Water Quality For Human Consumption Research Articles

Avaliação da água para consumo humano nas comunidades rurais do Campo Petrolífero Canto do Amaro-CPCA, RN, Brasil

Objetivou-se avaliar o sistema de abastecimento e a qualidade da água para consumo humano das comunidades rurais do Campo Petrolífero Canto do Amaro – CPCA, RN. A metodologia constou de identificação do sistema de abastecimento, avaliação do abastecimento a partir da percepção ambiental e análises físico-químicas e de metais pesados na água. Constatou-se que Turbidez, pH, Condutividade Elétrica, Dureza, Amônia, Nitrato, Nitrito, Cálcio, Magnésio e Ferro apresentaram valores aceitáveis conforme a Portaria do Ministério da Saúde n° 2.914/2011 e a Resolução Conama n° 357/2005. Para o Oxigênio Dissolvido observou-se que 84,61% das amostras apresentaram valores abaixo do permitido pela Resolução Conama n° 357/2005. Evidenciou-se também que o Teor de Óleo e Graxas (TOG) nas amostras variou entre 0,36 a 6,10 mg/L, com teor médio de 1,42 mg/L, sendo um indicativo de potencial risco à saúde humana, já que para a Resolução Conama n° 357/2005, TOG devem ser virtualmente ausentes. Os valores de Cd, Cu, Cr e Pb foram todos abaixo dos limites de detecção do método utilizado para análise. As concentrações de Zn variam entre 0,01 e 0,04 mg/L, com média de 0,01 mg/L, dentro dos valores máximos estabelecidos pela Resolução Conama n° 357/2005 e a Portaria nº 2.914/2011.

Herramientas moleculares para estudiar las aguas de consumo humano del cacao, Mozonte, Nueva Segovia, Nicaragua

Se determinaron los principales indicadores microbiológicos de la calidad del agua para consumo humano por medio del Numero Más Probable y se realizó el aislamiento e identificación por vía morfológica y molecular de los microorganismos aislados de la biopelícula existente en el punto de captación del acuífero de la comunidad El Cacao, municipio Mozonte, Nueva Segovia. Muestreando en 3 puntos: captación, almacenamiento y llave de chorro, y realizando análisis del número más probable (NMP), aislamientos, purificación y pruebas morfológicas en los laboratorios del Programa de Investigación Estudios Nacionales y Servicios Ambientales (PIENSA) de la Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. La secuenciación microbiana se encargó a Biología Molecular de la Universidad Centroamericana. Los resultados indican contaminación por coliformes totales, fecales y E.coli, que deberían estar ausentes según la norma del Comité de Instituciones de Agua Potable y Saneamiento de Centroamérica, Panamá y República Dominicana (CAPRE). De la biopelícula se aisló e identificó bacterias como: Alcaligenes sp, Paenalcaligenes sp, Alcaligenes faecalis, Paenalcaligenes suwonensis, Proteus mirabilis, Serratia nematodiphilia y Stenotrophomona maltophilia, y hongos filamentosos como Apergillus terreus y tres aislados identificados como aspergillus sp. Estos microorganismos se han reportado como responsables de diversas enfermedades transmitidas por el agua.

Water safety plans by utilities: A review of research on implementation

Water supply is essential to public health, quality of life, environmental protection, economic activity, and sustainable development. In this context, it is imperative to assure the continuous improvement of all processes and practices conducive to guarantee water quality and safety. Water Safety Plans (WSPs) by water utilities are an important public policy tool to accomplish these goals. This manuscript reviews the international evidence of the adoption and implementation of water safety planning and reports the current situation in Portugal, as part of the necessary adjustment of the national legal framework to the publication of the Directive (EU) 2015/1787, October 6th, on water quality for human consumption. The aim is to draw lessons from several successful WSP experiments around the world and extract lessons from these cases when drafting new legislation in Portugal and elsewhere. Findings suggest there are four critical dimensions and key elements of success in developing and implementing WSPs: leadership commitment, technical knowledge, governance, and interagency collaboration.

Groundwater quality assessment of urban Bengaluru using multivariate statistical techniques

Groundwater quality deterioration due to anthropogenic activities has become a subject of prime concern. The objective of the study was to assess the spatial and temporal variations in groundwater quality and to identify the sources in the western half of the Bengaluru city using multivariate statistical techniques. Water quality index rating was calculated for pre and post monsoon seasons to quantify overall water quality for human consumption. The post-monsoon samples show signs of poor quality in drinking purpose compared to pre-monsoon. Cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis (DA) were applied to the groundwater quality data measured on 14 parameters from 67 sites distributed across the city. Hierarchical cluster analysis (CA) grouped the 67 sampling stations into two groups, cluster 1 having high pollution and cluster 2 having lesser pollution. Discriminant analysis (DA) was applied to delineate the most meaningful parameters accounting for temporal and spatial variations in groundwater quality of the study area. Temporal DA identified pH as the most important parameter, which discriminates between water quality in the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons and accounts for 72% seasonal assignation of cases. Spatial DA identified Mg, Cl and NO3 as the three most important parameters discriminating between two clusters and accounting for 89% spatial assignation of cases. Principal component analysis was applied to the dataset obtained from the two clusters, which evolved three factors in each cluster, explaining 85.4 and 84% of the total variance, respectively. Varifactors obtained from principal component analysis showed that groundwater quality variation is mainly explained by dissolution of minerals from rock water interactions in the aquifer, effect of anthropogenic activities and ion exchange processes in water.

Análise exploratória de dados da qualidade da água de poços amazonas na cidade de Macapá, Amapá, Brasil

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos das águas de poços amazonas localizadas no bairro Novo Horizonte da cidade de Macapá/AP, que são utilizados para consumo da população local, almejando o despertar do conhecimento sobre a qualidade da água e cuidados inerentes ao poço, através da aplicação de cartilha educacional. Os períodos para coleta foram definidos em estiagem (novembro 2016) e chuvas (março 2017), com as amostras de água coletadas em frascos estéreis de polietileno com lacre de 1 litro em 20 poços amazonas. Os procedimentos analíticos foram realizados in loco e no Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Bioquímica da Universidade do Estado do Amapá (UEAP). Os parâmetros analisados foram: pH, turbidez, alcalinidade, acidez, dureza total, cloretos, sólidos totais, coliformes totais e termotolerantes. Todas as análises foram realizadas em duplicata. De acordo com os resultados, tendo por base a Portaria do Ministério da Saúde Nº 2914, de 12 de dezembro de 2011 que dispõe sobre os procedimentos de controle e de vigilância da qualidade da água para consumo humano e seu padrão de potabilidade, concluiu-se que o bairro Novo Horizonte apresentou um índice negativo na qualidade da água subterrânea utilizada pela população local com a presença de coliformes e, após análise exploratória dos dados por HCA, PCA e boxsplot, observou-se as variações conexas de pH, alcalinidade, dureza e cloretos, sobretudo, no período chuvoso.

BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY EVALUATION AND WATERS CHLORINATION OF THE COLLECTIVE ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS (CAS) IN COMPLIANCE WITH HEALTH MINISTRY ORDONNANCE N ° 2914 OF DECEMBER 12, 2011

CAS correspond to the modalities of supply different from the public systems and have been monitored by the Program of Surveillance of the Water Quality for Human Consumption, aiming at the health protection. The free chlorine content (FC) reported with the sample Identification (N,N-Diethyl-1,4-phenylenediammonium - colorimetric) and 3703 bacteriological results (enzyme substrate technique - Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater (2005), IN the 102 municipalities covered by the (GVS 29) and 30 - Jales - SP (GVS 30) collected from 2011 TO 2016, were evaluated according to MS ordonnance No. 2914 of December 12, 2011. Of the 3670 samples from GVS region 29, 1648 (44.9%) were in legal disagreement in at least one of the parameters: FC and Escherichia coli being 1558 (94.5%) by FC and 148 (9.0%) by Escherichia coli. In the 33 samples (0.9%) from GVS 30, 3 (9.1%) were in disagreement with FC and 7 (27.5%) total coliforms, and 127 (12.6%) disagreed. (21.2%) was evidenced by coliforms, due to the inadequacy of the FC and the presence of fecal contamination indicators in the analyzed samples Results revealed the vulnerability of the water consumed by communities that use the CAS.

Qualidade da Água para Consumo Humano na Cidade do Uíge (Angola)

Estima-se que cerca de 85% das doenças nos países em desenvolvimento são de veiculação hídrica e devem-se maioritariamente ao consumo de água de má qualidade. Nestetrabalho avaliou-se a qualidade físico-química e microbiológica da água consumida pela população da cidade do Uíge. Foram realizadas quatro campanhas de amostragem em 10pontos do sistema de abastecimento público, em três furos e nove cacimbas, e foram analisados 21 parâmetros físico-químicos e dois microbiológicos. Os resultados mostram quea água, à saída dos sistemas de tratamento, se pode considerar de boa qualidade apenas na ETA nova, sendo a proveniente de torneiras e furos artesianos própria para consumoem termos físico-químicos mas imprópria do ponto de vista microbiológico. A água das cacimbas é de muito má qualidade. Foi detetada contaminação bacteriológica em cercade 58% das amostras de água das torneiras, em mais de 80% das amostras dos furos e em quase 100% das amostras das cacimbas, tornando-se a situação mais grave na época dachuva. Concluiu-se que há uma relação entre as doenças que atingem estas populações e a qualidade da água que consomem.

Integrated analysis of water quality from two rivers used for public supply in southern Brazil

Abstract: Aim This study aimed to evaluate the water quality of streams that are used for public supply, through an integrated analysis using a biotic index, as well as physicochemical and microbiological parameters. Methods The data were obtained monthly, from November 2014 to April 2015, at eight locations in two rivers in the south of Brazil. The landscape is predominantly rural, with the occurrence of small reforested areas, as well as yerba mate and grape cultivations. Macroinvertebrate samples were collected monthly using a Surber sampler. Water temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration were measured in the field using a portable oximeter. The following parameters were measured in the laboratory: pH, Turbidity, BOD, Conductivity and Nitrate. Results The evaluation carried out in the rivers revealed good water quality, but some sample sites presented reduced water quality. The waters of the Leãozinho River were classified as doubtful at site 1 and as good at sites 2, 3 and 4. Ligeirinho River presented an acceptable rating at sites 1 and 4 and was classified as good at sites 2 and 3. The BMWP’ index was significantly correlated with the abundance of macroinvertebrates, EPT richness and BOD. The abundance and richness of macroinvertebrates in Leãozinho and Ligeirinho Rivers were associated with the physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. Conclusion This study reinforces the importance of biomonitoring in the evaluation of water quality for human consumption, considering that environmental management and monitoring practices should integrate physicochemical, microbiological and biological parameters.

Relevance of water quality index for groundwater quality evaluation: Thoothukudi District, Tamil Nadu, India

The present hydrogeochemical study was confined to the Thoothukudi District in Tamilnadu, India. A total of 100 representative water samples were collected during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon and analyzed for the major cations (sodium, calcium, magnesium and potassium) and anions (chloride, sulfate, bicarbonate, fluoride and nitrate) along with various physical and chemical parameters (pH, total dissolved salts and electrical conductivity). Water quality index rating was calculated to quantify the overall water quality for human consumption. The PRM samples exhibit poor quality in greater percentage when compared with POM due to dilution of ions and agricultural impact. The overlay of WQI with chloride and EC corresponds to the same locations indicating the poor quality of groundwater in the study area. Sodium (Na %), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), residual sodium bicarbonate, permeability index (PI), magnesium hazards (MH), Kelly’s ratio (KR), potential salinity (PS) and Puri’s salt index (PSI) and domestic quality parameters such as total hardness (TH), temporary, permanent hardness and corrosivity ratio (CR) were calculated. The majority of the samples were not suitable for drinking, irrigation and domestic purposes in the study area. In this study, the analysis of salinization/freshening processes was carried out through binary diagrams such as of mole ratios of {text{SO}}_{ 4}^{ 2- } /Cl− and Cl−/EC that clearly classify the sources of seawater intrusion and saltpan contamination. Spatial diagram BEX was used to find whether the aquifer was in the salinization region or in the freshening encroachment region.

Assessment of Drinking Water Quality of Targu Jiu City by Analyzing Physical and Chemical Quality Parameters

Monitoring and control of water quality for human consumption aims to verify if the water available to consumers meets the requirements of relevant legislation and in particular the values of parameters established. The paper presents a study on the assessment of the quality of drinking water distributed in the city of Targu-Jiu by analyzing the following physico-chemical quality parameters: pH, conductivity, turbidity, ammonia, nitrites, nitrates, chlorides, residual chlorine, hardness and aluminum ions content. From the results, it has been found that during 2013-2015, there were exceedings of the maximum permitted levels for residual chlorine and ammonium ion in drinking water samples.

Vigilância na qualidade da água: um trabalho multidisciplinar do PET - Vigilância em Saúde/UFPR

O artigo tem como objetivo descrever a experiência de implantação do PET-Saúde/Vigilância em Saúde no Programa de Vigilância da Qualidade da Água para o Consumo Humano (VIGIAGUA) em Colombo-PR. Foram estabelecidos pelo grupo de trabalho seis momentos pedagógicos: 1) Conceitual / Teórico / Operacional; 2) Vivência de campo nas ações municipais do VIGIAGUA; 3) Avaliação das amostras coletadas no VIGIAGUA; 4) Implantação do heterocontrole de fluoretos e vigilância do trihalometanos; 5) Avaliação dos resultados do heterocontrole dos fluoretos e do trihalometanos; 6) Publicidade e divulgação das ações na comunidade. Essa proposta metodológica tem proporcionado uma reflexão sobre as práticas em serviço com os integrantes do PET-Saúde/VS, possibilitando uma avaliação de recursos e tecnologias desenvolvidas, além da divulgação no meio científico e comunitário das ações realizadas na vigilância em saúde.

Physicochemical and bacteriological quality assessment of the Bambui community drinking water in the North West Region of Cameroon

In order to ascertain water quality for human consumption, physical and chemical parameters, together with faecal forms of bacteria were evaluated in the drinking water resources of the Bambui community in the North West region of Cameroon. This study was necessitated by the occasional presence of suspended particles in the water and typhoid cases recorded in the Bambui community. Samples of tap water collected from Niba, Atunui and Tubah quarters in the town of Bambui were analyzed for physical, chemical and bacteriological characteristics using standard methods. Results obtained indicated that the water samples were contaminated to different extents by bacteria and heavy metals due to lack of disinfection, uncontrolled defecation, pipe leakages and the use of fungicides for agricultural activities. All the samples contained the faecal forms of bacteria. The level of water pollution increased in the order Nibah<Atunui<Tubah when compared with World Health Organization standards. A highly significant difference (p < 0.05) was recorded for pH, N-NO 3 , N-NH 4 , SO 4 2- , Fe, Zn and Ca contents of the water samples between the months of December 2013 and April 2014. Significant positive and negative correlations were recorded between some physical, chemical and bacteriological variables of the samples with the sulphate content of the water samples being highly significantly and negatively correlated (r = -1.000, p < 0.01) with all the bacteria (entero-bacteria, Escherichia coli , Streptococcus , Salmonella and Proteus ) content of the samples. The results presented therefore attest that the Bambui Community drinking water needs appropriate attention from water authorities in particular and the community in general. The public is informed that although the water has no odour and looks clean, it contains infectious bacteria and thus should be treated by chlorination or boiling before use. Keywords: Water resources, bacteria, health, contamination, disinfection and maintenance

Hydrochemical evaluation of Rangit river, Sikkim, India: using Water Quality Index and multivariate statistics

This study is aiming to focus on hydrogeochemical investigation of water samples from Rangit river basin and assessment of water quality for human consumption and agricultural purposes. River water is neutral to mildly alkaline, with dominance of K+, Ca2+, HCO3 −, and SO4 2− in ionic strength. K+–Ca2+–Mg2+–HCO3 − is the major hydrochemical facies in upstream river water, whereas Ca2+–K+–Mg2+–HCO3 − water-type dominates in downstream stretches of river. The weathering of rock-forming minerals mainly controls the solute acquisition process. The high equivalent ratios of (Ca2+ + Mg2+)/(Na+ + K+) and the low ratio of (Na+ + K+/TZ+) reveal that the chemical composition of river water is mostly determined by carbonate weathering with partial contribution from silicate weathering. An evaluation of Water Quality Index of sampled river water indicates that the majority of the water samples are good–moderate for human consumption and domestic usages. Irrigation suitability of river water in relation to EC content, SAR, and RSC values suggests that river water is good–excellent type for agricultural applications.

Chemical Analysis of Drinking Water Samples of Some Primary Schools from Magura District, Bangladesh

In order to ascertain water quality for human consumption, major and minor ions were evaluated in the drinking water supplied to the primary school students of Magura district in Bangladesh. Standard methods were used for determining physical and chemical characteristics of the water samples. Arsenic (As), Iron (Fe) and Manganese (Mn) contents of the drinking water samples were also analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The data showed the variation of the investigated parameter in water samples as follows: pH 7.29 to 8.93, Electrical Conductivity (EC) 343 to 3000 µS/cm, chloride 10 to 725 mg/l, hardness 130 to 790 mg/l as CaCO3, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 178 to 1530 mg/l, As Below the Detection Limit (BDL) to 0.012 mg/l, Fe 0.03 to 3.79 mg/l and Mn 0.03 to 0.66 mg/l. The concentrations of testing parameter in the drinking water samples were not permit all the sources of the World Health Organization (WHO) and Bangladesh Drinking Standards (BDS) water quality guideline values.

An Adverse Event Reporting and Learning System for Water Sector Based on an Extension of the Eindhoven Classification Model

The International Water Association and the World Health Organization has promoted, worldwide, the implementation of Water Safety Plans (WSPs) to ensure, consistently and systematically the water quality for human consumption. In order to complement and potentiate the WSPs, this work presents an adverse event reporting and learning system that may help to prevent hazards and risks. The proposed framework will allow for automatic knowledge extraction and report generation, in order to identify the most relevant causes of error. It will cater for the delineation of advance strategies to problem accomplishment, concluding about the impact, place of occurrence, form or type of event recorded with respect to the entities that operate in the water sector. To respond to this challenge the Eindhoven Classification Model was extended and adapted to the water industry, and used to classify the root causes of adverse events. Logic programming was used as a knowledge representation and reasoning mechanism, allowing one to model the universe of discourse in terms of defective data, information and knowledge, and its embedded quality, that enables a direct study of the event’s root causes. Other approaches to address specific issues of water industry, presented in literature, do not consider the problem from a perspective of having to deal with incomplete, unknown, contradictory or even forbidden data, information or knowledge, and their conclusions are not object of a formal proof. Here it is not only presented a solution to the problem, but also a proof that the solution(s) is (are) the only one(s).

Taxonomy of groundwater quality using multivariate and spatial analyses in the Tuticorin District, Tamil Nadu, India

A holistic appraisal of the quality of groundwater from the Tuticorin District has been conducted using multivariate statistical and spatial analyses. The objectives of the study were to delineate the spatial and temporal variabilities in groundwater quality and to understand its suitability for human uses. A total of 100 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for major cations and anions during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon. Water quality index rating was calculated to quantify overall water quality for human consumption. The PRM samples exhibit poor quality in greater percentage when compared with POM due to the dilution after rainfall. Correlation, factor analysis, and plot of the factor scores reflect the seawater intrusion and weathering process. The mineral stability diagrams indicated that the groundwater is in equilibrium with kaolinite and Ca-montmorillonite, whereas Gibbs plot showed that the chemical composition of groundwater in both districts is controlled by the natural weathering processes irrespective of seasons. The major water type identified in this study is the Ca2+–Mg2+–HCO3 − type, which degrades into predominantly Na+–Cl−–SO4 2− more saline groundwater toward the coast.

English

Due to the need for proper water quality for human consumption, some studies have developed new treatment techniques. Some have used a natural coagulant based on Moringa oleifera, which has the capacity to clarify turbidity water and has anti-microbial properties. This paper aimed at developing a new technique to apply the coagulant. This technique consists of putting the M. oleifera powder into pouches. Five different materials were analyzed for the concentration of protein released and the increased turbidity in the water: four different types of nonwoven fabric and one commercial coffee filter paper. It was made some tests of dissolution: during 24 h, the pouches were put in distilled and deionized water and then it was mixed in low velocity in the Jar Test equipment. Through these tests, it was found that the five pouch materials released protein into the water even in the first 60 min of contact. It gave 7.7 mg L-1 min-1 of dispersion rate and maintained turbidity values lower than the ones observed using the liquid coagulant. From the result, it’s possible to conclude that those five types of pouches can be used in water treatment, because all them release similar concentration of protein that was observed when it was used the liquid coagulant. Key words: Moringa oleifera, pouch, protein concentration.

Evaluation of Groundwater Quality and Its Suitability for Domestic and Irrigation Use in Parts of the Chandauli-Varanasi Region, Uttar Pradesh, India

The present study focused on the hydrochemistry of groundwater in parts of Chandauli-Varanasi region to assess the quality of groundwater for determining its suitability for drinking and agricultural purposes. Urbanization and agriculture activities have a lot of impacts on the groundwater quality of the study area. A total of 70 ground water samples were collected randomly from different sources viz. hand pump, dug wells and bore wells, and analyzed for major cations and anions. The domination of cations and anions was in the order of Na > Ca > Mg > K and HCO3 > Cl > SO4 > NO3 > F. The Piper classification for hydrogeochemical facies indicates that alkaline earth exceeds alkalis and weak acids exceed strong acid. Water quality index rating was calculated to quantify overall water quality for human consumption. Out of 70 groundwater samples, 7% and 10% samples exhibit water unsuitable for drinking purposes in pre- and post-monsoon, respectively, due to effective leaching of ions, direct discharge of domestic effluents and agricultural activities. Residual sodium carbonate values revealed that 6% sample is not suitable for irrigation purposes in both the seasons due to low permeability of the soil. The calculated values of PI indicate that the water for irrigation uses is excellent to good quality in both seasons. As per Wilcox’s diagram and US salinity laboratory classification, most of the groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation except one sample which is unsuitable for irrigation purposes. The overall quality of groundwater in post-monsoon season in all chemical constituents is on the higher side due to dissolution of surface pollutants during the infiltration and percolation of rainwater at few places due to agricultural and domestic activities.

Análisis y perspectivas de las coberturas de acueducto y alcantarillado en el Departamento del Meta

Se recolectó y analizó la información proveniente de los 29 municipios del Departamento del Meta, Colombia, los cuales fueron clasificados según la categoría y la cantidad de habitantes en función del porcentaje de cobertura de acueducto y alcantarillado, del índice de riesgo de la calidad del agua para consumo humano y de la instalación de plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales. Los resultados señalan una cobertura de acueducto de 21.2%, y de alcantarillado de 20.8%. El 43% de los municipios presentan una calidad del agua para el consumo humano con nivel de riesgo Inviable – Alto; 21% con riesgo bajo, y 18% sin riesgo. Además, el 68% de los municipios no cuentan con una planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales y solo el 32% realizan tratamiento de las mismas.

A Lagrangian/Eulerian oil spill model for continental waters

The application of the European Water Framework Directive on water quality for human consumption and industrial activities creates a need for water quality assessment and monitoring systems. The MIGR'HYCAR research project was initiated to provide decisional tools for risks connected to oil spills in continental waters. In this paper, the focus is set on a numerical model to simulate oil spill in continental waters and to estimate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) toxicity in the aquatic environment. A Lagrangian/Eulerian approach is proposed. The Lagrangian model describes the transport of an oil spill near the free surface. The oil spill model enables to simulate the main processes driving oil plumes: advection, diffusion, evaporation, dissolution, spreading and volatilization. Though generally considered as a minor process, dissolution is important from the point of view of toxicity. To model PAHs dissolution in water, an Eulerian advection–diffusion model is used. Laboratory experiments were conducted to characterize the numerous kinetics of dissolution and volatilization processes. Model validation was carried out with the following test cases: transport processes based on the well-documented seawater spill (advection), weathering processes based on laboratory experiments cited in the literature (spreading and evaporation processes) and artificial river test measurements (dissolution and volatilization).