Water Productivity Values Research Articles

How do rootstocks of citron watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides) affect the yield and quality of watermelon under deficit irrigation?

Deficit irrigation practices and utilization of rootstocks that are tolerant to water stress are critical strategies for the protection of water resources and sustainable irrigation management, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the yield and quality of watermelon grafted onto different rootstocks under deficit irrigation conditions during 2017 and 2018 in the Konya Plain of Turkey, where the semi-arid climate is prevalent. In this study, five different plant materials, such as citroides1 (A1), citroides2 (A2), gourd (A3), hybrid TZ148 (A4) rootstocks grafted with the Crimson Tide variety, and non-grafted Crimson Tide as control (K1), were used as the main-plots. Five different irrigation levels, calculated by taking into account the amounts of cumulative water (Ep) that evaporated at 7-day intervals from Class A Pan (I100 = 1.00Ep; I75 = 0.75Ep; I50 = 0.50Ep; I35 = 0.35Ep, and I0 = rain-fed), were used as the sub-plots.When the average of experimental years was considered, the highest rate of evapotranspiration (ET) was found in the plot A4I100 (615 mm). The highest fruit yield was obtained from the A4I100 (93.4 t/ha), and an increase in yield of up to 35 % was achieved in the A4I100, compared to non-grafted plants applied I100 irrigation level (K1I100). The analysis of data by both separate evaluation and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the yield values obtained from plants grafted onto A4, A1, and A2 rootstocks applied I75 irrigation level were higher than non-grafted plants applied I100 irrigation level. The water productivity (WP) and irrigation water productivity (IWP) ranged between 7.1–17.4 kg/m3 and 11.7–25.0 kg/m3, respectively, and a significant increase in the values of WP and IWP was achieved by grafting. This two-year study revealed that the performances of citron watermelon rootstocks were found close to the TZ148 rootstock in terms of fruit yield, certain yield components, WP, and IWP. Thus, it has also been demonstrated that the citron watermelons could be used commercially as watermelon rootstocks, and citron watermelon rootstocks could be used as watermelon rootstocks in breeding programs, in order to save water, especially in arid and semi-arid regions.

Using Raised Bed and Irrigation cut-off for Saving Irrigation Water and Increasing Wheat Productivity in North Nile Delta

In Egypt, surface irrigation and irrigation till the tail end of the furrows or borders are commonly used with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and other crops, but they lead to poor aeration and ineffective use of water and fertilizers. Therefore, raised beds planting method and cut-off irrigation improve wheat productivity and raise water and fertilizer use efficiencies. A field experiment was carried out in two winter growing seasons (2017/18 and 2018/19) at Sakha Agricultural Research Station Farm, Kafr EL-sheikh Governorate. The objective was to evaluate the impact of raised bed and irrigation cut-off on growth and yield of wheat (Misr-1 variety), some water relations and the contribution of ground water table on water consumption. A split plot design was used with three replicates. The main plots were occupied by raised bed treatments: farmer's conventional flat planting method (F1), furrow 60 cm width (F2) and furrow 120 cm width (F3). The sub plots were devoted to irrigation cut-off treatments: cut-off at 100% of strip length, C100% (control), cut-off at 90% of strip length (C90%) and cut-off at 80% of strip length (C80%). The results revealed that C90% combined with F3 achieved the lowest values of seasonal applied water and water consumptive use and the highest values of water productivity (9.69 L.E m-3), water application efficiency (Ea) and grain and straw yields. On the other hand, C80% recorded the highest contribution value of ground water table (CGWT) of water consumption (21.4%), leading to increase of water saving. (with 34.05% increase)

Laser Land Levelling for Higher Water Productivity in Rice-Wheat System

Awareness of water conservation has been increasing and understandings of conservation technologies have made headway in the world agriculture. Enhancement in water productivity has been the key objective of planners and the stakeholders. Many water conservation techniques or technologies help in enhancing the water productivity also prevent salt build-up and land degradation. Laser land levelling is one of the many such techniques, which has popularized to a certain extent. Yet its spread has not been significant. Realizing the potential of laser land levelling, the ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (ICAR-CSSRI), Karnal, Haryana, India had imported a laser operated land leveller some three decades back. Few research and field evaluation studies have been made in the context of on-farm water savings as well as to judge the impact of this technology on small and marginal farmers. The present study highlights an on-farm as well as observations made in the farmers’ fields, on the basis of scientific observations of information collected at the ICAR-CSSRI farm on the smoothness of the soil surface achieved, uniformity of soil moisture distribution, water requirement for irrigation, as well as saving of time yield differentials of the crops in conventionally levelled and laser levelled fields. A total of 19 farmers’ fields were studied in Pundrak, Zarifa and Kalayat villages in Haryana besides two controlled studies at ICAR-CSSRI farm, Karnal. The values of Levelling Index (LI) for before and after conventional levelling have been evaluated as 3.0 cm and 2.1 cm respectively, whereas in the laser levelled fields, these were 1.93 cm and 0.85 cm respectively. The application time for irrigation in laser levelled fields has reduced to 3.5-4.5 hours from about 6 hours required in conventionally levelled fields for 0.4 ha (1 Acre). The average values of water productivity in conventional and laser-levelled fields have been evaluated at 1.5 and 2.4 kg/m3, respectively for wheat and 0.4 and 0.5 kg/m3 respectively for rice. For the fields having LI of 0.75 cm, the application efficiency has been as high as 90% in comparison to 45% for the field having LI of 6.75 cm. The estimated net profit ranged Rs. 1000 – 1200 for the first year, which rose to Rs. 4000 – 5000 in the second year onwards, during the study for the laser levelled fields. Besides the technical appraisal, the paper highlights the limitations such as necessity of repeat application of laser land levelling once in three years. Fortunately more than 500 custom hiring units have already appeared in the North Indian states due to sensitization through trainings and demonstrations of this technology.

Crop Water Production Functions for Winter Wheat with Drip Fertigation in the North China Plain

During four consecutive growing seasons (2014–2018), field experiments were conducted in the North China to determine winter wheat production function. The field experiments were carried out using winter wheat subjected to four N levels (N120, N180, N240, and N300) and three irrigation levels (If, I0.8f, and I0.6f). The main aims were to characterize winter wheat productivity, drought response factor Ky, and the winter wheat grain yield production functions in relation to water supply under the different N fertilizer levels. The amount of water supply (rain + irrigation) were 326–434, 333–441, 384–492, and 332–440 mm in 2014–2015, 2015–2016, 2016–2017, and 2017–2018 growing seasons, respectively. Similarly, the values of ETa (including the contribution from soil water storage) were 413–466, 384–468, 401–466, and 417–467 mm in 2014–2015, 2015–2016, 2016–2017, and 2017–2018, respectively. ETa increased as the amount of irrigation increased. The average values of If, I0.8f, and I0.6f over the four growing seasons were 459–465, 432–446, and 404–413 mm, respectively. For the same amount of irrigation, there was only small difference in ETa among different nitrogen levels; for the three irrigation levels, the values of ETa in N120, N180, N240, and N300 ranged from 384 to 466, 384 to 466, 385 to 467, and 407 to 468 mm, respectively. Water productivity values ranged from 1.69 to 2.50 kg m−3 for (rain + irrigation) and 1.45 to 2.05 kg·m−3 for ETa. The Ky linearly decreased with the increase in nitrogen amount, and the values of r were greater than 0.92. The values of Ky for winter wheat in N120, N180, N240, and N300 were 1.54, 1.41, 1.28, and 1.25, respectively. The mean value of Ky for winter wheat over the three irrigation levels and the four nitrogen levels was 1.37 (r = 0.95). In summary, to gain higher grain yield and WUE, optimal combination of N fertilizer of 180–240 kg·ha−1 and irrigation quota of 36–45 mm per irrigation should be applied for winter wheat with drip fertigation in the North China Plain.

Effect of Deficit Irrigation and Biochar Application on Growth, Yield Components , Water Use Efficiency and Water Productivity of Banana ( Musa sapientum) Grown in Sandy Soil Under Drip Irrigation تاثیر نقص الرى وإضافة البیوتشار على کفاءة إستخدام المیاه والانتاجیة المائیة لمحصول الموز المزروع فى التربة الرملیة تحت نظام الرى بالتنقیط

A two-season field experiment was conducted investigate the effect of deficit irrigation treatments: 100% (D1), 80% (D2) and 60% (D3) of the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and biochar application: 0.2 wt.% (B1) and 0.4 wt.% (B2) on the growth , water use efficiency (WUE) and Water Productivity (WP) of banana plant grown in sandy soil under drip irrigation. Results indicated that all bananas’ vegetative growth parameters, and the fruit yield and its measured quality parameters were significantly impacted (P˂0.05) by treatments. Results showed that the highest yield of banana (36.20 and 36.38 ton/fed.) was recorded with D1B2 treatment in both seasons, while the lowest yield (21.23 and 21.73 ton/fed.) was recorded due to D3B1 treatment (60 % of ETc + 0.2 wt.% biochar) in both seasons. The total soluble solids, total sugars, and starch contents of banana fruit exhibited significant differences between all treatments of deficit irrigation and biochar application while its total acidity was not significantly impacted in both seasons. The maximum values of WUE (4.65 and 4.90 kg / m3) were as associated with D2B2 treatment (80 % of ETc + 0.4 wt. % biochar) in both seasons. The highest values of WP were associated with D2B2 treatment (9.57 LE/m3), followed by D1B2 treatment (8.15 LE/m3) while the lowest value of WP was due to D3B1 treatment in both seasons. This data indicates that combination of 80% of ETc and 0.4 wt. % biochar has saved a significant amount of irrigation water (20% reduction in irrigation water) without a compromise over neither the banana yield nor its fruits quality.

Evaluation of direct seeding and transplanting in sugar beet for water productivity, yield and quality under different irrigation regimes and planting densities

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of plant density, planting method and irrigation regime on water productivity and yield of sugar beet for two years during 2017 and 2018. The planted cultivar was Shokoofa with three irrigation levels: 100%, 75% and 50% of the full irrigation (1368 mm in 2017 and 1412 mm in 2018) as I100, I75 and I50, respectively, two planting methods: direct seeding (D) and transplanting (T) and four planting densities: 180,000, 135,000, 90,000, and 45,000 plants ha−1 as P180, P135, P90, and P45, respectively. Transplanting reduced applied water by about 24% and evapotranspiration about 25% as compared with direct seeding. Decreasing irrigation level, the root yield decreased about 7.4% in I75 to 26.4% in I50 as compared with I100. The difference between white sugar yield in I100 and I75 were not significant, but decreased significantly 17% in I50 as compared to I100 and I75. The root yield and white sugar yield in P90 treatment were higher than other treatments. The values of irrigation water productivity (WPIrrig) and white sugar yield water productivity (WPWSY) increased by 21.7% in I75 to 35.2% in I50 and 26.3% in I75 to 41.7% in I50, respectively as compared to I100. The difference between WPC in I75 and I50 were not significant and increased about 16.1% as compared to I100. Transplanting increased the root yield 7.7% and WPC, WPIrrig and WPWSY 45.7%, 44.7% and 47.7% as compared with direct seeding. The mean highest values of WPC, WPIrrig and WPWSY were 9.32, 9.95 and 1.39 kg m−3, respectively in P3 treatment. Therefore, in regions with scarce water resources, combination of transplanting method and plant density of 90,000 plant ha−1 under deficit irrigation in the level of 75% of full irrigation is suggested to obtain optimum sugar beet yield.

Evaluating the Effect of Supplementary Irrigation on Improvement of Economic Water Productivity for Winter Wheat

Utilizing of subsurface water retention technology is a modern technique to retain and save the application water for sustainability of agricultural production through scheduling and management the irrigation processes. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the effect of the supplementary irrigation and rainfed water on improvement of economic water productivity for winter wheat. The experiment was conducted in open field, within Joeybeh Township, located in east of the Ramadi City, in Anbar Province, for the growing season 2018-2019. Two plots were used for comparison process, the first plot where membrane trough below the root depth was installed and supplementary irrigation system was conducted beside the rainfed water and according to scheduling the irrigation process as checkbook method. While in second plot, the membrane trough was installed and only rainfed water was depend on. Cultivated date of winter wheat was December, 20th, 2018, and the harvest date was May, 10th, 2019. The obtained result was showed that the crop yield and economic water productivity from the first plot and the second plot were equaled to 0.52 kg/m2 and 0.35 kg/m2, and 930 ID/m3 and 800 ID/m3, respectively. The increasing value of crop yield and economic water productivity in the first plot was more than that in the second plot by 49 % and 16 %, respectively. The benefits of applying supplementary irrigation system with installing the new techniques of retaining the applied water were sufficient in improvement the crop yield and accordingly improved value of the economic water productivity.

European Borage (Borago officinalis L.) Yield and Profitability under Different Irrigation Systems

European borage (Borago officinalis L.) is a cultivated medicinal plant in Iran, but common agronomic practices about profitable cultivation are mostly unknown. A 2-yr field experiment (2013 and 2014) was conducted in Guilan Province of northern Iran to evaluate European borage yield and profitability under irrigation with surface and drip irrigation systems. Treatments included (i) rainfed production (I0, control), (ii) single irrigation (I1) applied with surface irrigation alone and drip irrigation alone, and (iii) two irrigations (I2) applied with surface irrigation alone and drip irrigation alone. In 2013, I1 increased flower dry weight by 41.0% and seed weight by 7.1% compared with rainfed European borage, while with I2, the increases in those traits were 23.4% and 0.6%, respectively. In 2014, I1 increased flower dry weight by 78.0% and seed weight by 21.3% compared with rainfed European borage, while the respective increases were 51.8% and 17.3% with I2. On average, drip irrigation provided higher flower dry weight and seed weight by 39.3% and 12.6%, respectively, compared with surface irrigation. Drip irrigation increased variable costs by 165.2% compared with surface irrigation but resulted in increased gross income by 23.2%. Partial budgeting showed that I1 with drip irrigation provided the maximum net profit in both years. Based on the final rate of return, investing in the treatment I1 with drip irrigation was better than investing in the other treatments. Moreover, I1 with drip irrigation showed the highest value of economic water productivity and could be considered for improving the net income of European borage farmers.

Growth, water productivity, nutritive value, and physiology responses of silage corn to water stress

AbstractWater is a crucial factor affecting expression of crop yield potential. A field experiment was conducted during 2014 and 2015 to determine the effect of limited water on growth, yield, water productivity (WP), nutritive value, and physiological parameters of silage corn (Zea mays L.) grown in a semi‐arid region. Hybrid ‘P8107HR’ was planted in replicated plots under 100ETc (100% crop evapotranspiration), 80ETc, 60ETc, and limited 100ETc (100ETc from planting to V9, no water from V9 to R3, then 100ETc again) managed with a surface drip irrigation. Canopy height, leaf area index (LAI), specific leaf area (SLA), biomass yield, WP, and nutritive value were determined. Photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E), and intrinsic WP (iWP) were obtained with an infrared gas analyzer from V14 to R2 stages. Relative water content (RWC) of leaves was determined at V8, V12, VT, and R3 stages. Results showed that canopy height and biomass yield were greatly affected by water stress. Biomass yield decreased by 40% in the limited 100ETc treatment compared to 100ETc, with no effect of irrigation on nutritive value. Water‐stressed plants from V14 to R2 were affected in their ability to perform gas exchange and exhibited changes in crop growth and biomass yield. RWC was affected by water stress, mostly under 60ETc at V8 (71%) and VT (78%). Overall, limited water at late vegetative and early reproductive stages affected physiology and yield of silage corn, indicating that irrigation timing is a key factor for optimizing silage corn production in water‐scarce regions.

Water productivity of irrigated maize production systems in Northern China: A meta-analysis

Understanding water productivity (WP) on a regional scale is useful for identifying and managing inefficiencies in irrigated crop production systems. However, relevant WP analyses are not available for maize production systems in China. A meta-analysis was conducted of maize WP in Northern China that included 2354 observations from 282 articles published between January 2000 and March 2018. Our goal was to quantify the current WP and its constraining factors, and estimate the boundary function for WP in the different maize agro-ecological zones of Northern China. The Northern China average WP across the large set of field experiments was 22.3 kg ha–1 mm–1, with Northeast China (NE, 25.8 kg ha–1 mm–1) > North China Plain (NCP, 22.3 kg ha–1 mm–1) ≈ Northwest China (NW, 21.6 kg ha–1 mm–1). The boundary function for WP had slopes of 42.5, 36.8 and 40.4 kg ha−1 mm−1 for NW, NCP and NE, respectively. The WP was significantly correlated with latitude, vapor pressure deficit, N application rate, seasonal average temperature, experimental regions and years. WP was increased by optimal irrigation, soil surface with plastic mulch, deep tillage, straw incorporation into the soil, ridge planting, and the application of super absorbent polymer. In this study, we provided both reference WP values, recommendations to achieve higher WP and identification of regions with opportunities for improvement.

Water-Saving Technologies and Total Factor Productivity Growth in Small Horticultural Farms in Algeria

Investment in water-saving technologies (WST) was always considered as a solution to manage water demand. Indeed, the adoption of these techniques allows the use of less water in the agricultural production process. Actually, the WST have been widely promoted in Algeria in the last two decades. However, little research exists to support popular claims about their effectiveness. This study aims first, to identify the inputs use differentials between farmers using WST and traditional techniques (gravity irrigation) and, second, to evaluate the impact of WST use on total factor productivity growth (TFP) and determine the contribution of the different inputs in the overall TFP growth of small-scale horticultural farms in the northeastern Algeria (Jijel region). The Tornqvist-Theil index was used for the computation and decomposition of TFP. The results show that the differences of water consumption, gross margin, water productivity and water value indicators between the two groups of farms are statistically significant at 5%. The output growth differential between WST users and non-users is on average 12.73%. It is composed of 6.65% from input growth and 6.08% from TFP growth. Alternatively, output could be increased by 6.08% in average when using the same amount of input. These findings indicate the potential impact of WST on TFP gain. These findings provide helpful information for policy makers to expand the use of these technologies for a better use of irrigation water.

The Effect of Boron, Humic Acid and Interference on Water Productivity and Yield of Cauliflower (Brassica Oleracea)

An experiment has been carried out at field in Gardmalla/Qushtapa with reading GPS (longitude 440035E, Latitude 360023N) ,414 meter above sea level, 15.5 Km far Southern of Erbil city during the Winter season of 2017 to test the effect of application humic acid in soil and spraying boron on the growth and productivity of water on cauliflower. Factorial experiment 3 (humic acid) (0, 10 and 20 kg ha-1 using) × 4 (boron foliar) ( 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 kg B ha-1 ) using solid snow cultivars in RCBD with three replicates.Planting solid snow cultivars was done on 11/7/2017 (seeding date), 10 /8 /2017 (transfer to field) and 22/12/ 2017 picking or harvesting date. Irrigation water was applied at 35% depletion to the depth of total plant root and calculate the depth of water applied up to field capacity. Irrigation system is surface flow irrigation through line pipe provided with meter gages for measuring water applied.The results show that the application of boron and humic acid increase significantly all growth and yield parameters of cauliflower improved the highest values of leaf length (cm), leaf width (cm) and chlorophyll content (mg/cm2), recorded 47.67 cm, 28.45 cm and 40.66 mg/cm2; 75.39 cm, 37.55 cm and 43.11 mg/cm2 and 80.0 cm, 40.29 cm and 47.33 mg/cm2 in treatment 2 kg ha-1 of boron foliar and 0, 10 and 20 kg ha-1 of humic acid addition, respectively. The values of curd weight (kg), curd diameter (cm) and total yield (Mg/ha) values were 0.97 kg, 19.45 cm and 25.38 Mg/ha; 1.33 kg, 22.33 cm and 32.66 Mg/ha and 1.40 kg, 23.78 cm and 36.53 Mg/ha in treatment 2 kg ha-1 of boron foliar and 0, 10 and 20 kg ha-1 of humic acid application, respectively. Values of water productivity (Kg/m3) ranged between 6.25 to 12.18 Kg fresh (green) curd m-3 water applied.

The Effect of Boron, Humic Acid and Interference on Water Productivity and Yield of Cauliflower (Brassica Oleracea)

An experiment has been carried out at field in Gardmalla/Qushtapa with reading GPS (longitude 440035E, Latitude 360023N) ,414 meter above sea level, 15.5 Km far Southern of Erbil city during the Winter season of 2017 to test the effect of application humic acid in soil and spraying boron on the growth and productivity of water on cauliflower. Factorial experiment 3 (humic acid) (0, 10 and 20 kg ha-1 using) × 4 (boron foliar) ( 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 kg B ha-1 ) using solid snow cultivars in RCBD with three replicates. Planting solid snow cultivars was done on 11/7/2017 (seeding date), 10 /8 /2017 (transfer to field) and 22/12/ 2017 picking or harvesting date. Irrigation water was applied at 35% depletion to the depth of total plant root and calculate the depth of water applied up to field capacity. Irrigation system is surface flow irrigation through line pipe provided with meter gages for measuring water applied. The results show that the application of boron and humic acid increase significantly all growth and yield parameters of cauliflower improved the highest values of leaf length (cm), leaf width (cm) and chlorophyll content (mg/cm2), recorded 47.67 cm, 28.45 cm and 40.66 mg/cm2; 75.39 cm, 37.55 cm and 43.11 mg/cm2 and 80.0 cm, 40.29 cm and 47.33 mg/cm2 in treatment 2 kg ha-1 of boron foliar and 0, 10 and 20 kg ha-1 of humic acid addition, respectively. The values of curd weight (kg), curd diameter (cm) and total yield (Mg/ha) values were 0.97 kg, 19.45 cm and 25.38 Mg/ha; 1.33 kg, 22.33 cm and 32.66 Mg/ha and 1.40 kg, 23.78 cm and 36.53 Mg/ha in treatment 2 kg ha-1 of boron foliar and 0, 10 and 20 kg ha-1 of humic acid application, respectively. Values of water productivity (Kg/m3) ranged between 6.25 to 12.18 Kg fresh (green) curd m-3 water applied.

Improving Irrigation Regimes and Plant Spacing to Maximize Rice Grain Yield and Water Productivity

Field experiments were initiated during 2017 and 2018 seasons at the Experimental Farm of Sakha Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt to explore the effects of different irrigation regimes and plant spacing on growth, grain yield and water productivity of Giza 179 rice cultivar. The experiments were laid out in a strip-plot design with three replications. Three irrigation treatments namely, continuous flooding (CF), irrigation every 6 (6D) and 9 days (9D) were located in the horizontal plots. However, the vertical plots were occupied by four plant spacing i.e. 15 x 20, 20 x 20, 25 x 20 and 30 x 20 cm. The main results revealed growth, grain yield and it components were significantly increased at CF and 6D compared to 9D treatment. The close spacing (15 x 20 or 20 x 20 cm) registered higher values of growth and grain yield than of wider one (30 x 20 cm). The density response gradually increased with prolonging irrigation from CF to 6D and recorded the maximum response to narrow spacing 9D treatment. CF recorded the highest amount of water usage, while the lowest amount was received by 9D treatment. Irrigation every 6 days gave similar grain yield to CF with less amount of water and gave reasonable water productivity. Generally, it could be concluded that, under the same conditions, using irrigation every 6 days with the close spacing (15 x 20 or 20 x 20 cm) leads to high values of growth, grain yield, and water productivity for Giza 179 cultivar.

EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF DEFICIT IRRIGATION ON WATER USE EFFICIENCY AND CUCUMBER GROWTH UNDER GREENHOUSE MANAGEMENT, NIGERIA

Water use efficiency (WUE) increment and reduction in amount of irrigation are important role played by deficit irrigation. Deficit irrigation is a well-accepted practice to optimize increase water use, thereby saving cost, by allowing crops to withstand mild water stress with no or only marginal decreases in yield and quality. Greenhouse experiments were conducted using a deficit irrigation program on cucumber crops under drip irrigation during 2018–2019 growing season, to determine the crop water requirements in greenhouse and WUE of cucumber crop using a deficit irrigation program at different stages of growth. Irrigation treatments consisted of 12 levels of ETc (20%-100%), deficit irrigation tested at different growth stages (initial, mid and late stage of growth) for a total of 12 treatments at each experiment. The maximum amount of water applied to the crop was 455 mm for the 20% ETc treatment while the minimum water applied was 247 mm for 100% ETc treatment. The ETc ranges between 223 and 407 mm for the different treatments. The results indicated that, cucumber could stand a shortage of water during the growth and water use efficiency (WUE) and water productivity (WP) values increased when water amounts decreased; these values decreased to 45.6 and 24 kg/m3, respectively. Water resource management under water scarcity bring about different policies aim at reducing the non-beneficial water uses, particularly those corresponding to water consumption and to the non-reusable fraction of the diverted water.

The effect of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) on advance vegetative phase to the water stress and water productivity of Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) plant

The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of regulated deficit irrigation on advance vegetative phase to the water productivity of Soybean. This research was conducted under plastic house on the field laboratory of Lampung University from October 2018 to January 2019. The water stress treatments in regulated deficit irrigation levels were DI1 (0 – 100 %) of total available water as a control, DI2 (0 – 80 %), DI3 (0 – 60 %), DI4 (0 – 40 %) and DI5 (0 – 20 %) of total available water (TAW) arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. The results showed that the soybean plant started to experience stress from week IV, the soybean plant started to experience stress within 0-40 % of total available water and continuing to stress until the end of growth, even the RDI treatment was stop at week VI. It means that the soybean plant which experience to tress at vegetative advance can’t be recovered even the soybean plant was irrigated to bring back the water to the field capacity. The (p) value was 0.6 and the Ks value were 0.84; 0.70; 0.68; 0.80, 0.86 and 0.88 at week IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX, respectively. The average Ks value was 0.79. There was no significant different between DI1 DI2, and DI3 in water productivity of soybean plant. The value of water productivity were 0.65, 0.49, 0.48, 0.40 and 0.42 at DI1, DI2, DI3, DI4, DI5, respectively. The optimum water management which the high crop water productivity (WP=0.48) was reach by RDI at DI3 treatment which maintain the available water between 0-60 % or the soybean plant must be irrigate by bring back the water to the 60 % of total available water. The optimum yield of soybean (Anjasmoro veriety) was 17.9 g/pot and crop water requirement was 36746.5 ml or equal to 566.08 mm.

Water And Land Productivity of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) Cultivation on Floating Pot in Wetland

The objective of this study was to determine the values of water productivity and land productivity at the floating pot on wetland and to find out whether the floating pots were optimal or not for agriculture in wetlands. The planting media used were mineral soil, and peat soil consisting of 0%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 100% each of which had hydraulic conductivity values respectively except the 100% was 36.07 cm/hour, 38.33 cm/hour, 51.23 cm/hour and 69.60 cm/hour. The water delivery used was legacy cloth which had hydraulic conductivity value was 158.4 cm/hour. The floating pots were applied to the experiment tank in the greenhouse. The decrease in water level in the experimental pool was total evapotranspiration for all plants in five types of planting media. Water level reduction during the 41-days planting period was 40.56 mm with a total water volume was 0.081 m 3 . The productivity values of land and water in the 0%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 100% peat planting media, respectively were 1.29, 1.25, 1.06, 0.8 dan 0 kg/m 2 dan 1.63, 1.63, 1.38, 1.04 dan 0 kg/m 3 . The objective of this study was to determine the values of water productivity and land productivity at the floating pot on wetland and to find out whether the floating pots were optimal or not for agriculture in wetlands . The planting media used were mineral soil, and peat soil consisting of 0%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 100% each of which had hydraulic conductivity values respectively except the 100% was 36.07 cm/hour, 38.33 cm/hour, 51.23 cm/hour and 69.60 cm/hour. The water delivery used was legacy cloth which had hydraulic conductivity value was 158.4 cm/hour. The floating pots were applied to the experiment tank in the greenhouse. The decrease in water level in the experimental pool was total evapotranspiration for all plants in five types of planting media. Water level reduction during the 41-days planting period was 40.56 mm with a total water volume was 0.081 m 3 . The productivity values of land and water in the 0%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 100% peat planting media, respectively were 1.29, 1.25, 1.06, 0.8 dan 0 kg/m 2 dan 1.63, 1.63, 1.38, 1.04 dan 0 kg/m 3 . Normal 0 false false false IN X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Table Normal; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:107%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}

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Moisture availability is a fundamental challenge to rice productivity in the rainfed environment. Most of the rice varieties released for cultivation under rainfed ecosystem in Tanzania are missing out on information about their moisture requirement under different soil moisture regimes. A pot experiment was conducted at Ifakara in a split-plot design. The main plots was assigned to water regimes of 100, 75, 50 and 25% based on saturated soil conditions, and the sub-plots were assigned to six rice varieties NERICA 1, NERICA 2, NERICA 4, TXD 306, Tai and Komboka. The results revealed that TXD 306 produced the highest grain yields after utilizing 36.91 kg water followed by Tai 30.24 kg water, Komboka 30.20 kg water and NERICA 4 27.47 kg water at 100% moisture saturation. NERICA 1 and NERICA 2 produced the highest grain yields at 75% moisture saturation transpiring 25.28 and 19.05 kg water, respectively. It was concluded that 100% moisture saturation in soils was the optimum moisture for TXD 306, Tai, Komboka and NERICA4 rice varieties since they produced the highest grain yields with highest productivity value than other moisture regimes investigated, and 75% moisture in soils was the optimum moisture requirement for NERICA1 and NERICA2 rice varieties at which they produced the highest grain yield and water productivity value. In the lower soil moisture contents of 50 and 25%, NERICA 2 and NERICA 4 rice varieties had higher grain yield and productivity value than the other varieties and are therefore recommended for cultivation in areas with moisture limited conditions. Key words: NERICA, productivity, rainfed rice, soil moisture levels, water use.

Improvement Water Productivity of Eggplant Under Subsurface Water Retention Technology

A study of the evaluation of the water productivity (WP) of eggplant under subsurface water retention technology (SWRT) through membrane sheet installed under the root zone has been conducted in sandy loam soil located in Al-Fahamah Township, Baghdad, during two growing seasons (from January 10th to May 31st, 2017 in a greenhouse and from April 9th to July 10th, 2017 in open field). For this purpose, two treatments plot with membrane sheet and without using membrane sheet were applied for each growing season to determine and compare the effect of water saving membrane on productivity of eggplant. Results showed apparent differences among the water productivities of eggplant in the greenhouse and open field. The WP values of eggplant inside greenhouse for SWRT treatment and control plot were 5640 ID/m3 and 3700 ID/m3, respectively and in open field were 2220 ID/m3 and 1570 ID/m3, respectively. The WP of eggplant for SWRT treatment was more than the control plot inside the greenhouse and in open field by 52 % and 40 %, respectively. The installation of membrane sheet below the soil surface was improved the value of water productivity of eggplant and more saving in applied of irrigation water.

Effect of Deficit Irrigation, Air injection and Nitrogen Fertilization on Water Productivity of Carrot under Subsurface Drip Irrigation System.

A field study was conducted in 2017-2018 to evaluate the effect of deficit irrigation, air injection and nitrogen fertilization on yield and water productivity of carrot under subsurface drip irrigation system. Experimental treatments were three levels ofdeficit irrigation (60%, 80% and 100%) of full crop water requirements and three types of nitrogen fertilizer(nitric acid(HNO3)48 % N, urea CO(NH2)2 46% N and ammonium nitrate(NH4NO3)33.5% N, with air injection treatment (12% air by volume of water). The results show that the yield and water productivity as well as the length of carrot root significantly increased for air injection treatments. On the other hand, the carrot diameter increase was not significant. The highest value of the carrot root yield (19.487 ton/fed) was obtained due to deficit irrigation 60% (I60%) and ammonium nitrate(NH4NO3)with air injection. Also, treatment of deficit irrigation (I80%) and urea fertilization CO(NH2)2 with air injection resulted 17.437 (ton/ fed) carrot roots which was significantly higher than that of non-air injection treatments. Also,the highest values of water productivity of carrot were 185.189 and 101.376 kg/m3obtained due to(I60%) with (NH4NO3)and co(NH2)2underair injection treatments, respectively. The highest lengths of carrot (cm) were 19.800 and 19.000 (cm)obtained due to (I80%) with CO(NH2)2and (I100%) with (NH4NO3), under air injection treatments, respectively. The highest values of carrotdiameter were 42.153 and 41.260 (mm) obtained due to treatment of full irrigation(I100%) and(NH4NO3) fertilizer withoutair injection and the treatment (I80%) and CO(NH2)2 fertilizer with air injection, respectively. Data from this study indicate that carrot yield and its water productivity can be improved byaerated sub surface drip irrigation system(SSDI).