Water Pollution Monitoring Research Articles

Detective Method for Water Pollution Based on Millimeter Wave Radiant Characteristics

Aim at monitoring water pollution, especially the aquatic vegetation, the multilayer dielectric model based on incoherent method is established to analysis the brightness temperature of aquatic vegetation. A 3 mm radiometer is used to measure the radiant characteristics of water pollution. Compared to 3 layer dielectric model, the simulation result of multilayer dielectric model is in better accordance with the experimental data, which shows that the multilayer dielectric model can model aquatic vegetation’s radiant characteristics more precisely. This result shows that water has millimeter wave radiant characteristics of low brightness temperature, cold target compared to aquatic vegetation. Based on the study of water’s brightness temperatures and aquatic vegetation’s radiant characteristics, the radiant characteristics can be used to monitor aquatic vegetation.

Риск-ориентированный контроль содержания в воде загрязняющих веществ

Риск-ориентированный контроль содержания в воде загрязняющих веществ

Enhancing Wireless Sensor Network Security using Artificial Neural Network based Trust Model

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is widely used in environmental conditions where the systems depend on sensing and monitoring approach. Water pollution monitoring system depends on a network of wireless sensing nodes which communicate together depending on a specific topological order. The nodes distributed in a harsh environment to detect the polluted zones within the WSN range based on the sensed data. WSN exposes several malicious attacks as a consequence of its presence in such open environment, so additional techniques are needed alongside with the existing cryptography approach. In this paper an enhanced trust model based on the use of radial base artificial neural network (RBANN) is presented to predict the future behavior of each node based on its weighted direct and indirect behaviors, in order to provide a comprehensive trust model that helps to detect and eliminate malicious nodes within the WSN. The proposed model considered the limited power, storage and processing capabilities of the system.

A UAV-Mounted Whole Cell Biosensor System for Environmental Monitoring Applications.

This study reports the development of a portable whole cell biosensor system for environmental monitoring applications, such as air quality control, water pollution monitoring, and radiation leakage detection. The system consists of a lightweight mechanical housing, a temperature regulating system, and a microfluidic bacterial inoculation channel. The overall system, which is less than 200 g, serves as a portable incubator for cell inoculation and can be mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle for monitoring remote and unreachable locations. The feedback control system maintains the inoculation temperature within 0.05 °C. The large surface-to-volume ratio of the polydimethylsiloxane microchannel facilitates effective gas exchange for rapid bacterial growth. Molecular dynamic simulation shows effective diffusion of major gas pollutants in PDMS toward gas sensing applications. By optimizing the design, we demonstrate the operation of the system in ambient temperatures from 5 °C to 32 °C and rapid bacterial growth in microchannels compared to standard bacterial culture techniques.

Sensing mechanism of RuO2–SnO2 thick film pH sensors studied by potentiometric method and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Abstract In this work, we developed thick film pH sensors based on the nanostructured RuO 2 –SnO 2 system and analyzed their sensing mechanism using the potentiometric and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) methods. The crystal structure and morphology of the sensitive films were investigated by X-ray diffractometry, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The potentiometric sensor exhibits Nernstian behavior (56.5 mV/pH) in the pH range of 2–12. It shows very fast response (5 s and 9 s, for acidic to basic and basic to acidic solutions), long lifetime, small hysteresis effect, and good reproducibility. Selectivity test proved that the presence of Li + , Na + , and K + ions in a solution had no significant influence on the sensor performance. Conductance, capacitance and impedance of the conductimetric pH sensor with the interdigitated electrode were found to vary with changing pH and as a function of the applied frequency in the range of 10 Hz–2 MHz. The EIS analysis of the complex impedance data by using Nyquist and Bode plots revealed the information about the underlying processes, like adsorption, diffusion and charge transfer, occurring at the metal oxide-solution interface. The proposed thick film pH sensors were intended to be used for water pollution monitoring.

Single cell gel electrophoresis as a tool to assess genetic damage in Heleobia cf. australis (Mollusca: Gastropoda) as sentinel for industrial and domestic pollution in Montevideo bay (Uruguay)

AbstractThe knowledge of the extent of DNA damage in aquatic organisms in polluted areas is an important issue because contamination may alter their health at sublethal levels. Although molluscs have been widely used to monitor water pollution, there are no records of in vivo genotoxicity studies. Heleobia cf. australis, is distributed in almost all Uruguayan coastal ecosystems, including highly polluted sites. The comet assay is a damage genetic biomarker based on the migration of negatively charged DNA fragments produced by mutagenic agents in individual cells. Live individuals were collected in the Montevideo Bay (impacted area) and Laguna Garzón (control) to analyze the presence of mutagenic agents in the former site through comet assay. Cells from organisms of the impacted area showed significantly higher levels of genetic damage than those obtained in the control population, measured by percentage of DNA in the tail. Although preliminary, this approach supports the idea that H. cf. australis could be used as a sentinel to evaluate the presence of mutagenic agents in estuarine environments, alerting to the impact of contamination in its early stages.

Nano Scale Methods for Water Pollution Monitoring

The article deals with issues related to the textiles coated with metal nanoparticles and detection of the concentrations of released particles in water. The main risks associated with the use of metal covered textiles are detaching of metal nanoparticles from the material during use and care and thus polluting the environment, or inhaled to get in a human or animal body. Nanoparticles can be detached from the textile during washing also, thus polluting the water body and making detriment to the living beings in them. This article aims to look at equipment for nanoparticle size and concentration detection in liquids. Described the world's most popular methods (Microscopy techniques, Photon Correlation Spectroscopy, Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis) and compared to new, alternative method - Gas Discharge Visualization (GDV) electrography. Within the framework of the article analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of each method and estimated the perspective of GDV electrography for detection of metal nanoparticles in water.

English

Rhodanese is a cyanide detoxifying enzyme. The role of man through his anthropogenic activities in and around water bodies have increased in recent times. These have led to constant exposure of water body to cyanide and cyanide compounds with increase to loss of many aquatic lives. There are limited methods employed in quick detection of cyanide in water. The aim of this paper was to present rhodanese, an enzyme, as a possible marker for detecting and monitoring water pollution as a result of environmental stress from anthropogenic activities and constant climatic changes.   Key words: Rhodanese, aquatic life, water body, cyanide, toxicity.

Internet of Deep Sea Things: Acoustic Communication,Monitoring Water Pollution and Raw Parameters in Deep Sea

Internet of Deep Sea Things: Acoustic Communication,Monitoring Water Pollution and Raw Parameters in Deep Sea

Assessing Organic Water Pollution of Inland Wetlands with Remote Sensing and Field Data

The purpose of this paper is to assess and monitor water pollution using satellite images, orthophotos, analytical data and field work in a group of Spanish wetlands located in central Spain. The increase in large-scale irrigation schemes, the intensive exploitation of water resources and the water pollution in this area have seriously impacted on these habitats. A multi-temporal analysis carried out from 1989 to 2013 shows the improvement or deterioration in water quality of seven of these wetlands. The water quality was determined using analytical and remote sensing data (vegetation index, spectral profiles and spatial profiles). Two case studies are presented: one wetland shows a remarkable improvement in water quality, with high eutrophication levels reduced as part of a clear decontamination process; the waters of the other wetland remained clean without eutrophication throughout the study period. Remote sensing techniques only detect the presence of algae in wetlands, and chemical analysis of the water is needed to confirm pollution. The integrated use of both methods will enable consultants and wetland managers to manage these areas better and mitigate the pollution problems.

Evaluation of the suitability of surface water from Riyadh Mainstream Saudi Arabia for a variety of uses

An evaluation of the suitability of surface water for different uses from the mainstream running through Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, was conducted using three indices namely: water quality index (WQI), percentage of sodium (%Na) and Nemerow’s pollution index (NPI). The water samples were collected on monthly basis from June 2009 to March 2010 from 10 sites. The WQI was calculated based on different water standards for different uses. Excellent water has WQI value of 50–100, where WQI is calculated based on 29 parameters. The permissible range of %Na in water used for irrigation purpose should be between 40% and 60%. On the other hand, if 0<NPI<1.0, then the water is regarded as being in a good condition. In this study, WQI ranged from 34 to 513 with an average of 282, thereby indicating mild pollution at some sites. The %Na value ranged between 19 and 66, with an average value of 46 indicating that the water is suitable for irrigation at most of the sites. The NPI ranged between 1 and 11 with an average value of 5, which indicates that water in most of the sites is in a good condition. It is recommended that surface water from these sites should not be used for human activities. The formulas used to calculate the water quality indices are easy to use thus providing a valuable tool for the accurate monitoring of water pollution.

Water pollutant monitoring by a whole cell array through lens-free detection on CCD.

Environmental contamination has become a serious problem to human and environmental health, as exposure to a wide range of possible contaminants continuously increases due to industrial and agricultural activities. Whole cell sensors have been proposed as a powerful tool to detect class-specific toxicants based upon their biological activity and bioavailability. We demonstrated a robust toxicant detection platform based on a bioluminescence whole cell sensor array biochip (LumiChip). LumiChip harbors an integrated temperature control and a 16-member sensor array, as well as a simple but highly efficient luminescence collection setup. On LumiChip, samples were infused in an oxygen-permeable microfluidic flow channel to reach the sensor array. Time-lapse changes in bioluminescence emitted by the array members were measured on a single window-removed linear charge-coupled device (CCD) commonly used in commercial industrial process control or in barcode readers. Removal of the protective window on the linear CCD allowed lens-free direct interfacing of LumiChip to the CCD surface for measurement with high light collection efficiency. Bioluminescence induced by simulated contamination events was detected within 15 to 45 minutes. The portable LumiSense system utilizing the linear CCD in combination with the miniaturized LumiChip is a promising potential platform for on-site environmental monitoring of toxicant contamination.

Effects of Cadmium Exposure on Reproduction and Survival of the Planktonic Copepod Centropages ponticus

Heavy metal pollution is a growing environmental problem in marine coastal waters; for this reason the monitoring of water pollution needs the availability of test-species able to furnish reliable and cheap results. From this point of view, copepods are important test organisms owing to their wide distribution and for their key-position within the food web. As Centropages ponticus seems to be a promising target-species in ecotoxicology. The present study assesses the toxic effects of cadmium (Cd) on survival and reproductive performance of C. ponticus. A microcosm experiment was carried out for this study. Copepods were exposed to cadmium that ranged in concentration from 0.1 to 200 µg Cd.L-1 and effects were examined after 24 hours. The results show that treatments with cadmium significantly affect survival in copepods at concentration equal or above 0.2 μg.L−1. In order to assess sublethal effects of cadmium on reproduction; the test organisms were exposed to four nominal Cd concentrations 0, 0.2, 0.4, 1 µg.L-1. The results indicated that egg production decreased with the increase of metal concentration. An increase of the Cd concentration reduced the number of hatched nauplii. Thus, survival and reproduction in C. ponticus as a model test species could be effective physiological markers to monitor marine metal pollution.

Aggregation-induced emission fluorogens as biomarkers to assess the viability of microalgae in aquatic ecosystems.

Microalgae can be a valuable indicator for monitoring water pollution due to their sensitivity to the changes induced by pollutants in the environment. In this study, an aggregation-induced emission fluorogen was used as a novel tool to differentiate dead and live microalgae and quantify the link between live algal concentration and fluorogen intensity. Protein in the cell protoplasm is the key component contributing to fluorescence emission in algae.

Research on Establishing Monitoring Index System of Pollution Source in Puhe Basin

Scientific and reasonable monitoring indexes are the key to establish monitoring system. Based on the single index, it is essential to launch the optimization and selection of indicators. Take thermal power as the research object in demonstration area and adopt comprehensive evaluation and three parameters evaluation methods to select index, successfully construct system of monitoring indicators which include in COD, suspended solids, sulfur, oil, volatile phenol and ammonia nitrogen. It will provide theoretical basis and technical support to build intelligent water environment safety and pollution monitoring system.

Water pollution monitoring by an artificial sensory system performing in terms of Vibrio fischeri bacteria

This report describes the application of potentiometric multisensor system for estimation of water samples toxicity in terms of Microtox® analyzer—a widespread instrument for toxicity evaluation. The working principle of Microtox® analyzer is based on a registration of luminescence from Vibrio fischeri bacteria. This luminescence depends on metabolism conditions and toxicity of the environment. Due to the fact that metabolism is influenced by multiple parameters the method is associated with certain limitations. Unlike this bioassay procedure the employment of multisensor system does not require the use of living organisms and can provide for faster toxicity evaluation. Fifty-five real and model polluted water samples, for which the toxicity was established by bioassay, were studied. The response of multisensor array processed with machine learning techniques allows for prediction of toxicity in terms of EC50 with relative errors of 20–25%. Taking into account the complexity of the task (simulation of complex biological reactions with inanimate instrument) this can be considered as a good promise for further research in this direction in order to develop instrumental alternative for toxicity assessment.

Optimization and Selection of Automatic Monitoring Indicators in Beer Manufacturing

Automatic monitoring indicators system of pollution is the key and foundation to construct network of pollutions in total amount monitoring.Scientific and reasonable indicators system can reflect pollutant situation and influence on water environment.Automatic monitoring indicators in pollution of sources are confined to COD and ammonia nitrogen as well as short of monitoring indicators to character features of pollutional sources.It is necessary to conduct optimization and selection of automatic monitoring indicators.Based on beer manufacturing in demonstration area as the research object,analyze sources of pollution in Qinghe basin producing and sewage situation;adopt screening methods to complete optimization and selection of automatic monitoring indicators.Build the system of automatic monitoring indicators in beer manufacturing successfully to provide theoretical support for constructing network of water pollutant total amount monitoring.

The Effect of Sheet Resistivity and Storage Conditions on Sensitivity of RuO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Based pH Sensors

The increasing fresh water deficiency due to environmental pollution demands accurate, reliable and highly sensitive sensors for online monitoring of water pollution. Solid state sensors are helpful for fabricating and implementing low cost wireless sensors for monitoring of pollution. In water pollution determination, the measurement of pH plays an important role. Among the semiconductor sensitive materials RuO2 shows good sensitivity to hydrogen ions, high accuracy and resistance to interferences caused by other dissolved ions. In this work, thick film RuO2 based pH sensitive electrodes are fabricated by screen printing. The sensors were characterized by electromotive force measurements, SEM, optical microscopy and EDS analysis. The effects of sheet resistivity of the material and storage conditions are discussed. The sensor exhibits a sensitivity of 60 mV/pH in wide pH range of 2 to 10. The obtained response was very close to the theoretical Nernstian behavior. The best performance was attained for a sensor fabricated from 10 kΩ/sq. thick film paste and stored at water for 25 days.

The Design of Online Water Pollution Monitoring System for Poultry Rearing

This paper proposes the construction of real-time online water pollution monitoring system for poultry rearing which applies network nodes in the Wireless Sensor Network to monitor the water quality in the poultry rearing areas. The wireless packet communications technology and broadband services are used to transmit the data in long distance. The system can fulfill the functions of online real-time water quality inquire via Web, management control, data collection, and alert. The system software designs the Web network optimization protocols, system monitoring platform, long-distance parameter configuration, and driver programs. The simulation and experiment illustrate the system can achieve 100% successful communication rates. The access speeds in the networks are 5~8 times of those in traditional network. The wireless sensor networks and the long-time monitoring can work normally and reliably in which the speeds can meet the requirements for real-time monitoring. Its suitable for the online real-time water pollution monitoring in the poultry rearing areas.

The Study on Protozoan Community Structure of Zhalong Wetland

The zhalong wetland water environment is an important part of the ecological environment, The protozoan community structure of Zhalong wetland was researched in this article. We can monitoring water pollution degree through the analysis of protozoan population, this research investigated protozoa population structure in qiqihar zhalong wetland through the PFU method and direct mining water in water samples, and analyse the physiological and biochemical parameters to assess the quality of water quality changes during May-October in 2012, the result show that 74 protozoa were observed including ciliate fleshiness shrimp center, flagellate less. In comparison with clean water inside, can use light and feed on algae native species number is more, different water quality in different conditions, protozoa composition has a very significant difference.