Waterproof Function Research Articles

OBSERVASI DIAPHRAGM WALL METODE CUT OFF WALL SEBAGAI PENANGANAN REMBESAN WILAYAH WADUK CENGKLIK.

Cengklik Reservoir is one of the tourist attractions in the Boyolali area. Functionally, the Cengklik reservoir is used as a water reservoir or storage area as well as a source of water for the needs of the surrounding community and to supply rice fields. Based on observations, the reservoir has decreased in function, namely seepage is found. One of the methods applied for the handling of seepage is the foundation structure in the form of a diaphragm wall. Observations were started by collecting data (pumping test data and drawings of the diaphragm wall structure). The results obtained for the total diaphragm wall foundation with a depth of 16 m with a depth of excavated soil of 16 m. Specifications for the diaphragm wall plan with a land area of 375m. Diaphragma wall (slurry wall) is a type of plastic concrete retaining wall with a foundation that has very strong rigidity, low vibration during construction, and has a waterproof function. Diaphragama wall provides less seepage effect than other methods such as secant pile. The secant pile only has the same use but differs in area. Cut off wall is a method of excavation work, surrounded by excavated land such as a guide wall. Insulation or retaining water flow on large dam foundations is usually done by the Cut of wall method. This method is suitable for excavation work which is quite deep and dense soil area

Thermal characteristics and optimization of phase change energy storage subgrade in permafrost regions

In permafrost regions, the thawing of permafrost will cause serious damage to the road structure, and delaying the degradation of permafrost is the key to ensure the road performance. Based on the energy storage characteristics of phase change material (PCM) and the anti-seepage performance of geotextile, a phase change geotextile (PCG) with heat absorption and waterproof functions is prepared in this study. PCG is applied to the subgrade structure, and the phase change energy storage subgrade (PCESS) is proposed. This subgrade structure can effectively reduce the temperature and increases the artificial permafrost table in permafrost regions. In order to study the temperature regulation mechanism of PCESS, the effects of thermal properties of PCM and epoxy resin mixture (PCMERM) and structural parameters of PCG were analyzed by numerical models. The mean absolute errors (MAEs) were 0.88 and 1.08 with experiments conducted to validate numerical model. The analysis of influencing factors showed that the phase change temperature of PCMERM exhibits the best value to improve the regulation effect of PCESS under given conditions. Increasing the heat of fusion and dosage of PCMERM can enhance the regulation effect. When PCG was laid on the top of the subgrade, the regulation effect was the best. Compared with the traditional permafrost subgrade, PCESS showed long-term thermal stability. In addition, the prediction model for the artificial permafrost table change was established. The model predicted the artificial table in three cases, and the MAEs were 0.048, 0.019 and 0.039, respectively. These results suggest that the model can accurately predict the changes of the artificial permafrost table.

The relationship between the wettability and the density of stomata

stomata are channels for respiration of plants, and they are vital to keep it unblocked. In nature, in order to avoid the surface stomata being covered by water and ensure the normal respiration of stomata, plant leaves in nature are realized by a variety of methods, among which the difference surface wettability plays a crucial role in the distribution density of stomata. To explore the relationship between the wettability and the stomata density, this thesis investigates how the top and bottom density of stomata on plant surface affect the survivability of elm leaves (plant in the Ulmaceae family). Here, we find its lower surface with superhydrophobic function is covered by large amount of stomata. While the bottom surface with hydrophilic performance is smooth and covered by a small amount stomata. This research reveals the significant of waterproof function to the survival of leaf and has potential application in air exchange underwater.

What makes a self-deprecating advertisement more persuasive? The role of self-uncertainty

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the interesting but largely unexamined impact of self-uncertainty on the persuasiveness of self-deprecating advertisement.Design/methodology/approachIn the present research, the experimental design and survey methods are used to collect data. Furthermore, the ANOVA and bootstrap analysis methods are adopted to verify whether a self-deprecating advertisement is more persuasive for consumers experiencing self-uncertainty and explore the mediating role of self-verification.FindingsStudy 1 indicates that people experiencing self-uncertainty are more likely to engage in actual self-verification. Study 2 demonstrates that consumers experiencing self-uncertainty are more likely to purchase products in a self-deprecating advertisement (vs. self-enhancing advertisement), and actual self-verification motive underlies this effect. In Study 3, a novel boundary condition for the main effect–product type (hedonic vs. utilitarian) is found, and it further reveals that the impact of self-uncertainty on the persuasiveness of self-deprecating advertisement will attenuate when the advertised product is utilitarian.Practical implicationsThis research reveals that self-deprecating advertising is more desirable for consumers who experience self-uncertainty. Based on the conclusions in this paper, the self-deprecating advertising is more attractive and desirable for consumers who are reminded about their personal uncertainties. Thus, marketers could employ self-deprecating (vs. self-enhancing) advertisement to promote products. For example, in order to promote the waterproof function of iPhone 12, Apple China released a self-deprecating advertisement of “Splash proof and water resistant. Don't worry, iPhone.”Originality/valueFirst, this research not only sheds new light on the relationship between self-uncertainty and the persuasiveness of self-deprecating advertisement but also verifies the mediating role of self-verification motive in this relationship. Moreover, this research reveals that self-uncertainty is a significant factor in how people react to the self-deprecating advertisement. It is noteworthy that the self-uncertainty effect is more likely to be found when the advertised product is related to hedonic or experiential consumption as opposed to utilitarian consumption.

Sensitivity characteristics of a waterproof airflow sensor based on a MEMS piezoresistive cantilever and nanohole array

This paper presents the sensitivity characteristics of a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) piezoresistive cantilever and nanohole array used in a waterproof airflow sensor. Previously, a Pitot tube-type waterproof airflow sensor was developed for seabird biologging. Built-in MEMS piezoresistive cantilevers are used as the differential pressure sensing elements. The waterproof function is achieved using nanohole arrays via Laplace pressure. However, the mechanism underlying sensitivity reduction when nanohole arrays are attached is unclear. Here, we experimentally and theoretically verified that the specific constant, which determines the airflow rate through the cantilever and nanohole array, affects sensitivity reduction. An airflow sensor with a small sensitivity reduction was achieved based on the calculated results using appropriate cantilever and nanohole arrays. We demonstrated that the proposed method for estimating sensitivity reduction is useful for designing waterproof airflow sensors using cantilever-type differential pressure sensor elements.

Surface modification study of CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-Fe2O3 base system high temperature phase reconstruction

The fly ash was used as raw material to prepare glass ceramic base body, on which a layer of glaze slurry was applied, then, the complex was successfully prepared by sintering at 1180 °C through single-sinter process. Influences of quartz sand content on crystal phase evolution, physical–mechanical properties, and surface morphology of products were studied systematically. Finally, an opaque glaze with 15 wt% quartz sand fitting on glass ceramic base body had been produced, exhibiting a unique main phase, mullite, which ensured a significant Vickers microhardness of 8.1 GPa, improving the mechanical properties of solid waste glass ceramic base body. It was also found that the water absorption of the product was .66%, which greatly enhanced the waterproof function of the base surface. The complex products developed in this study were expected to be used as building decoration materials and provided new ideas for effective reuse of other similar solid wastes.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AIR VOID AND WATER PERMEABILITY OF RESIN WATERPROOF INTEGRATED ASPHALT PAVEMENT WITH WATER-PROOF FUNCTION IN ROAD BRIDGE DECK

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AIR VOID AND WATER PERMEABILITY OF RESIN WATERPROOF INTEGRATED ASPHALT PAVEMENT WITH WATER-PROOF FUNCTION IN ROAD BRIDGE DECK

Durability of geomembranes in water transport applications

A question frequently asked by engineers exposed for the first time to geosynthetics is: “how long do they last”. In this presentation, the author gives an overview of the service life of geosynthetics. Service life is analysed versus the design life and the carbon footprint associated to the construction of a structure. Factors affecting the performance of a geosynthetic used for sealing a canal are presented. A distinction is made between failures occurring because the product did not survive its installation, i.e., survivability-related; failures caused by an inadequate design of the product or the structure considering its environment of service, i.e., performance-related; or premature loss of function despite both installation and design were adequate, due to the inadequate choice or inadequate formulation of the material, i.e., durability-related. The various materials commonly used to waterproof a structure are reviewed, and it is shown that geomembranes are indeed the material of choice for waterproofing a geotechnical structure, such as a canal. Methods available to assess the service life which can be reasonably expected from various geosynthetics for a waterproofing function, such as in a canal or a dam. Field experiences are described, where some geosynthetics are still performing well after more than 60 years. Well-accepted predictive methods show that geosynthetics can last well-over a century in water-transport or water storage applications, especially when covered by soil or concrete to avoid UV exposure, to control their temperature, and to avoid accidental damage.

Heterostructure design of MOFs derived Co9S8/FeCoS2/C composite with efficient microwave absorption and waterproof functions

• A hierarchical Co9S8/FeCoS2/C composite has been designed. • Benefiting from the enhanced polarization loss, optimized synergistic effect, and multiscale EMW dissipation paths, Co9S8/FeCoS2/C composite exhibits superior EMW absorption. • The bouquet-like architecture formed by many nanorods produces a large number of void spaces and interfaces. • The obtained Co9S8/FeCoS2/C composite shows a broad effective bandwidth of 5.1 GHz at a thickness of 2 mm. At present, the problem of electromagnetic wave (EMW) pollution is critical, and the design of high-performance absorbers is of great significance. Based on the synergy between dielectric and magnetic losses, and between multicomponents in heterostructures, the development of light-weight absorbers with a strong absorption capability and multiple scattering is a promising strategy to achieve high-performance absorbers. In this work, CoFe-MOF precursors with a bouquet-like structure were prepared via the hydrothermal method, and Co 7 Fe 3 /C and Co 9 S 8 / FeCoS 2 /C composites were obtained through a carbonization and sulfuration treatment during the high-temperature pyrolysis process, respectively. The experimental and theoretical results show that the Co 9 S 8 /FeCoS 2 /C composite has a better EMW absorption performance, and its optimal reflection loss (RL) value is -53.9 dB at a low filler loading of 20 wt.%, which is due to the S doping that enhances the interface polarization relaxation process and improves the impedance matching characteristics. Moreover, the Co 9 S 8 /FeCoS 2 /C composite can be as candidates of high-efficiency absorbers in extreme application environments.

Underwater gripping control with waterproof glove for robot hand

With the expansion of robots, researchers have focused on robot tasks with waterproof functions. Although numerous underwater-robot studies have been published recently, there has been minimal research on the waterproofing of robotic hands. The aim of this study is to develop an underwater gripping control strategy for a robot hand using a waterproof glove. By using a silicone-rubber-based waterproof glove, the robot hand finished the underwater gripping task. However, an error occurred during the gripping task because of the resistance force of the glove. To reduce the error, torque control experiments were conducted in two ways. In the first, a grooved glove was fabricated to reduce the resistance force. In the second, a modified control model with torque compensation was employed. In the experiments, it was observed that the torque compensation control model was more feasible than improving the shape of the glove for underwater gripping.

Characterization Assessment of Cotton Fabric Dyed by Dioscorea cirrhosa Dry Extract

ABSTRACT Dioscorea cirrhosa is a natural plant with advantageous properties in both health care and dyeing. In this work, cotton fabric was dyed with Dioscorea cirrhosa dry extract by the traditional, repeated, dip-spray dyeing process and single-side sunlight fixation method. The color characteristics, surface morphology and structure, chemical composition, and mechanical properties of the dyed cotton fabric were characterized. The flame-retardant and waterproof functions of the dyed cotton fabric were also evaluated. The results showed that the dyed cotton fabric presented the limiting oxygen index (LOI) with one side displaying a reddish-brown coating and the other side being red. The limiting oxygen index of the cotton fabric increased from 18% to 28% after dyeing treatment.

Acclimation in ants: Interference of communication and waterproofing through cuticular hydrocarbons in a multifunctional trait

Abstract Organismal traits may experience conflicting selection pressures if they fulfil different functions simultaneously. This can require trade‐offs between functions or alternatively functional separation between elements of the trait. An important multifunctional trait in insects is the cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) layer. CHCs cover the body of nearly all insects, protect against desiccation and serve as a communication signal. In social insects like ants, they provide cues for nestmate recognition. To maintain their waterproofing function, insects have to adjust CHC composition to current temperatures. These changes might affect information content and interfere with communication, which would be especially detrimental in social insects. Here, we studied how acclimation affects nestmate recognition in two sister species of the ant genus Lasius. Colony fragments were exposed to three climate regimes. We analysed behaviour towards same and differently acclimated conspecifics, and determined which CHCs were related to acclimatory changes, colony differences and inter‐individual aggression. Differential acclimation led to higher aggression and chemical distances among former nestmates. We identified small CHC subsets, which only differed among colonies or among acclimation treatments. Moreover, few compounds sufficed to explain inter‐individual aggression, suggesting that ants do not use the entire CHC profile for nestmate recognition and that colony identity is encoded in a redundant way. Across individual CHCs, their contribution to colony differences and to differences among acclimatory treatments was negatively correlated, indicating that there is some degree of functional separation. However, CHC classes could not be clearly assigned to one or another function, indicating that the role of each CHC is idiosyncratic and may differ among species. Acclimatory effects and colony differences were more independent from each other in L. platythorax than in L. niger, indicating that functional separation can differ even among sister species. Our results show that CHC functions are more intertwined than previously assumed, suggesting that insects cannot optimise all functions independently. The main constraint might be the need to maintain a certain phase behaviour of the CHC layer, which depends on CHC composition and affects functionality. The need to separate functions might depend on species‐specific ecological and life‐history parameters. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Lotus leaf-inspired and multifunctional Janus carbon felt@Ag composites enabled by in situ asymmetric modification for electromagnetic protection and low-voltage joule heating

Multifunctional materials with electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, thermal management, sensing, and comfort characteristics are greatly desirable in the application of intelligent and wearable devices. However, the multifunctional integration and low energy consumption of wearable devices remain a great challenge. Herein, inspired by the lotus leaf, a strategy of in situ asymmetric modification is proposed to construct a highly conductive and multifunctional Janus carbon felt@Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) composite. Due to the uniform AgNPs layer together with carbon fiber, the resultant multifunctional composite demonstrates high electric conductivity with shielding effectiveness (SE) of ∼65 dB at a thickness of 270 μm. The composite also exhibits a great joule-heating property with the saturated temperature of 61.1 °C at an extremely low voltage of 1 V, as well as boosted thermal durability. More importantly, the asymmetrical feature constructed by a unique nano-micro structure endows the composite with simultaneously hydrophobic and superhydrophilic properties, which may integrate sweat removal and waterproof functions for manufacturing comfortable wearable devices. In addition, the carbon felt@AgNPs composite displays enormous potential as a sensor for human motion monitoring. Therefore, this work would provide a vital sight for fabricating advanced wearable equipment with EMI shielding, thermal management, and multifunctional applications.

근해 유자망 어구를 이용한 어구자동식별장치의 현장 적용 시험에 관한 연구

In order to examine field applicability of the trial product of the automatic fishing gear identification device internalized in the Automatic Identification Monitoring System for Fishing Gears being presently developed, this researcher conducted field applicability tests and a survey to figure out problems that can occur in the process of fishing operation when it is attached to the drift gill net targeting coastal drift gill nets. Averagely, it took about 90.6 minutes for shooting and about 631 minutes for hauling. About the distance of moving, the drift gill net travelled 11,500m, 10,300m, and 2,033m in order in each of the sessions. According to the results of three field applicability tests on the trial product of the automatic fishing gear identification device, the B-type underwater transmitter’s trial product has been found to be more excellent than the A-type one in terms of the conditions of the exterior, water-proof function, PCB, and LED operation. The underwater transmitter of the automatic fishing gear identification device has been found to show little physical damage caused by external factors that can occur in underwater environment.BR Concerning the form of the receiver of the automatic fishing gear identification device, not the kit type combined with the buoy and receiver but either the all-in-one type integrated with the buoy and receiver or the bar type attachable to the buoy’s flagpole is ppropriate. Regarding the type of the receiver of the automatic fishing gear identification device fishermen prefer, all the respondents say they prefer the bar-type receiver. It is necessary to complement the underwater transmitter’s material, form, and intensity so that it can absorb the physical impact and friction that may occur in the process of repeating the shooting and hauling of the fishing gear. Also, by reflecting the requirements mentioned above as well as empirical tests on maritime communications connecting fishing boats, the automatic fishing gear identification device installed in the fishing gear, and the control system on land, follow-up field applicability tests will have to be done afterwards.

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF OPEN GRANITE STONE CURTAIN WALL

This paper developed the self-locking back bolt fastener and the open stone curtain wall with waterproof function aimed for installation accuracy, connection structure stability, waterproof leakage, and earthquake resistance in constructing open granite stone curtain walls. The practice shows that applying this construction technology improves the stability and seismic performance of the curtain wall connection structure while also ensuring the stone curtain wall's waterproof and decorative properties.

Rapid Changes in Composition and Contents of Cuticular Hydrocarbons in Sitobion avenae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Clones Adapting to Desiccation Stress.

Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) are diverse in insects, and include variable classes of cuticular lipids, contributing to waterproofing for insects under desiccation environments. However, this waterproofing function of CHCs is still not well characterized in aphids. In this study, we compared CHC profiles for desiccation-resistant and nonresistant genotypes of the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), in responses to desiccation. Our result showed that a total of 27 CHCs were detected in S. avenae, and linear alkanes (e.g., n-C29) were found to be the predominant components. Long-chain monomethyl alkanes were found to associate closely with water loss rates in S. avenae in most cases. Resistant genotypes of both wing morphs had higher contents of short-chain n-alkanes under control than nonresistant genotypes, showing the importance of short-chain n-alkanes in constitutive desiccation resistance. Among these, n-C25 might provide a CHC signature to distinguish between desiccation-resistant and nonresistant individuals. Compared with linear alkanes, methyl-branched CHCs appeared to display higher plasticity in rapid responses to desiccation, especially for 2-MeC26, implying that methyl-branched CHCs could be more sensitive to desiccation, and play more important roles in induced desiccation-resistance. Thus, both constitutive and induced CHCs (linear or methyl-branched) can contribute to adaptive responses of S. avenae populations under desiccation environments. Our results provide substantial evidence for adaptive changes of desiccation resistance and associated CHCs in S. avenae, and have significant implications for aphid evolution and management in the context of global climate change.

Visualization and monitoring of dynamic damaging–healing processes of polymers by using AIEgen-loaded multifunctional microcapsules

The damaging–healing processes of multifunctional polymer coatings with self-healing capability, photoprotection properties, and water-proof functions are clearly visualized and monitored using AIEgen-loaded multifunctional microcapsules.

Chemically Insignificant Social Parasites Exhibit More Anti-Dehydration Behaviors than Their Hosts.

Simple SummarySocial parasites use a variety of deceptive mechanisms to avoid detection by their social-insect hosts and get tolerance in their colonies. One of these mechanisms is chemical insignificance, where social parasites have reduced amounts of recognition cues—hydrocarbons—on their cuticle, thus evading host chemical detection. This exposes social parasites to dehydration stress, as cuticular hydrocarbons also limit body water loss. By analyzing behavioral data from field observations, here we show that a Polistes wasp social parasite exhibits water-saving behaviors; parasites were less active than their cohabiting host foundresses, spent more time at the nest, and rested in the shadow, contradicting the rule that dominant individuals occupy prominent positions at the nest.Social parasites have evolved adaptations to overcome host resistance as they infiltrate host colonies and establish there. Among the chemical adaptations, a few species are chemically “insignificant”; they are poor in recognition cues (cuticular hydrocarbons) and evade host detection. As cuticular hydrocarbons also serve a waterproofing function, chemical insignificance is beneficial as it protects parasites from being detected but is potentially harmful because it exposes parasites to desiccation stress. Here I tested whether the social parasites Polistes atrimandibularis employ behavioral water-saving strategies when they live at Polistes biglumis colonies. Observations in the field showed that parasites were less active than their cohabiting host foundresses, spent more time at the nest, and rested in the shadowy, back face of the nest, rather than at the front face, which contradicted expectations for the use of space for dominant females—typically, dominants rest at the nest front-face. These data suggest that behavioral adaptations might promote resistance to desiccation stress in chemical insignificant social parasites.

Development and application of cutterhead vibration monitoring system for TBM tunnelling

During TBM tunnelling, the rock breaking by cutters usually induces vibration. The cutterhead vibration is composed of all cutter vibrations. On the one hand, cutterhead vibration directly affects the life of the cutter, cutterhead and main gear. On the other hand, cutterhead vibration reflects the TBM excavation performance. In this paper, a cutterhead vibration monitoring system for TBM tunnelling was developed. The system consisted of the data acquisition module, communication and control module, as well as data processing and display module. Acceleration sensor, gyroscope and clock chip were integrated into a sensor board to acquire triaxial vibration data, cutterhead rotating status and acquisition time. The installation structure with anti-hit and water-proof functions was designed to ensure the stable operation of the system. Three types of data acquisition modes were proposed to meet the different monitoring scenarios. The system was applied in a TBM tunnelling project. Based on the normal monitored data in TBM tunnelling and penetration tests data, the differences in amplitude and frequency of triaxial vibration, as well as the effect of geological conditions and operating parameters on cutterhead vibration characteristics were analyzed. The engineering application showed that this system can reflect the changes of the geological conditions and operating parameters, providing guidance for the TBM tunnelling.

In-situ determination of soil water retention curves in heterogeneous soil profiles with a novel dielectric tube sensor for measuring soil matric potential and water content

Techniques of determining soil water retention curve (SWRC) have been developed for several decades, but very few have considered the heterogeneity of SWRC at different depths caused by texture, structure and other constituents. In this study, we designed a novel dielectric tube sensor (DTS) moving in a pair of tubes installed in-situ to measure soil water content (SWC) and soil matric potential (SMP) in heterogeneous soil profiles for determining wetting-path SWRCs. A series of experiments were conducted to test the optimal size of DTS, calibrate the DTS for SWC measurement and SMP measurement, test the water proof function of the impermeable sheet and equilibrium rate of SMP tube and determine SWRCs in a layered and stony soil tank with a relatively slow drip irrigation. Commercial sensors were also employed in comparison with the DTS during the drip irrigation experiment. The results showed that when the distance of the two electrodes of the DTS was 5 mm, the measurement range, volume of sensitivity and coefficient of variation were optimal. The calibration results verified that the DTS was suitable to measure volumetric SWC (R2 > 0.9914) and SMP (R2 = 0.9992). The SMP tube exhibits good water-proof property among different layers, and the average equilibrium rate was 2.1 kPa·s−1 in loamy soil and 7.3 kPa·s−1 in pure sand. The dynamics of SWC and SMP measured by the DTS approximately agreed well with the data measured by the commercial sensors. The relatively reduced agreement between the DTS and TEROS21 for SMP measurements may attribute to their different volume of sensitivity and installed position. Based on these, the wetting-path SWRCs were determined in-situ in a soil tank containing four kinds of soil samples. Furthermore, the determined SWRCs in four soil samples verified that stones decreased soil water holding capacity.