Waterproof Research Articles

Assessment of the general quality of sunscreen products available in Palestine and method verification of the sun protection factor using Food and Drug Administration guidelines.

Sunlight exposure affects all skin types causing skin tanning, burns or even skin cancer. Sunscreens were invented to prevent these outcomes by scattering or absorbing the UV light. This study aimed to verify the effectiveness of Mansur method in SPF measurement and to find out how much reliable the labeled sun protection factor (SPF) value for the products that are imported to Palestine knowing that they are considered as cosmetics and they don't undergo tests by the Ministry Of Health (MOH). In this research, sun protection factor (SPF) was determined for 16 commercially available sunscreen products using Mansur equation which was also validated; moreover sunscreen classification, product phase determination and pH measurement were also done. Sun protection factor values were mostly 50, 43.75% of the analyzed samples were close to the labeled SPF, 31.25% were under the labeled value, and 25% SPF value above the labeled value. All samples exhibited a pH close to skin pH. 62% of them were found to be O/W. Cosmetic companies and importers should focus on pediatric sunscreens, since only 12.5% are pediatric sunscreens. Ministry Of Health should ask prove about the quality of an SPF value of sunscreens for final registration of these products. More instructions should be available on the label regarding the proper use especially, if they are not water proof.

Interfacial properties of composite shotcrete containing sprayed waterproofing membrane

This study evaluates the interfacial properties of composite specimens consisting of shotcrete and sprayed waterproofing membrane. Two different membrane prototypes were first produced and tested for their waterproofing ability. Then composite specimens were prepared and their interfacial properties assessed in direct shear and uniaxial compression tests. The direct shear test showed the peak shear strength and shear stiffness of the composites\' interface decreased as the membrane layer became thicker. The shear stiffness, a key input parameter for numerical analysis, was estimated to be 0.32-1.74 GPa/m. Shear stress transfer at the interface between the shotcrete and membrane clearly emerged when measuring peak shear strengths (1-3 MPa) under given normal stress conditions of 0.3-1.5 MPa. The failure mechanism was predominantly shear failure at the interface in most composite specimens, and shear failure in the membranes. The uniaxial compression test yielded normal stiffness values for the composite specimens of 5-24 GPa/m. The composite specimens appeared to fail by the compressive force forming transverse tension cracks, mainly around the shotcrete surface perpendicular to the membrane layer. Even though the composite specimens had strength and stiffness values sufficient for shear stress transfer at the interfaces of the two shotcrete layers and the membrane, the sprayed waterproofing membrane should be as thin as possible whilst ensuring waterproofing so as to obtain higher strength and stiffness at the interface.

Influence of fracture characters on flow distribution under different Reynold numbers

Water inrush through the destruction of water resisting rock mass structure was divided into direct water inrush, key block water inrush and splitting water inrush. In the direct water inrush, the Reynolds numbers has a significant effect on the distribution of the water flow and vortex occurred in the large Reynolds numbers. The permeability coefficient of the fracture is much larger than the rock, and the difference is between 104 and 107 times. The traditional theory and methods are not considering the effect of inertia force. In the position of the cross fracture, the distribution of water flow can only be linearly distributed according to the fracture opening degree. With the increase of Reynolds number, the relationship between water flow distribution and fracture opening is studied by Semtex.

Effect of Micro fillers on Two Body Abrasive Wear Behavior of Polyamide 66 and Polypropylene (PA66/PP) Blend Based Composites

The hybrid effect of micro fillers on two body abrasive wear behavior of PA66/PP blend based composites is studied. Three composites PA66/PP/MoS2, PA66/PP/MoS2/SiC and PA66/PP/MoS2/SiC/Al2O3 are prepared using melt mix method by twin screw extrusion technique. The test is carried out on a water proof SiC abrasive paper (180 and 320 Grit) for a load of 10 N in multi pass condition. The results revealed that abrasive wear volume is a function of polymer composition, grit size and abrading distance. The effect of interparticulate distance seems to be detrimental to improve abrasive wear resistance. The negative effect of wear is due to the major reduction in ductility of composites which is due to hybrid effect of fillers. The surface counter modification also affects wear behavior. Deep micro grooving, micro cutting and abrasive ploughing are major mechanisms observed during the test. Among the studied micro composites, PA66/PP/MoS2 exhibited better abrasive wear behavior. The abraded surfaces are analyzed by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs

Состав, свойства и микроструктура модифицированного самоуплотняющегося бетона для гидроизоляции плоских кровель зданий

Состав, свойства и микроструктура модифицированного самоуплотняющегося бетона для гидроизоляции плоских кровель зданий

Clima urbano sob o olhar das pequenas cidades: influência dos fatores geográficos nas variações climáticas em Lagoa Formosa (MG)

O ambiente urbano tem se tornado cada vez mais a morada do homem. Essa intrínseca relação homem/espaço urbano traduz-se na transformação da paisagem, resultando em diversos fenômenos ambientais urbanos como ilha de calor, efeito estufa, poluição atmosférica, inversão térmica, impermeabilização do solo dentre outras, que a longo prazo interferem na qualidade ambiental e na qualidade de vida dos citadinos. Desta forma o objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar as características do clima urbano (campo térmico e higrométrico) na cidade de Lagoa Formosa (MG), e como estes reagem sobre a influência dos fatores geoecológicos e de estrutura citadina. O Sistema Clima Urbano de Monteiro (1976), foi a base para a proposição metodológica apresentada, utilizando o modelo de transectos móveis, que consiste na demarcação e coleta de dados de temperatura, umidade do ar e direção e velocidade dos ventos em pontos espalhados pelo sítio urbano, de forma abarcar, também, os espaços interurbanos. Além também da aquisição de dados em pontos fixos. Os resultados permitiram detectar que a área urbana de Lagoa Formosa nem sempre apresenta temperaturas mais elevadas em relação ao seu entorno rural ou às áreas periféricas à cidade.

Development of protective clothing for agricultural workers

Farm workers are exposed to pesticide vapours and organic dust during various farm activities which may leads to many health problems. To minimize health hazards protective clothes were designed with reference to fabric and functional features. Designed protective clothing was given to twenty five farm workers involved in pesticide application and forty farm workers (25 males and 15 females) engaged in threshing activity, for a period of one month to access their suitability and acceptability. On the basis of suitability and acceptability recommended protective clothing for pesticide applicators were jacket with hood and pyjama of water proof fabric (having lining of cotton hosiery fabric), Chemical Resistant mask, Glasses/goggles, Nitrile gloves and Sports shoes. For threshing activity recommended protective clothing were : apron with hood and full sleeves with elasticized cuffs (elastic in two rows),Pleated mask / beak mask, Glasses/goggles ,Sports shoes, Mittens/gloves (for male) and for female : Kameez with full sleeves preferably elasticized cuffs or apron, hood mask/scarf mask ,glasses/goggles, sports shoes, mittens/gloves.

Pulmonary injury associated with spray of a water-based nano-sized waterproofing product: a case study

BackgroundIn most reported cases of lung trauma with water proofing products, volatile organic compounds (VOC) have a prominent role. Here we report on a case involving ten workers exposed to a sprayed product containing nanoparticles in a water solution with only a few percent VOC.Case presentationTen workers suffered from respiratory symptoms following spray impregnation of hardwood furniture using a waterproofing product that contained positively charged fluorinated acrylate copolymer solid cores with a median diameter of 70 nm (1.3 w%) in aqueous suspension with 3.3 w% VOC and 0.3 w% quaternary ammonium. The worker who applied one liter of the product in a wood workshop, using an air mix spray gun, did not report any health complaints. Another worker, who entered the workshop 3 h later and had rolled and smoked two cigarettes, was hospitalized with severe chemical pneumonitis. A chest X-ray (CXR) showed bilateral infiltrative impairment in the lower lobe regions. On the next day a second CXR showed increased patchiness marking in all fields. A high-resolution Computer Tomography (CT)-scan demonstrated extensive bilateral areas of ground-glass opacities predominantly in the lower regions of the upper lobes, the right middle lobe and the apical regions of the lower lobes, compatible with severe chemical pneumonitis. On the following morning, nine workers in an adjacent workplace in the same building, experienced dry cough, chest tightness and substernal pain upon physical exercise. Reconstruction of the spray application in a climate chamber confirmed trimethyl silanol, glycol ethers and fluoroalkenes in the gas phase. Immediately after the spray application, aerosols were observed at a maximum concentration of 6.3 × 104 cm−3. Mass concentrations were 0.095 and 10 mg/m3 in the size ranges 5.6-560 nm and 0.22-30 μm, respectively, decreasing to less than 10 μg/m3 in both size ranges after 15 h.ConclusionThe hospitalized worker had smoked cigarettes contaminated with fluoropolymers which is a plausible explanation for the lung trauma. Respiratory symptoms in the nine workers may be caused by inhalation of particles that became airborne by resuspension from surfaces when workers entered the adjacent workplace the next day. A contribution from VOC appears less likely because measurements and modelling showed that concentrations in the mg/m3 range could have occurred only if the building was assumed to be completely airtight.

ステンレス製メカニカル式管継手に使用される止水ゴムの性能評価 その5 蒸気還水系統に使用されるフッ素ゴムの耐久性

ステンレス製メカニカル式管継手に使用される止水ゴムの性能評価 その5 蒸気還水系統に使用されるフッ素ゴムの耐久性

JUNO PMT system and prototyping

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a multi-purpose underground experiment and the largest liquid scintillator (LS) detector going for neutrino mass hierarchy, precise neutrino oscillation parameter measurement and studies of other rare processes, including but not limited to, solar neutrino, geo-neutrino, supernova neutrinos and the diffuse supernova neutrinos background. The 20” PMT system with ∼17000 high quantum efficiency tubes, including Hamamatsu 20” and newly developed MCP 20” tubes, is one of the keys of JUNO experiment for better energy resolution, good detector response etc. We are doing prototypes for PMTs, detectors to study/understand more detailed characteristics of the future detector. Here plans to give you a full view about the JUNO PMT system and its prototyping, including the PMT system layout, PMT testing system design, PMT water proof potting with electronics, installation ideas and the basics PMT performance.

A-59 ステンレス製メカニカル式管継手に使用される止水ゴムの性能評価 : その4 オゾン水に対するHNBRの耐久性

A-59 ステンレス製メカニカル式管継手に使用される止水ゴムの性能評価 : その4 オゾン水に対するHNBRの耐久性

A-58 ステンレス製メカニカル式管継手に使用される止水ゴムの性能評価 : その3 オゾン水に対するフッ素ゴムの耐久性について

A-58 ステンレス製メカニカル式管継手に使用される止水ゴムの性能評価 : その3 オゾン水に対するフッ素ゴムの耐久性について

Waterproof Measures for Swimming Pools: Use of Cement-based Permeable Crystalline Waterproof Composite Coatings

With more and more needs of entertainment and leisure for people leisure, the amount of swimming pool, water park and other facilities continue to grow. But In the long term, leakage has always been a major problem to affect the operation and maintenance of swimming pools. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a waterproof, corrosion, and repair function waterproof materials, it should have a good environmental adaptability and technology to improve this situation. Cement-based permeable crystalline waterproof coating is a kind of cement concrete waterproof material, which contains the chemical active substances as water a carrier to penetrate into the concrete. Cement hydration products produce water-insoluble needle-like crystals, it blocks the capillary holes and fine cracks. In this paper, the active master batch is added to the powder by the infiltration crystallization technology in the process of preparing the polymer cement waterproof coating. The effect of the active master batch on the self-healing time of the polymer cement waterproof coating is studied.

Multifunctional Ti-O coatings on polyethylene terephthalate fabric produced by using roll-to-roll high power impulse magnetron sputtering system

Functional and comfortable textiles have been widely used for outdoor protective garment against outer moisture, wind, and cold, combined with good perspiration transport from the inside to the outside. Hydrophobic textiles have attracted various applications, such as water proof, self-cleaning, and bioactive properties, whereas the hydrophilic textiles show wettability, air permeability, wicking, and silk-like appearance. Ti-O coatings have been found in a wide range of applications. Among coating techniques used to deposit Ti-O thin films, high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HIPIMS) has attracted a great deal of attention recently due to high plasma density provided to form a strongly adhered film at a relatively low substrate temperature. In this study, a roll-to-roll high power impulse magnetron sputtering (R2R-HIPIMS) system to produce multifunctional Ti-O coatings on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric substrate was used, which takes advantage of large-scale production and high-quality coatings. Results indicate that the TiO coated PET fabric exhibited the hydrophobic property with a water contact angle of 119o, while TiO2 coated PET fabric showed the hydrophilic property with a water contact angle of 37o. Ti-O coated PET fabrics show high color fastness and effectively block solar heat, indicating that the R2R-HIPIMS is a promising continuous sputtering process in fabricating hydrophobic-TiO/fabric/hydrophilic-TiO2 for applications in multifunctional textiles.

A model for prioritizing concrete structures repair works

The reinforced concrete assets such as bridges, tunnels, administration buildings, schools and the residential buildings are important factors in the Egyptian economy. Several researches have been made in the field of concrete defects and methods of repair. Concrete can deteriorate for a variety of reasons such as the corrosion of steel bars, design errors, construction errors and the environmental conditions. Concrete structures’ deterioration is often the result of a combination of deterioration factors. Factors that contribute to the deterioration of the reinforced concrete structures can be classified into five categories as follows: (1) Design factors such as the code requirements, the structural system, and the foundation design; (2) construction factors such as the mix design and the quality control; (3) protection factors such as the thermal insulation and the water proofing; (4) material factors such as the aggregate and the cement; and (5) the applied loads factors such as the chemicals and the earthquakes. This paper provides a model for prioritizing the concrete structures’ repair works. Past researches have been reviewed to gather the main factors that contribute to the deterioration of concrete structures. Interviews with senior engineers have been conducted during the development of the proposed model. A numerical example has been presented to demonstrate the proposed model.

Large area, waterproof, air stable and cost effective efficient perovskite solar cells through modified carbon hole extraction layer

The conventional unstable and expensive hole transporting materials (HTM) has been replaced by cost effective modified carbon hole extraction layer. Herein, we demonstrated a new recipe toward air stable and waterproof modified carbon hole extraction layer for efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The commercial available carbon ink modified with methylammonium lead iodide (MAI) has been used as hole extraction layer for ambipolar perovskite solar cells. The fabricated optimized perovskite solar cell having Glass/FTO/mp-TiO2/MAPbI3-xClx/carbon + MAI/Carbon configuration exhibited η = 13.87% power conversion efficiency (PCE) with open circuit voltage (VOC) 0.997 V, current density (JSC) = 21.41 mAcm−2 and fill factor (FF) 0.65. Furthermore, the air stability were tested at room temperature in open atmosphere. The water proof stability was tested under water flushing. Our results revealed that, although our carbon based devices show lower PCE (η = 13.87%) compared to spiro-MeOTAD HTM (η = 15%), the fabricated PSCs could even retain >90% after water exposure >20 times and ambient air stability more than 160 days. Further the large area device (>1 cm2) device shows 13.04% PCE with Jsc = 21.47 mAcm−2, VOC = 0.996 V and FF = 0.61. We have also demonstrated >13% efficiency for large area device (>1.1 cm2), demonstrating that the developed method is simple, cost effective and promising towards large area device fabrication. The developed methodology based on low cost carbon hole extraction layer will be helpful towards waterproof and air stable perovskite solar cells for large-area devices.

Tyre Recycling with Thermal Solvolysis Method Using Microwave Radiation

Used tyres are one of the most widespread types of waste and one of the polymer materials which are most difficult to recycle. There are many different applications for used tyres today. Part of the tyres can be retreated and re-used, but most of the used tyres are recycled. By dissolving the tyres, it is possible to filter out various chemical substances. These substances coming from the used tyres can be used for creating a new material or improving an existing one. One of the technologies involves adding chemically recycled tyres to the bitumen used in road pavement construction. The substances obtained from the recycled tyres can be used in the water proofing of bitumen. Methods of pyrolysis and solvolysis are used for recycling tyres into raw materials. In this research tyre recycling with thermal solvolysis is studied by using a conventional oven and microwave oven in order to obtain waterproofing materials with improved exploitation properties. Promising results are obtained in the pre-studies on the tyre recycling in the microwave allowing to reduce energy consumption before thermal processing of tyres as well as during the thermal processing process compared with methods involving heating in traditional furnace. Dissolving time of the recycled tyre pieces depending on the size of the pieces as well as energy consumption depending on furnace type, operating temperature and time have been assessed during the experimental part. Adhesive properties of the rubber-bitumen composite obtained during the experiments were tested. After testing the adhesive properties on the concrete surfaces it can be concluded that rubber-asphalt composite obtained in a microwave oven has the best adhesion because no waterproofing peeling has been found.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.18.1.16622

Post-treatment Effect of Particleboard on Dimensional Stability and Durability Properties of Particleboard Made From Sorghum Bagasse

In general, the weakness of particleboard using urea formaldehyde (UF) resin has a low dimensional stability. This reasearch intends to improve its properties by post-treatment technique using several water repellent materials. The post-treatment effect on dimensional stability and durability properties of particleboard against to subterranean and dry termites has been evaluated. Sample was dipped into water reppelent solution namely parafin, palm oil, silicon and water proof for 3 minutes. Furthermore, they were oven dried at 50°C for 24 hours. The results showed that the density varied of 0.60 to 0.74 g/cm3. The post-treatment of particleboard increases the density value. Water absorption and thickness swelling of board were varied of 29.35% to 114.99% and 13.23 to 37.31%, respectively. This treatment also improved up the thickness swelling to 65%. The best durability of board to subterranean and dry termite attack has found on silicon and waterproof treatment, respectively.

Effect of intensive waterproof method on intraoperative temperature preservation of pediatric patients during liver transplantation using forced-air warming blanket

Objective To evaluate the effect of intensive waterproof method on intraoperative temperature preservation of pediatric patients during liver transplantation using forced-air warming blanket. Methods A total of 84 pediatric patients, who underwent liver transplantation from July 2013 to March 2015, were divided randomly into control group and experimental group, with 42 cases each. Patients in the control group received routine warming therapy using a Bair Hugger forced-air warming blanket, while patients in the experimental group, on the basis of conventional forced-air warming system, received modified warming therapy using an extended waterproof membrane to prevent the blanket and the baby from becoming wet. Body temperature at different time points between patients in the two groups was compared, including immediately after anesthesia induction, 1 h after incision, at the end of the preanhepatic stage, 30 min of anhepathic stage, immediately after reperfusion, 1 h of neohepatic stage, 2 h neohepatic stage, and at the end of the operation. Occurrence of hypothermia was also compared between the two groups. Results Temperature did not differ significantly after anesthesia induction in the experimental group (36.18±0.25) and the control group (36.15±0.24) (P>0.05) , whereas the temperatures at other time points were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group (P<0.05) . Incidence of hypothermia was significantly lower in the experimental group (38.1%) , than that in the control group (78.5%) (P<0.01) . Conclusions The intensive waterproof method results in better maintenance of intraoperative normothermia during pediatric liver transplantation using forced-air warming blanket. Key words: Liver transplantation; Body temperature; Infant; Forced-air warming blanket; Waterproof protection

Super-hydrophobic Silver-Doped TiO2 @ Polycarbonate Coatings Created on Various Material Substrates with Visible-Light Photocatalysis for Self-Cleaning Contaminant Degradation.

In the present work, a facile and efficient fabrication method has been developed for creating super-hydrophobic coatings of silver-doped TiO2@polycarbonate (TiO2 (Ag)@PC) on the substrates of different materials with photocatalytic self-cleaning performances simply by the “dipping and drying” process. The substrates were first patterned with glue and then deposited with the dopamine-capped TiO2 (Ag)@PC (DA-TiO2 (Ag)@PC) nanocomposites, followed by the further etching with dimethylbenzene. The so prepared super-hydrophobic E-DA-TiO2(Ag)@PC coatings could present the lotus leaf-like porous architectures, high adhesion stability, and especially the visible-light photocatalysis for organic contaminant degradation, thus promising the wide outdoor and indoor applications like water proofing, metal erosion protection, and surface self-cleaning.