Spring Water Quality Research Articles

Water quality, criticality, and sustainability of mountain springs-a case study from the Nepal Himalaya.

In the hilly terrain of Nepal, springs are the main source of drinking water. With the increasing population, rapid urbanization, and unabated climate change, springs are under the risk of survival. There is increasing evidence that springs in the mid-hills of Nepal are drying up, or are reducing in discharge, or are deteriorating by water quality. As a result, local communities are facing unprecedented water stress. On this background scenario, assessment of water quality of the springs in the Marin Watershed of Sindhuli district of Nepal was carried out in this study. Spring water samples were collected during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon of 2020 and their hydrochemistry was analyzed. Further, springs' discharge was measured in situ and their criticality and sustainability were studied through community interaction. Results have revealed seasonal variation in spring discharge and spring water quality. Out of 39 flowing springs, water quality of 13, 8, and 6 springs, respectively, was very poor, poor, and unsuitable for drinking in the pre-monsoon. The count of springs with very poor, poor, and unsuitable drinking water quality during the post-monsoon was 8, 3, and 1, respectively. Occurrence of pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli) was identified in five spring samples which makes the spring water unsafe for drinking. Again, out of 51 springs studied, 12 are already dried up, and another 12 of the 39 flowing springs have become seasonal with very low discharge (0.03-0.07 L/s). The study highlights and emphasizes the need to protect the flowing springs and rejuvenate the dying springs of the Himalaya and of other parts of the world.

Assessment of Spring Water Quality In Upper Himalayan Villages Using Water Quality Index

Assessment of Spring Water Quality In Upper Himalayan Villages Using Water Quality Index

Geoinformatics of Spring Water Quality in Small Village

Geoinformatics is spatial information based on characteristics and analysis regarding spatial data. Water is the main component of human life with clean water, especially drinking water found from various sources, including spring water. Water quality is a global standard as a chemical, physical, and biological parameter. The study aims to determine the potential spring water based on spatial analysis of water quality standards for potential use. The method used to determine the potential utilization of springs using geographic information system analysis. Data is based on the difference in height, slope, and distance from springs to settlements and discharge. Water quality samples are analyzed using mobile and laboratory tests. The result found that physical parameters from five locations, Sirah Citanggulun, Cikerebek, Cijati, Cijati 2, and Galumpit, have good quality to meet the utilization requirements, especially for water designation class. Chemically parameters, water quality, is relatively good based on several parameters such as pH, Nitrite, dissolved iron, and zinc, which do not exceed the required quality standard threshold. The biological parameters, five samples are contaminated by bacteria Escherichia coli and total coliform. Regarding the literature review, this research found that biological contaminants are unsuitable for drinking water, but it is still good to become another used. The research concluded that the spring water in a small village could become potential uses for drinking water based on the parameter of water quality for daily use, especially for drinking water, regarding biological parameters that spring water must be boiled to drink.

Appraisal of health risks associated with exposure of fluoride and nitrate contaminated springs in the Doda Kishtwar Ramban (DKR) region of Jammu and Kashmir, India

The dearth of drinking water has become a bitter reality and the gap between demand and supply of water has been growing year by year. By keeping the significance of spring water in mind, we have collected 175 spring samples in Doda, Kishtwar Ramban (DKR) region of Jammu and Kashmir, India, and analyzed for power of Hydrogen (pH), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Hardness (TH), Calcium (Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Bicarbonates (HCO3−), Sulphate (SO42−), Chloride (Cl−), Nitrate (NO3−) and Fluoride (F−). Among the analyzed parameters, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, HCO3−, SO42− and NO3− exceeded their Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) limits for drinking water, whereas all the analyzed parameters were found within the permissible limits of the World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking water. Spring water quality index results indicate that 91.43% of the spring samples show excellent to good water quality. The inferences of health risks for nitrate exhibited that their Health Quotient (HQ) mean values were found less than one, signifying no health risks in general however, the maximum value as HQnitrate for adults, children and infants were 4.01, 3.68 and 3.38 respectivley reflectioing problematic situation in certian places. The HQ mean values of fluoride were found greater than one for adults, children and infants due to excess fluoride in certain localities, reflecting health perils. Lastly, we can conclude that in addition to the parameters examined in this study, other forms of pollution (heavy metals, microbial contamination, pesticides) can significantly diminish desirable ecosystem services.

Assessment of Water Suitability for Drinking in the Spring in Leśniów (Southern Poland)

Abstract Natural springs are one of the potential sources of water supply. Increasing anthropogenic activity, inadequate sanitary conditions and intense rainfall are important factors that threaten the maintenance of adequate water quality in springs. Physicochemical and microbiological tests were performed in two measurement series for water from the spring in Leśniów (southern Poland). The test results were compared with the permissible limits for drinking water and the Nemerow Pollution Index (NPI) value was calculated for these parameters. The average conductivity of water in this spring is approximately 390 µS/cm, pH is about 7 and due to its alkalinity, water can be classified as hard. The NPI values varied, i.e. from about 33 to about 3, which was due to the high mercury content measured in the first sample. Additionally, the number of coliform bacteria reached 35 cfu/100 ml, and the total number of microorganisms at 22±2°C reached 27 cfu/ml in the first measurement series. Such values indicate water contamination, which may pose a significant threat to human health when consuming such water. The second series of measurements showed lower pollution values, but the previously obtained results suggest that it is necessary to control the water quality in the springs and control nearby pollutant emitters.

GIS and Water Quality Index Based to Assess Spring Water Quality, A Case Study of Bani Kinanah District, Irbid, Northwestern Jordan

Springs in northwestern Jordan are significant sources of freshwater for local communities. The reliance on springs to fulfill the growing demands for water has been intensified in the past decade, following the decline in rainwater due to climate change. Thirty water samples were collected from springs located in Bani Kinanah District, northwest Jordan, and tested for various water quality parameters, including pH, EC, TDS, Na+, Ca+2, Mg+2, K+, Cl-, F-, SO4-2, NO3-, TH, TA, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn. The results show that most water quality variables fall within the acceptable limits for drinking water set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Jordanian standards, except for a few indicators. The chemistry of spring water is mainly governed by rock weathering, with dominant Ca-Mg-HCO3 type of water. The spatial distribution of TDS in spring water shows relatively high levels in springs located in northern and northeastern areas. Based on the water quality index (WQI), twenty-six springs are either of excellent or good water quality, and are suitable for drinking purposes. Whereas four springs (Kharja, Malka, EL Za'agah, and Sa'ed) have poor quality and designated for irrigation and industrial usage. This may be due to its proximity to residential areas, as noted in the field observation. Evaluation of the spring water suitability for irrigation shows that most springs are of excellent to good quality, and only a few springs fall under the category of good to permissible for irrigation. Keywords: Water Quality Index (WQI), Geographic Information System (GIS), spring water, Bani Kinanah

Evaluation of karst spring water quality in northeast Tennessee using water quality indices

AbstractEnsuring access to safe drinking water to protect public health in communities underserved or unserved by centralized water systems requires regular water quality testing and reporting. However, households depending on unregulated water systems like wells and springs, which are less routinely tested, may be unaware of their water quality. Access to easy‐to‐comprehend water quality information may be challenging. Therefore, this study utilized multiple water quality parameters to determine karst spring water quality using two water quality index (WQI) methods. This approach aggregates and summarizes water quality data into a single value or index characterizing the general health status of water at a given location in an easy‐to‐understand way. In situ measurements of physicochemical parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, turbidity, conductivity, specific conductance, total dissolved solids, and oxidation–reduction potential) were taken at 50 karst springs in east Tennessee during summer 2021. Water samples were analyzed for microbial (fecal coliform and Escherichia coli), nutrients (nitrate and nitrite), and radiological (radon) constituents using standard analytical methods. WQI method 1 (Brown et al. Water Quality Index) rated 12% of springs as “very poor” water quality and 88% as “unfit for drinking.” WQI method 2 (National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index) rated 4% of the sampled springs as “good,” 92% as “moderate,” and 4% as “bad.” Given the prevalence of fecal contamination in the sampled springs, even springs rated good should be properly treated before consumption. Overall, these findings demonstrate the importance of selecting appropriate WQI for the end water use, and for water quality information that is easily understandable by water users.

Anthropogenic activity effect on water quality of epikarst spring in the western part of Gunungsewu Karst Area, Java Island, Indonesia

Epikarst springs are the main source of water used by the community in the western part of Gunungsewu Karst Area. One of the springs found in Gunungsewu karst area is Guntur Spring, with a catchment area that functions as agricultural land and settlements. Guntur Spring has connectivity between swallow holes and karst windows, so the spring can easily be polluted; therefore, a temporal study is needed regarding the water quality. The methods used were analysis of water quality standards, Schoeller diagrams, triangular Piper diagrams, and scatter plots. The results of the analysis of water quality standards showed that only Ca<sup>2+</sup> and HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> ions and a small portion of Na<sup>+</sup> exceeded WHO standards. The results of the Schoeller diagram analysis showed that the dominant ions were Ca<sup>2+</sup> and HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>. The results of the Piper diagram analysis showed that the Guntur Spring is included in the classification of types I, J, and M, indicating the spring is not polluted. The results of the Piper diagrams showed that Guntur Spring is included in the dominant types of types C, A, G, D, and F, indicating the springs are not included in the polluted category. The scatter plot analysis of the Ca<sup>2+ </sup>+ Mg<sup>2+ </sup>versus HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>- </sup>+ SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup><strong> </strong>showed that the dominant ion in the Guntur Spring came from the dissolving of limestone. The scatter plot analysis of HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>- </sup>versus Na<sup>+</sup><strong> </strong>indicated that the main process that forms Guntur Spring ions is not the dissolving process of silicates. The scatter plot analysis of Cl<sup>-</sup> - SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2- </sup>versus Na<sup>+</sup> indicated that the main process that forms Guntur Spring ions is not the dissolving process of sodium/sodium sulfate and halite. There was one sample in the Cl<sup>-</sup> versus Na<sup>+</sup> scatter plot analysis that showed an indication of an anthropogenic pollution. However, the overall analysis showed that anthropogenic activities in the study area do have a major impact on the water quality of the epikarst springs at the study site.

Assessment of spring water quality of Khandbari Municipality in Sankhuwasabha District, Eastern Nepal.

The study was carried out in the Khandbari Municipality, Sankhuwasabha District, Eastern Nepal to document the spring location and assess the water quality of the spring water for drinking and irrigation purposes. A total of 85 springs were mapped, which are located from 274 to 2176 m in altitude. Spring water samples were collected from 33 springs in the pre-monsoon (November, 2021) and 31 springs in the post-monsoon (March, 2022). Correlation matrices, t-test, principal component analysis (PCA), Piper diagram, Gibbs diagram, water quality index (WQI), United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL) diagram, and Wilcox diagram were applied for evaluating the spring water. All the physicochemical parameters were within the Nepalese National Drinking Water Quality Standard (NDWQS) and drinking water quality guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) except for pH in the pre-monsoon and iron in the post-monsoon season. The main contributors to the groundwater are Na+, Ca2+, Cl-, total dissolved solids (TDS), and total hardness, which exhibit significant correlations with electrical conductivity (EC) similar to TDS, suggesting their common source of origin. Based on the WQI, spring water is excellent in the post-monsoon and excellent and good in the pre-monsoon season. Furthermore, the spring water is excellent for irrigation purposes except for thepercent sodium in the post-monsoon and the magnesium ratio in the pre-monsoon season. Gibbs diagram illustrates that spring water is mainly governed by rock and precipitation dominance in some springs. The PCA indicates that anthropogenic activities (mixing of human waste and agricultural run-off in the spring water) are the main causes of contamination. Piper trilinear diagram demonstrates carbonate dissolution and silicate weathering as major processes for controlling the spring water chemistry. The study reveals that 62.5% of spring water was contaminated with microbes. For benthic macroinvertebrates, 18 springs were sampled, where nine orders and 17 families were recorded in the pre-monsoon and six orders and ten families in the post-monsoon season. The main influencing variables for macroinvertebrate assemblages are elevation, discharge, NO3-, and NH3.

Spring water quality monitoring using multiple bioindicators from multiple collection sites

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to examine the water quality of the Extrema River spring in a Brazilian Cerrado area. Three collection sites (P1 − P3) were sampled in the dry and rainy seasons, which are close to industries from different sectors. In the physicochemical analysis, a decrease in dissolved oxygen levels (<5 mg/L) and pH (< 6) at P3 was detected. An increase in heterotrophic bacteria count was recorded at all sites (> 500 colonies/ml). In ecotoxicological analyses, P2 and P3 exhibited toxicity using Vibrio fischeri (> 20%). In evaluating toxicity, the reduction in seed germination was significant utilizing Lactuca sativa at all locations and with Allium cepa only at P2; rootlet length was decreased at P3 on L. sativa and at all sites with A. cepa. In contrast, loss of membrane integrity and mitochondrial function of meristems was adversely affected at all locations using both L. sativa and A. cepa assays. Principal components analysis (PCA) approach indicated that seasonality apparently did not markedly interfere with the obtained data, but it is important to include more collection locations to be evaluated with multiple bioindicators in the spring region. Our data indicate the urgent need for more rigorous programs to monitor the discharge of effluents into water springs.

Evaluation of the Quality of Undeveloped Spring Waters Consumed Directly by the Local Population of Kasaï (Democratic Republic of Congo)

Objective: Contribute to the assessment of the quality of undeveloped spring water consumed by the local population of the province of Kasai in the Democratic Republic of Congo.&#x0D; Design of the Study: This study consists of four parts, an introduction with literature review, a description of the study environment and sampling site, the materials and methods used and finally the presentation and discussion of the results obtained.&#x0D; Location and Duration of the Study: This study was conducted in the province of Kasai, in the villages of Kamupafu, Kabilowa, Kayonga, Kankondo, Kankala, Lunyanya and Kumbikumbi in the town of Tshikapa. The study covered the period from September 29 to October 24, 2022.&#x0D; Methodology: The water samples taken (27) were carried out in the laboratory according to standard procedures and a series of physico-chemical and microbiological characterization analyzes were also carried out in the field and in the laboratory.&#x0D; Results: Among other results obtained, it appears that the average pH was between 4.6±0.15 and 6.96±0.43; the EC between 12.91±0.51 µS.cm-1 at the Dido/Milonga spring and 26.87±3.00 µS.cm-1 at the Tshitenga spring. The turbidity, the soluble ion (NO3-, F-) and arsenic (As) contents in the water reveal that with the exception of the turbidity in the Kamitutungulu spring (10 ± 1.04 NTU), the concentration of the other elements in the water from all the springs studied complies with WHO recommendations for drinking water quality. In addition, the average values (CFU 100 mL-1) of total coliforms vary between 18 (KAMANKONDE/ROBERT) and 81 (KATOKA 3) for waters of all the springs.&#x0D; Conclusion: All spring waters analyzed showed microbiological contamination by bacteria indicating faecal pollution (coliforms). It’s therefore suggested that support be provided in terms of drinking water supply and hygiene by setting up village water supply structures.

Spatial-temporal characteristics of inorganic anions in the Middle Route of South-North Water Diversion project in Henan province (China)

Atmospheric deposition is a vital source of nutrient input into lakes and reservoirs. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the spatial-temporal variation of inorganic anions during the dry and wet atmospheric deposition to ensure the water ecological security of the South-North Water Diversion Middle Route Project (MRP). This study investigated the spatial-temporal variation of inorganic anions (F−, Cl−, NO3−, and SO42−) concentration and its sedimentation fluxes in dry and wet deposition, and their influence on water quality through 10 automatic dust rainfall collection devices installed in the Henan section of the MRP from October 2018 to October 2020. Results indicated that the anion concentration and deposition flux in dry and wet deposition varied in space and time, and SO42− was the highest anion in dry deposition (178.88 ± 175.60 mg/L) and NO3− was the highest anion in wet deposition (52.02 ± 24.63 mg/L). Furthermore, correlation analysis showed that there was a correlation between the wet deposition of anions (F−, Cl−, NO3−, and SO42−) and water quality in winter in the Henan section of the MRP (p < 0.05), and anions dry deposition fluxes have an effect on spring and winter water quality, while the wet deposition fluxes only have an impact on summer and autumn water quality due to the abundant precipitation in summer and autumn. This study could provide new data support for management measures such as strengthening the ecological environment and water quality protection in the MRP.

Effects of liquor production wastewater discharge on water quality and health risks in the Chishui River Basin, Southwest China

Learning whether the discharge of large amounts of liquor production wastewater in China affects water quality is crucial to maintaining sustainable economic development, especially in the vulnerable eco-environment of the karst area. The present study investigated the relationship between liquor production wastewater and water quality in the Chishui River Basin for the first time and proposes several constructive suggestions. After river remediation, water quality in spring, summer, autumn, and winter in the Chishui River Basin was found to be at an excellent level, with water quality in winter being the best. Worse water quality and higher health risks were found in liquor production areas (Guling County and Renhuai City) in comparison with other areas. The developed structural equation model showed that physicochemical indexes (especially in N and P) have a higher influence on water quality in comparison with the algae community, heavy metals, and environmental factors. Because liquor being a pillar industry in the locality and these factories discharging an enormous amount of wastewater every year, our results show that liquor production wastewater have affected the water quality to some extent in the Guling County and Renhuai City sections of the Chishui River Basin, and fortunately, the health risks were acceptable in 2020. To prevent potential risks, we suggest that a related department should apply a stricter standard to wastewater discharge. Furthermore, law-enforcement departments can encourage enterprises to develop or introduce more advanced water treatment technologies to achieve as much pollution-free discharge as possible. Our other suggestion is to develop a project to cleanly produce mineral water in high-quality water-resource areas along the Chishui River Basin, contributing to the sustainable growth of the shoreside economy.

Water quality and hydrochemical assessments of thermal springs, Gandaki Province, Nepal

Thermal springs are the sites where the water temperature lies above ambient temperature. They are widely used for power generation, hot water spas, balneotherapy, agriculture, laundering, and aquaculture. In Nepal, many thermal springs are reported but scientific understanding on water quality and hydrogeochemistry of the springs is very limited. In this study, a total of 28 physico-chemical parameters were measured in water samples collected from 12 thermal springs from Gandaki Province, Nepal. Correlation matrix and multivariate statistical analysis such as principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were used to understand the water quality and hydrogeochemistry of the hot water springs. The pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and turbidity in the hot water springs ranged from 7.3 to 8.8, 31.6–64.3 °C, 206–16270 μS/cm, 115–6637 mg/L, and 0.21–63.7 NTU; respectively. The dominance order of major anions and cations were: Cl− > HCO3− > SO42− > NO3− > F− and Na+ > Ca2+ > K+ > Mg2+; respectively. Comparison of the water quality parameters with the WHO and National Water Quality Standards suggested that the majority of the parameters were within the safe limit. Out of 9 heavy metals and trace elements analyzed Zn2+, Ni2+, Cr3+, Cd+2, Hg (total), and Pb2+ were found below the safe limit but Fe (total), As (total) and Cu (total) were found higher than the WHO safe limit in total of 3, 5 and 1 sampling sites; respectively. The water quality index (WQI), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), and magnesium hazard (MH) ratio in the hot water springs ranged from 40.9 to 573, 2.2–49.3, 7.1–70.8; respectively. The result of PCA analysis showed that four principal components are required to explain hydrogeochemistry. Cluster analysis suggested that the sampling sites can be grouped into three distinct clusters based on total dissolved solids. Interestingly, the classification of hydrochemical facies using a Piper diagram suggested that 7 out of 12 thermal springs have Na–Cl type water. Finally, a perspective on the suitability of the hot springs for hot water spas and balneotherapy and policy recommendation is provided.

An improved multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis method for estimating the dynamic complexity of electrical conductivity of karst springs

Abstract Due to the influences of geological structures, many confined ascending springs occur in North China's karst area. The electrical conductivity (EC) of karst spring flow is a fundamental variable in characterizing karst systems. However, deeply exploring hidden nonlinear dynamic characteristics is challenging. To avoid overreliance on the fitting polynomial order in the detrending process via classic multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MFDFA), the intrinsic time-scale decomposition (ITD) method was applied to identify the external data trend term by decomposing the original data into different frequency modes, and the ITD-MFFA method was proposed to reveal the formation mechanism of spring EC complex characteristics in Jinan's spring area. The results showed that the EC sequences of North China's karst springs are characterized by multifractal behavior and anti-persistence and exhibit multiyear complexity with an overall decreasing trend. Different recharge sources, formation conditions, and seasonal precipitation could be the primary factors driving spring EC complexity. Compared to those of the traditional MFDFA method, the ITD-MFFA method achieved improved anti-interference ability and stability. Timely determination of spring EC data dynamic complexity and monitoring future spring water quality trends can provide guiding significance for protecting karst springs.

Geochemical assessment of the spring’s waters in the Pushkinsky district, Moscow region

Springs are an essential drinking water resource. Therefore, spring water quality is necessary to control under the increasing anthropogenic pressure on the environment. This study was carried out to evaluate the content of major ions and trace elements in the waters of 28 springs in the Pushkinsky district of the Moscow region. The macro- and micro-component composition of groundwater of various aquifers was characterized according to the sampling data of springs. It is shown that the mean contents of trace elements in the waters of springs are at the level of concentrations characteristic of groundwater in the leaching zone of a temperate climate. Based on the thermodynamic calculation using the Visual-MINTEQ, it was found that the predominant dissolved forms of Ba, Sr, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Ni, Co are free ions in the waters of the surveyed springs, Cu and Pb are carbonate and organic complexes.

Assessment of Spring Water Quality Using Water Quality Indices and Multivariate Statistical Techniques in Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand

Assessment of Spring Water Quality Using Water Quality Indices and Multivariate Statistical Techniques in Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand

Impact of altitude on spring macroinvertebrates and water quality in South West region of Cameroon

We evaluated the impact of altitude on the biodiversity and water quality of 13 springs located from 82 to 1,189 m a.s.l. on Mount Cameroon. The springs were of good chemical and ecological quality whatever the altitude. The analysis of the physicochemical variables showed low temperature levels (19.50 ± 2.09 °C), high turbidity (13.0 ± 7.17 FTU), and an acceptable mineralization level (324.95 ± 260.0 μS/cm), with high amounts of phosphate nutrients (0.83 ± 0.47 mg/L). We observed a strong seasonal effect, with a decrease in temperature and nutrient content during the dry season whereas pH and dissolved oxygen increased. A total of 10,265 organisms, distributed into 56 families, were collected. They mostly included insects (47.8%), closely followed by Arachnida (34.8%). Only two stygobite taxa were recorded, namely Darwinulidae and Stenasellidae. Total diversity slightly decreased with altitude, especially during the dry season. Despite lower temperature and more oxygen at higher altitudes, diversity, including EPT did not increase. Therefore, African fauna are less sensitive to rising temperature than the faunas of other areas of the world. This result may be explained either by the fact that African species are better adapted to warm, low-oxygen waters than species from other parts of the world, or by the absence of refuges in Mount Cameroon that are home to temperature-sensitive species. Consequently, the impact of climate change on aquatic macroinvertebrates in tropical Africa could be reduced.

Evaluating the Water Quality of Springs in Paracatu de Baixo after the Fundão Dam Collapse

Evaluating the Water Quality of Springs in Paracatu de Baixo after the Fundão Dam Collapse

GROUND WATER REACHARGE

Day by day water scarcity is increasing due to increase in population urbanization, industries, educational societies, agricultural, domestic purpose and other reasons. Due to these reasons ground water decrease in drought prone areas like ONGOLE in prakassam district (A. P). The water is being pumped out at a considerably faster rate than it is being recharged. Many negative environmental repercussions of this overuse include lower well and spring water levels, soil subsidence, and water quality degradation. In order to overcome water scarcity in drought prone areas, different techniques adopted. Rain water harvesting is a one of the technique to recharge ground water in this technique the rain level. Artificial recharge on ground water is one method to collect the water to passes through ditches. Where the water will be stored and surrounding area gets recharged. Artificial recharge using short (or) long term underground storage