-site monitoring results of an artificial bathing beach. Journal of Coastal Research, 37(4), 793–799. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.The construction of artificial beaches on the muddy coasts involves water purification and long-term maintenance. In the paper, based on the investigation of tidal current, sediment distribution, water quality, and background creatures, a technical scheme of “building submerged breakwater enclosure and accelerating sediment deposition” to form a transparent water body and a long-term water quality maintenance scheme of “diversion, drainage, and self-purification of ecology” are proposed. Through sand precipitation test, water exchange feasibility, and facility scale demonstration, biological purification measures research and on-site practice, as well as long-term water quality monitoring and analysis, the conclusions are as follows: (1) The construction of submerged breakwater for water enclosure promotes the sediment deposition process. The experiment results indicate that after two-day static settlement, 93% of the suspension is precipitated and the concentration of total phosphorus decreased by more than 70%. (2) Water from artificial beaches can be diverted by harnessing tide or pumping facilities. The scale of the pump station and sluice should be determined according to the filling or drainage capability of water in a tidal cycle. (3) The ecological self-purification should be established on the basis of background investigation. The aquatic animals, such as fish, shrimp, crab, shell, and algae m (4) The water quality tends to deteriorate and changes with seasons with the increase of tourists. Finally, it is suggested renovating the current water diversion system, enhancing the monitoring of ecosystem, limiting the number of tourists in summer and increasing the frequency of water exchange.

Species Composition of Benthic Macroinvertebrate and Water Evaluation at the Baekyeok Stream in Korea

This study was conducted to investigate water quality evaluation using benthic macroinvertebrates at a mountain torrential river (Baekyeok Stream in South Korea). All individuals collected from the protocols of the USEPA Rapid Bioassessment Protocol III (RBP III) for benthic macroinvertebrates. In total, 841 individuals belonging to 37 species of 27 families were collected from the Baekyeok Stream. Arthropoda exhibited greatest species diversity with 26 species identified, followed by Mollusca (5 species) and Annelida (5 species). Platyhelminthes accounted for only one family for four seasons within the four studied areas. Total ecological score of benthic macroinvertebrate community (TESB) was varied from 79 (upper region, St. A) to 56 (low region, St. D) with a mean of 70.8. Benthic macroinvertebrate index (BMI) was varied from 47.130 (St. D) to 62.354 (St. A) with a mean of 53.158. Classification of saprobity based on Shannon-Weaver s diversity (H ) was varied from 2.189 to 2.802 with a mean of 2.723. Thus, water quality evaluation was β -mesosaprobic at all stations according to saprobic value. In conclusion, the water quality scores of upper region at Baekyeok Stream was slightly better than those of low region. Judging only the distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates, the water quality of Baekyeok Stream was not so good.

Assessment of surface water of Gulf of Kachchh, west coast of India: A chemometric approach

The present study is aimed at investigation of surface water quality of Gulf of Kachchh (GoK), Gujarat. The main objective of this study was to convert complex dataset of water quality parameters from GoK into comprehensive, simple and interpretable observations. Hence, physico-chemical parameters and nutrients of surface water from GoK were analyzed. Chemometric results indicated that oxygen, salinity, dissolved solids, nutrient and natural conditions were the factors that affected surface water quality. The water quality index was calculated to identify water quality classes to evaluate the spatio-seasonal trend in the study area. The results revealed that water quality was moderate in summer, worst in pre-monsoon and best in post-monsoon. The study also highlighted that Marine National Park (Central GoK) was observed to be comparatively in good condition with abundant marine biodiversity. Thus, the results of chemometric study of water quality parameters can be a valuable tool for government authorities for sustainable development of GoK.

Investigation of self-purification capacity and water quality of Haraz river during dry and wet season

Rivers are one of the primary water resources for agricultural, drinking, industrial and environmental applications; thus, assessment of the river water quality has a great significance. This study aims to evaluate the self-purification capacity of the Haraz river and identify critical areas with the lack of dissolved oxygen along the river. Also, the QUAL2K model, IRWQI and NSFWQI indexes were applied for the determination of water quality. In this study, primary pollutant sources including urban areas, industrial centers, farmlands and multiple cold-water fish farms that their water usage and discharge have severe consequences on the quality and quantity of the river's stream were identified and located. This model was built and calibrated for four seasons with data from six sampling stations of Haraz river. Based on this study, upstream of Haraz river has adequate self-purification capacity in comparison to its midstream and downstream, especially in the Amol city area, lack of dissolved oxygen was observed and self-purification capacity considerably reduced. The critical areas of Haraz river in spring and winter seasons are downstream and the estuary region, while in summer and autumn, critical areas are increased in Amol city. In general, as the elevation decreases, the water quality decreases. Only in upstream areas (near the Poloor village and before the Chelav station), water quality is in the average condition, but near the Caspian sea, the condition of Haraz river is worrying due to the existence of contamination sources.