Waterproof Research Articles

Hollow Fiber Sensors with a Turn-On Fluorescence Response, Recycling, and Water Proofing for Monitoring Benzene Series

Hollow Fiber Sensors with a Turn-On Fluorescence Response, Recycling, and Water Proofing for Monitoring Benzene Series

The Durability of Concrete Mortars with Different Mineral Additives Exposed to Sulfate Attack

For several years, extensive research investigations have been conducted examining the effects of acids commonly encountered by industrial facilities in manufacturing environments. Numerous studies have been conducted to examine the durability of concrete containing various chemical additives and fine metals when exposed to various acid solutions, as well as the preventive steps taken to avoid the deterioration of concrete associated with these acids. This research includes an examination of enhancing the effectiveness and function of concrete when exposed to sulfuric acid. It explores the use of waterproofing (WP) and complementary cementitious materials (SCMs), including silica fume Nano silica and fly ash, as well as a water-reducing additive. Cube-shaped samples measuring 100 x 100 x 100 mm were prepared and completely immersed in 2.5% dilute sulfuric acid solution for 90 and 180 days. . Compressive strength, tensile strength, and absorption tests were performed after 28 days, as well as after immersion in a 2.5% dilute acid solution for 90 and 180 days. The results revealed that after 90 days, there was a 31% reduction in compressive strength for mixtures with 25% FA and 5% SF, and a 46% decrease for mixtures containing WP, when compared to their corresponding results at the 28 day age under standard conditions. Mineral admixtures significantly reduce absorption rates. After 90 days, WP had 3% absorption during acid exposure, and after 180 days, the 25% FA and 5% SF mixture had 2.3% absorption. This results from reduced permeable voids due to decreased capillary pores, enhancing concrete durability. The findings also indicated that the impact of exposure to acid on the strength characteristics of concrete becomes more pronounced with prolonged exposure. In addition, the inclusion of NS, SF, and FA in cement concrete results in the development of a unique material that can meet the growing need for construction materials. Furthermore, this technique delivers economic and environmental benefits by minimizing pollution caused by waste products such as FA and SF, which are a residual by-products of thermal power plants and ferrosilicon production respectively.

An Experimental Investigation on Mechanical Properties of Bacterial Concrete Using Bacillus Subtilis

Abstract: This Concrete is susceptible to micro crack formation and has pores which are highly undesirable because they provide an open pathway for the ingress of water and other deleterious substances. The use of concrete surface treatments with water proofing materials to prevent the access of aggressive substances is a common way of contributing to concrete durability. However, the most common surface treatments use organic polymers (epoxy, acrylics and polyurethanes) all of which have some degree of toxicity. Bio inspired materials can lead to a more sustainable construction industry, especially when providing new low toxic solutions. Hence, there is an urgent need to pay more attention for improving the properties of concrete with respect to strength and durability, especially in aggressive environments. One effective remedy for closure of cracks is the Bacterial Concrete (BC) which will continuously deposit calcite in concrete. This, phenomenon is called as Microbiologically Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP). The urease enzyme enables the deposition of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) with the help of bacteria. The bacterial remediation technique surpasses other techniques as it is bio-based, eco-friendly and durable. Bacteria need to offer resistance to withstand high pH of concrete and mechanical stresses during mixing. In these present investigations bacterial sample name Bacillus Subtilis (BS) is considered in concentrations of 104 , 105 and 106 cells/ml of mixing of water. investigations are carried out on strength-related properties such as compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength to assess the quality of concrete. The optimum dosage of cell concentration of bacteria is found to be 105 cells/ml for BS based on compressive strength results. M25 grade concrete is designed and used for embedding Bacillus subtilis bacteria.

Serviceability analysis and feasibility study of ballasted rooftop PV system on existing concrete roof slab buildings

Solar Photovoltaic (PV) installation on existing structures became popular for the purpose of reducing carbon emission and improving energy efficiency of buildings. Ballasted PV systems which can impose an additional dead load are preferred by building owners as direct roof penetration method can pose a potential threat to the insulation, water proofing as well as the warranty of roof membranes. Ballasted PV systems have been questioned for structural capability, economic feasibility as well as sustainability stand points. This study focuses on determining an the optimal ballast number to resist uplift wind pressure. It additionally considers concrete roof slab serviceability with respect to long-term deflection, and provides a feasibility study of PV installation. Based on the results of the study, the ballasted PV system does not yield a significant influence on structural serviceability of building. The economic feasibility analysis considers the current level of incentives. Economically a ballasted PV system can be an attractive investment with approximate payback period of 7.6 years. Without incentives, the payback period is 24 years.

Water Proofing System in Concrete Structures

Water proof structure is a design concept that aims to repel water and prevent any moisture from seeping into the materials used in construction. This type of structure is particularly important in areas prone to heavy rainfall or flooding, as it helps maintain the integrity and durability of the building. Water proof concrete is formulated with additives and admixtures that create a barrier against water infiltration, making it ideal for areas prone to high levels of humidity or moisture. By incorporating this technology into construction projects, builders can ensure that their structures remain protected from the damaging effects of moisture, such as mold growth, deterioration of building materials, and potential structural issues. The use of abstract damp proof concrete represents a forward-thinking approach to building design and can greatly enhance the durability and longevity of a building.Crystalline admix water proofing with water stops, water proofing with Atactic Polypropylene membrane, and injection are the water proofing systems most commonly used in basements. Using non-shrinking cementitious grout for waterproofing, concrete must have crystalline admixtures made of cementitious powder and water. For toilets in non-sunken places, water proofing with an elastomeric cementitious coating is used. In sunken areas, brick jelly cement concrete with inherent water proofing compound is used.In this paper it deals with the different types of water proofing system..

Ergonomic Parameters based Assessment of the Suitability of PersonalProtective Equipment Kit for Power Sprayer Operations: A Case Study ofMango Orchard in Konkan Region, India

The comparative ergonomic evaluation of six different personal protective equipment (PPE) kits was carried out with six male subjects. The study was carried out in mango orchard with power sprayer. The mean age, body mass and stature of the subjects were 34.5 (±6.7) years, 61.0 (±8.2) kg and 1.64 (±0.05) m, respectively. The aprons of six PPE kits used were made from the different materials viz., polyester, cotton polyester, polypropylene, water proof polyester, cotton C1 level (highly absorbent having up to 40% solvent penetration) fabric and cotton C2 level (highly repellent having up to 5% solvent penetration). The result showed that the energy grade of work was ‘light’ with all PPE kits. The wearing comfort for P6 PPE kit consisting of cotton C2 level fabric apron was 7.5 indicating ‘very comfortable’. The temperature difference between inside and outside of PPE kit made from cotton C2 level was 4.9ο C. The effect of six different PPE kits was significantly (p<0.01) different for working heart rate, work pulse, energy expenditure rate, maximum oxygen consumption (% VO2max), wearing comfort rating and % rise in temperature. Considering the effect on different ergonomic parameters, P6 PPE kit consisting of apron made from C2 level cotton fabric (200 GSM) was found ergonomically suitable for pesticide spraying in mango orchard. This study provides valuable insight for selection of the appropriate PPE kit for pesticide application in the mango orchards in Konkan Region, India.

Polymerization strategy for cellulose nanocrystals-based photonic crystal films with water resisting property

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) can form a liquid crystal film with a chiral nematic structure by evaporative-induced self-assembly (EISA). It has attracted much attention as a new class of photonic liquid crystal material because of its intrinsic, unique structural characteristics, and excellent optical properties. However, the CNCs-based photonic crystal films are generally prepared via the physical crosslinking strategy, which present water sensitivity. Here, we developed CNCs-g-PAM photonic crystal film by combining free radical polymerization and EISA. FT-IR, SEM, POM, XRD, TG-DTG, and UV–Vis techniques were employed to characterize the physicochemical properties and microstructure of the as-prepared films. The CNCs-g-PAM films showed a better thermo-stability than CNCs-based film. Also, the mechanical properties were significantly improved, viz., the elongation at break was 9.4 %, and tensile strength reached 18.5 Mpa, which was a much better enhancement than CNCs-based film. More importantly, the CNCs-g-PAM films can resist water dissolution for more than 24 h, which was impossible for the CNCs-based film. The present study provided a promising strategy to prepare CNCs-based photonic crystal film with high flexibility, water resistance, and optical properties for applications such as decoration, light management, and anti-counterfeiting.

Exploration of functionalizing graphene and the subsequent impact on PFAS adsorption capabilities via molecular dynamics

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are extremely stable compounds due to their strong C–F bonds. They are used in water and stain proof coatings, aqueous film forming foams for fire suppression, cosmetics, paints, adhesives, etc. PFAS have been found in soils and waterways around the world due to their widespread usage and recalcitrance to degradation. Development of selective adsorbent materials is necessary to effectively capture a vast family of PFAS structures in order to remediate PFAS contamination in the environment. The work herein is focused on extracting design principles from molecular dynamics simulations of PFAS with functionalized graphene materials. Simulations examined how PFBA, PFOA, and PFOS interact with graphene, graphene oxide, nitrogen group-functionalized graphene oxide, partially fluorinated graphene flakes, and fully fluorinated flakes. Five flakes were used in each simulation to examine how interactions between flakes may lead to competitive interactions with respect to PFAS or formation of pores. Our study revealed that both the clustering mechanisms of the flakes and functional groups on the flake play a role in PFAS adsorption. The most effective functionalizations for PFAS adsorption are as follows: pristine graphene ≈ fully fluorinated > graphene oxide ≈ partially fluorinated > amine and amide functionalized graphene oxide flake. Long chain PFAS and sulfonate PFAS had higher propensity to adsorb to the materials compared to short chain PFAS and carboxylic head groups.

Waterproof Hip Spica Casts for Pediatric Femur Fractures.

Hip spica casting is the treatment of choice for femur fractures in children ages 6 months to 5 years. Traditional spica (TS) casting utilizes cotton padding that precludes patient bathing. Waterproof (WP) casting has inherent advantages, including clearance for bathing and improved family satisfaction. This study examines the safety and efficacy of WP hip spica casting for the treatment of pediatric femur fractures. This is a retrospective, matched cohort study of patients ≤5 years with a femur fracture treated with hip spica casting. Patients with WP casts were matched to patients with TS casts by age, sex, and fracture type. TS casts utilize a Goretex liner and cotton padding, while WP spicas utilize fully WP materials and can be completely submerged in water. Fifty patients were included (25 WP, 25 TS) without differences between cohorts in age, weight, or sex. There were no differences in operative time, length of stay, or length of time in cast. Patient charges were significantly lower in the WP group ($230 vs. $301, P<0.001). At cast-off, coronal/sagittal alignment and shortening were similar, while 9 TS patients had minor skin and/or cast complications that required outpatient repair versus only 1 WP patient (P<0.001). In a matched comparison, WP spica casting significantly reduces skin and cast complications traditionally associated with cotton-based spica casting, with significantly lower charges for WP cast materials. Fracture healing rate, alignment, and shortening at cast-off are similar in WP versus TS casts. WP spica casting is safe and efficacious for pediatric femur fractures, with the inherent advantage of clearance for bathing. Level 3.

Self‐Contained Underwater Adhesion and Informational Labeling Enabled by Arene‐Functionalized Polymeric Ionogels

AbstractAdhesives and water exhibit a conflicting correlation as indicated by the failure of most synthetic adhesives in submerged and humid environments. Development of instant, strong, reversible, and long‐lasting adhesives that can adhere to wet surfaces and function in underwater environments presents a formidable challenge, yet it is of paramount importance in biomedical and engineering applications. Herein, viscoelastic and moldable ionogels are developed based on synergistic engineering of aromatic substituents, fluorinated counterions, ionic building blocks, and 3D cross‐linked networks. The molecular design and structural engineering result in a facile synthesis, two bonding methods (glue‐ and tape‐type), and the combined mechanisms of enhanced adhesion and cohesion. The high underwater adhesion strength of over 8.9 MPa is among the best‐performing tape‐type underwater adhesives reported to date. A combination of excellent durability, reliability, deformation resistance, salt tolerance, water proof, antiswelling, and self‐healing properties demonstrates the “self‐contained” underwater adhesion. Furthermore, the extended π‐conjugation of the aromatic pendant groups confers a new functionality to the ionogels – visible fluorescence, enabling intriguing applications such as underwater labeling, information encryption, and signal transmission. This study shines lights on the fabrication of ionogel‐based adhesives and provides their future perspectives in underwater sealing, self‐repair, crack diagnosis, and informational labeling.

Water‐Stable 0D Hybrid Manganese Halides with Adjustable Crystal Structure and Emission Color

AbstractDespite the ultra‐high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 0D hybrid manganese halides as state‐of‐the‐art luminescent materials, intrinsic water stability remains an unsurpassable barrier due to the serious hygroscopicity of the hydrogen‐bonding structure. Herein, a synthetic strategy that realizes adjustable emission color and high water resistance in a 0D hybrid manganese chloride family based on the same cation of [H2TMDAP]2+ (TMDAP = N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethyl‐1,3‐diaminopropane) is reported. Specifically, direct solution or solid‐state reaction of precursor materials generates [H2TMDAP]3[MnCl4]2[Mn2Cl6], while additional Zn2+‐doping as a structural directing agent results in [H2TMDAP]Mn0.63Zn0.37Cl4. Functionally, the [Mn/ZnCl4]2− tetrahedron based [H2TMDAP]Mn0.63Zn0.37Cl4 displays green light emission at 521 nm with a PLQY of 63.9%. [H2TMDAP]3[MnCl4]2[Mn2Cl6] is composed of a [MnCl6]4− octahedron based [Mn2Cl6]2− chain and a discrete [MnCl4]2− tetrahedron, but it only exhibits single red emission at 628 nm with a PLQY of 48.1%. Compared with water‐instable [H2TMDAP]Mn0.63Zn0.37Cl4, [H2TMDAP]3[MnCl4]2[Mn2Cl6] represents extraordinary chemical stability in humid air and water over 1 month, manifested by an unchanged structural lattice and sufficient emission intensity. Significantly, the ultra‐high water proof performance of [H2TMDAP]3[MnCl4]2[Mn2Cl6] is nearly unmatchable among all previously reported manganese halides as far as is known. The combined merits of tunable emission wavelength, high PLQY, and stability highlight the potential applications of title materials in solid‐state lighting and display diodes.

ROLE OF NANTECHNOLOGY IN SMART PHONE

Smart phone has changed at a rapid speed since its launch. We all have experienced the change from key pad to touch screen, connecting smart phone to internet and attending online class or doing net banking transactions. Smart phone are being used for shopping online, placing orders from restaurants and also book cinema tickets or get the medicine in emergency. The velocity of change with smart phone still continues and we will experience many changes in future. The reason behind these additional features can be due to nanotechnology. Some changes can be making the smart phone water proof and dust proof .We can swim with smart phones in pocket and rains may not damage the smart phone. In addition to this smart phone may become bendable. All this changes can be due to nanotechnology. In this article we discuss how nanotechnology can contribute to smart phones.

Car Door Assembly FE Analysis - A Review for NVH Performance Research

When talking about the car door and its importance, all aspects should be considered. Main applications of the door is the protection of passengers from outside weather variations such as air flow, temperatures, dust, side impact, etc. As a part of the car, it is connected to the car body by means of hinges, latch, and weather seals. It is excited by all excitation sources which excite to the vehicle plus vehicle accessories. Car door design evaluation is nothing but simulation of real application of door with different loading and boundary connections. An extensive literature survey and study of technical papers have been done to understand the amount of work done on Car door design evaluation during 2002 - 2022. A mainly top-level study was done to find the number of analysis papers published, the number of papers published per year, and the number of papers published of each type of analysis, and a detailed study was carried out of the papers published on NVH analysis. NVH analysis of a Car door itself is a broad area for study and research. To make it simple and streamline NVH analysis papers are sub-divided into further classes that are modal analysis, vibration and noise analysis, correlation of modal, vibration, noise, and other NVH analysis results. A thorough review of published papers provided an inside picture of the subject, the current status of Car door NVH, and the scope of future research on Car door.

Vinyl acetate polymers modified by siloxane for improving reinforced concrete: Water proofness and anticorrosion

Concrete, which is commonly destroyed by erosion in adverse environments, cannot satisfy the demands of foundation construction engineering applications. The optimal wayto ensure concrete's durability is to cover its surface with a barrier coating that prevents potentially harmful particles from penetrating the inside. Vinyl acetate polymers were applied as coatings owing to excellent flexibility and strong adhesion to the substrate. However, their hydrophilicity and low hardness will inevitably limit the usage in various areas, in particular the construction materials field. In this study, a method of modifying vinyl acetate polymers (PVAc) by vinyl triethoxysilane (VTES) and vinyl neononanoate (VeoVa-9), vinyl neodecanoate (VeoVa-10) in tertiary vinyl carbonates was reported to enhance the anticorrosion of concrete, where the former VTES could act a coupling agent, while the latter tertiary vinyl carbonates provide shielding against invasion through steric effect. Following modification, the hydrophilic PVAc becomes a hydrophobic coating with a contact angle as high as 98°; the coating's water absorption rate in one week is merely 1.25%; higher hardness and modulus were validated by nanoindentation measurements, while sandpaper friction and lap-shear trial indicated an enhancement in wear resistance and adhesion; three-electrode electrochemical analysis revealed that the modified coating has a 98% anti-corrosion efficacy, and its excellent anticorrosion performance is further confirmed by 480-hour salt spray test on reinforced concrete models.

An overview of water proofing system in concrete structures

Water Proofing is one of the methods to prevent leakage problems in buildings. For toilets, terraces, water tanks, and outdoor spaces, several methods of water proofing are suitable. Due to the concrete's tendency to shrink, fractures typically occur in the screed of the roof. However, the surface fracture will be partially repaired by casting the concrete in panels. This also happens due to temperature variation. Crystalline admix water proofing with water stops, water proofing with Atactic Polypropylene membrane, and injection are the water proofing systems most commonly used in basements. Using non-shrinking cementitious grout for waterproofing, concrete must have crystalline admixtures made of cementitious powder and water. For toilets in non-sunken places, water proofing with an elastomeric cementitious coating is used. In sunken areas, brick jelly cement concrete with inherent water proofing compound is used. Waterproofing without insulation and waterproofing with insulation are typically used in terraces. There are typically two different types of buildings: Air-conditioned buildings and Non Air-conditioned buildings. Buildings with air conditioning need to be insulated. Extruded polystyrene with geotextile mat is used as over deck insulation. Injection grouting is used in water tanks on the side walls and base slab. On the top surface of the slab and the outside face of the wall throughout the whole area, holes must be drilled using a pneumatic hammer in a zigzag pattern. Generally artificial area and extended basement needs to treat with proper water proofing system. Membrane is used to waterproof the landscape regions. Soil is used to fill in landscaped areas, and there will be a drainage layer to remove water. Materials should be made entirely of recycled polypropylene. In this paper it deals with the different types of water proofing system.

Performance of high workability plaster mortar for water tanks

Cement sand mortar is frequently used as water proofing plaster layer for water retaining structures. However, the current practice of using standard mortar for plastering has shown to be infective due to observed leakages and low durability of some water retaining structures. In the effort of solving these problems, materials engineers have used artificial chemicals like Zypex to control leakages and improve durability with some success. This paper reports on a study done to address the use of high workability plaster mortar as a solution to meet serviceability requirements for water retaining structures. The study involved the development of mix ratios 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4 for standard mortar mixes and using the same mix ratios with different doses of super-plasticizer from 0.00% to 0.50%, testing all mortar mixes for physical properties then determining their performances. The performance of mortar mixes was investigated in terms of workability, unit weight, strength development, tensile strength and water absorption. The test results have indicated high performance and suitability of high workability mortar mixes forplastering water retaining structures.

Effect of Water Proof Admixture on Hardened Concrete

Admixtures improve the compressive strength of concrete. This study shows the using of water proof admixture on hardened concrete (40MPa) when the samples Water curing condition is used and the age at testing are 7, 28 and 90 days to evaluate the mechanical properties such as compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexure strength and 28 days and are exposed to temperature (100°C and 500°C) at samples in 28 days. In this study the compressive strength decreases by about (33.03 %) and increases by about (29.95%) at (7 and 90) days respectively. They study shows that the compressive strength decreases by about (0.96% and 19.12 %) at 100°C and 500°C respectively while the tensile strength decreases by about (2.06% and 19.38%) at 100°C and 500°C respectively, and the flexural strength decreases by about (3.01% and 21.07%) at 100°C and 500°C respectively. All the above results are compared with cubes tested at room temperature (25 °C).

Concrete Mix Strength and Permeability with Various Supplementary Cementitious Materials

In order to reduce the amount of cement required, improve workability, mechanical properties, and durability, and have a positive environmental impact, supplementary cementitious materials are frequently utilized as a partial replacement for cement in concrete mixes. In this experimental investigation, the effects of employing waterproof and supplemental cementitious materials such as flyash, silica fume, and nano silica along with a water reduction agent were examined to increase the effectiveness and performance of concrete. The cement employed in this investigation, sulfate-resistant Portland cement, was partially substituted by the supplemental cementing components mentioned earlier to create concrete with a w/b ratio of (0.30-0.35) and C35 compressive strength. Thirteen various concrete mixtures were designed and tested at 28 days of age for compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, water sorptivity, absorption, and penetration depth under pressure. To enhance the dependability of the outcomes, three samples were evaluated, and their mean value was recorded. According to the research, mixing the chemicals with concrete resulted in a brand new substance that may meet the rising need for construction materials. All of the materials utilized in this study, with the exception of Water Proof, also showed good resistance to water absorption and strength improvement.

A study on the Water Proofing Behaviour of Fly Ash, M-sand and Dust based concrete with varying percentages of different Crystalline Admixtures

For many years, concrete has been the most commonly used building material. When we focus on sustainable materials, long-term serviceability becomes an issue. There are methods for lowering risks and increasing service life. Crystalline admixtures, also known as permeability-dropping, are marketable products used in little concentrations in cement incorporated materials to enhance concrete durability and promote autogenous crack healing. This paper presents various investigations into the mechanical and long-term durability characteristics of concrete made with Fly ash, M-sand, Dust. In this study, fly ash is used as a 30% substitute for cement, M-sand and Dust is used as a 100% substitute for river sand and two types of crystalline admixtures with different proportions of 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% were added to the mix. Cubes and Cylinders were casted by mixing M-Crete and Master Pel 760 crystalline admixtures for two grades, M25 & M35 and left for curing period of 28 days. Test methods include compressive strength, split-tensile strength, RCPT, % of water absorption and % of Voids. The test results showed that both crystalline admixtures with Fly ash at 0.5% produced better results and significant rise in compressive strength and tensile strength. Similarly, a decrease in percentages of RCPT, water absorption, voids was observed in both M25 and M35 grades. Finally, Master Pel 760 has shown better performance than M-Crete crystalline admixture. So, the above two crystalline admixtures have the potential to increase the durability and decrease the permeability of concrete.

Effect of Storage Conditions on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Bilayer Edible Films Based on Iron Yam–Pea Starch Blend and Corn Zein

Edible iron yam–pea starch-based bilayer films with a water and oil proof layer of corn zein were prepared by casting method and stored under normal temperature (25 °C; relative humidity (RH): 43%, 54%, 65%), refrigeration (4 °C) and freezing (−17 °C) for 150 days. The mechanical properties, scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs, oxygen and water vapor permeability, color, transmittance, haze, water content were systematically evaluated after 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days. The transmittance, haze, and water content of bilayer films changed greatly within 150 days, which indirectly indicated the changes of the internal microstructure of the film matrix. The results were further verified by SEM analysis. Water and oxygen resistance gradually become worse. At 25 °C and 54% RH, the barrier performances were relatively strong. Films had relatively good tensile strength at normal temperature and high humidity, and relatively good elongation at break at low temperature and high humidity. SEM observation showed that there was no interlayer separation during storage. The internal network structure disappeared and reappeared again. The changes of internal microstructure also verified the changes of barrier and mechanical properties of bilayer films.