Water Pollution Index Research Articles

Statistical analysis of the water pollution indicators pertaining to treated municipal sewage introduced to the river

The assessment of the ratio of self-purification processes in the natural environment, including the water bodies of streams and rivers is possible by the means of the numerical modelling. Nonetheless, the reliability of results of the qualitative numerical calculations may be affected by the quality of the collected input data and efficiency of the model calibration. The commonly required input data include pollutants characteristics and coefficients for empirical equations of their transport and decay, while calibration of a model requires series of measurements of selected pollutants concentration in water. This paper presents studies of concentration of pollutants measured in the treated sanitary wastewater discharged to the Bystrzyca river from municipal wastewater treatment plant, and their concentrations measured directly in the river, above and below the location of discharge point. The performed qualitative measurements of treated sewage discharged from municipal wastewater treatment plant and water of the Bystrzyca river included determination of COD, BOD5, N-NH4, N-NO2, N-NNO3, TKN, TN, TP and TSS concentration. The presented results of measurements are the first step in development and calibration of the model, allowing to successfully predict the influence of discharged sanitary wastewater on quality of water in the river.

Qualitative Assessment and Typology of the Water Resource Used for the Production of Drinking Water in Duékoué, Western Côte d’Ivoire

The objective of this study was to evaluate the typology of water through physicochemical and bacteriological characterization with the aim of highlighting its vulnerability as a drinking water resource. The methodology adopted was to evaluate the level of pollution by monitoring the spatiotemporal variation of the water pollution indicator levels of Lake Dohou. The sampling frequency is monthly for one year, from November 2017 to October 2018, in order to obtain a fairly representative image of water quality and its seasonal evolution in eight (8) well-defined stations. The parameters were determined using the standard methods defined by the French Association for Standardization (AFNOR). This study shows that the waters are acidic, with an average pH of 5.81 and a low electrical conductivity of between 42.67 ± 4.30 and 59.62 ± 21.84 μS.cm-1. At all stations, seasonal mean water transparencies are low (<1 m). It is also noted that 99.7% of the water samples collected had total nitrogen (TN) levels above the limit of 4 mg.L-1. All of the lake’s waters have non-compliant BOD5 (<3 mgO2.L-1) for raw water intended for the production of drinking water. Sites D6 and D7 have COD/BOD5 ratio greater than 3, which indicates the presence of non-biodegradable organic matter in these areas. Total coliforms, Escherichia coli and Enterococci were present in 100% (28/28) water samples at concentrations ranging from 2300 to 173,000 CFU/100 mL, from 100 to 1650 CFU/100 mL and from 20 to 1140 CFU 1/100 mL respectively. For Salmonella pathogens, they were detected in 50% of the dry season samples and in 100% of the rainy season samples. This almost permanent presence of this pathogenic germ denotes a poor quality of water with reference to this parameter. The presence of total coliform and other microbial contaminants suggests that supplied water is highly contaminated with pathogens and great reservoirs for them. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the physicochemical data set allowed defining three different classes of water on the Dohou Lake. Outside the upstream zone (D6 and D8), water could continue to be used for the production of drinking water.

Bioremediation of wastewaters from local textile industries

The present study evaluates the bioremediation potential of indigenous bacterial species isolated from dye-contaminated soil samples from small dyeing outlet located in Ilorin. The water pollution index was estimated based on the physicochemical characteristics and heavy metal concentrations of the raw (Day 0) and treated textile wastewater such as pH, biochemical oxygen demand-5, chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids and total dissolved solid with mean values of 8.85±0.45 mg/L, 1200±21.3 mg/L, 2440±31.3 mg/L, 1660±17.2 mg/L and 2650±28.1 mg/L respectively, similarly, Lead was the most abundant heavy metal detected in the sample while Cadmium concentration was the lowest with the mean values of 3.52±0.00 mg/L and 2.18±0.00 mg/L respectively. The bacterial strain with highest dye decolorization capacity was screened and identified as Bacillus licheniformis ZUL012.The isolate was consequently used for the bioremediation of the wastewater over a period of 10 days. The results showed an incredible reduction in the physiochemical characteristics and heavy metal concentrations of the textile wastewater in the following ranges (8.85-6.55), (1200-300) mg/L, (2440-518) mg/L, (1660-666) mg/L and (2650-920) mg/L with the highest removal efficiency of 75 %, 78 %, 60%, 65%, recorded for biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solid, total dissolved solid, respectively while that of heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, chromium and nickel were 80 %, 60 %, 67 %, 72 % reduction, respectively. Laccase and Azoreductase activities tend to decrease as the pH gradually moved towards acidic condition during the bioremediation process. Toxicity of the treated effluent was assessed using Maize and Bean seed germination test. Conclusively, these research findings can serve as a framework for the outlet design of wastewater treatment plant for local textile outlets.

Role of anthropogenic factor in formation of hydrochemical state of the Tobol river

The hydrochemical indicators of water quality in the Tobol River within the Tyumen Region have been determined. The priority pollutants are assessed. The study established an increased content of organic substances (BOD5) and ammonium nitrogen; high concentration of nitrites, iron, copper, zinc, phenols and petroleum products. Saturation with oxygen is 50-60%. The maximum values of zinc are fixed in section c. Korkino 10.8 times the MPC; in the areas of Yalutorovsk (above the reset level) and Yalutorovsk (below the reset level) nitrites 26.4 - 18.8 MPC, copper 8 - 9.5 MPC, oil products 26.8-20.6 MPC respectively; in the city of Tobolsk - ammonium nitrogen - 3.03 MPC, iron - 17.3 MPC; The number of phenols did not have pronounced gradations and was distributed relatively evenly in all sections - 7-10 MPC. The index of water pollution is calculated, according to which the quality of water in different sections of the river corresponds to the class from "polluted" to "extremely dirty".

Estimation of pollution level of lake Yalpuh as an object of fishing purpose

The work offers estimation of Lake Yalpuh's water quality for a long period as a fishery object. The preliminary analysis of the dynamics of water quality indicators change showed that there was a decrease of concentrations of almost all quality indicators during the period of the study (2003 - 2017).&#x0D; According to the results of the estimation, the water quality of Lake Yalpuh in the top section was characterized by the "very dirty" category, the quality class was marked as IVc-IVd. Most often such indicators as dry residue, magnesium, chlorides, sulfates were taken as limiting indicators of pollution. During the research the quality of lake water was did not change significantly. The maximum level of pollution was observed in 2004.&#x0D; The water of the lake at the water intake section was also characterized by the "very dirty" category, the quality class was marked as IVb - IVd. Most often such indicators as magnesium and sulfates were taken as limiting indicators of pollution. During the period of research there was a tendency towards a decrease of the lake's level of water pollution. The maximum level was observed in 2003 – 2004.&#x0D; The waters of the lake in the 13th km section was characterized by the "dirty" (quality class ІІІa-ІІІb) and "very dirty" (quality class IVa-IVc) categories. Most often such indicators as magnesium and sulfates were taken as indicators of limiting pollution. Significant fluctuations of the level of the lake water pollution were observed. The maximum level was observed in 2004.&#x0D; The general analysis of the dynamics of change of the combinatorial index of water pollution in Yalpuh Lake at three sections for 2003 - 2017 showed that the maximum level of water pollution in the lake was observed at the first section (top), the minimum – at the 13th km section. There is a tendency towards decrease of the value of the combinatorial index of pollution.&#x0D; Virtually the entire territory of the Yalpuh River Basin is located at the southern part of Moldova where the state of wastewater treatment is unsatisfactory. Therefore, the level of pollution in the lake often exceeds the permissible standards. In recent years, due to decrease mineral fertilizers and pesticides use in Moldova's agricultural sector, the situation improved though.

Study of the Water Quality in the Coastal Part of the Neva Bay

Results of the hydrochemical and sanitary microbiological studies of water in the coastal part of the Neva Bay in the Lomonosov District are presented. The observations of the state of surface waters are used to assess the anthropogenic impact on the environment. The water pollution index (WPI) is calculated.

The Regime of Water and Chemical Runoff in the Upper Volga Basin under Global Warming

The present-day conditions of the formation and distribution of the water resources and chemistry under global warming during the recent decades have been considered. The variations in the characteristics of river water and chemical runoff in the upper Volga basin have been estimated and analyzed. The regional features in the formation of river runoff and water quality variations in 1990–2015 have been determined. The environmental state of upper Volga basin areas has been indicated. The distribution of critical water pollution indices in the basin area has been analyzed, and that of the specific combinatorial water pollution index has been presented.

Assessment of Water Quality of Shatt Al-Basrah Canal using Water Pollution Index

This study evaluates the water quality for the Canal of Shatt Al-Basrah, located in Basrah province, Iraq. The Shatt Al-Basrah Canal used to connect the waterway from Al-Hammar marshes in the north of Basrah province, to Khor Al-Zubair port in the south of the province. Nine physicochemical water quality parameters have been measured and analyzed for calculating the water pollution index (WPI) in the Canal. These parameters, which were used in developing the WPI, included: Potential of Hydrogen (pH), Nitrate (NO3-), Calcium (Ca2+), Total Alkalinity (TA.), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Sodium (Na+), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Sulfate (SO42-), Phosphate (PO43-), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Hardness (TH), Chloride (Cl-), Magnesium (Mg2+), and Potassium (K+). The aim of this paper is to analyze and assess the water pollution of the Shatt Al-Basrah Canal in the year 2014, making use of the WPI method. The annual WPI mean value during the study period was more than the safe value; therefore, the water quality of the Canal ranged from impure (type V) to the heavily impure (type VI) and hence definitely regarded as unsuitable for drinking uses. Consequently, there is a need that is immediate to take some measures to stop the pollution and enhance the water quality of the Canalas a component that is integral tothe environment in Basrah province. In Basrahprovince, the disposal of wastewater in the Shatt Al-Basrah Canal is big maintenance difficulty of the Canal water quality.

Water pollution indicators and chemometric expertise for the assessment of the impact of municipal solid waste landfills on groundwater located in their area

The main aim of the paper was to assess the groundwater quality near the Municipal Solid Waste Landfill (MSW) landfill sites using landfill water pollution index (LWPI), Nemerow index (PI) and chemometric expertise. For this purpose, an analysis of eleven physicochemical parameters was performed including: pH, electrolytic conductivity (EC), total suspension (TS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total nitrogen (TN), total dissolved nitrogen (DN), total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphates (OP) in landfill leachates and groundwater samples from two different MSW landfill sites in NE Poland. Research materials were collected in the period from January 2016 to May 2017. More than 80% of the data variance was explained by two factors identified by the use of principal component analysis: 44.8% was explained by the factor contributed by carbon and nitrogen-related parameters, while 35.7% by the factor contributed by phosphorus-related parameters and both, chemical and biochemical oxygen demands. The obtained results indicated negative impact of MSW landfill sites on groundwater quality which was clearly observed for samples from P1 and P4 in landfill H and for samples from P3 in landfill U.

Water quality assessment and populations’ perceptions in the National park Djerdap (Serbia): key factors affecting the environment

National parks are areas of an exceptional importance in preserving natural and anthropogenic values and also attractive tourist destinations. The paper analyzes water quality and population’ perceptions in the NP Djerdap, as an important and massively visited tourist destination in Serbia. In the first section of the paper, the pollution level of the Danube River (NP Djerdap) was analyzed using the water pollution index (WPI). In order to calculate the WPI, 18 physical, chemical and biological parameters from three stations on the Danube, collected between 2007 and 2016, were taken into account. The results show significant water pollution, as well as the prevalence of organic pollution. In the second section of the paper, the attitudes of local inhabitants and national parks visitors related to environmental pollution were analyzed. The results revealed certain differences between populations’ perception of pollution and the actual water quality calculated based on the WPI. The respondents believed that tourism did not make significant damage to the environment and that it had no impact on the utilization of hydrographic resources and on economic activities related to nature. It was observed that younger and more educated groups of visitors had a more critical attitude about the impact of tourism on the environment than the older and less educated population.

New approach for the simultaneous detection of somatic coliphages and F-specific RNA coliphages as indicators of fecal pollution

Two groups of coliphages have been recently included in different water management policies as indicators of viral fecal pollution in water and food: somatic coliphages, which infect E. coli through cell wall receptors, and F-specific RNA coliphages, which infect through the F-pili. Somatic coliphages are more abundant in fecally contaminated waters, except reclaimed waters, those disinfected by UV irradiation, and some groundwater samples that show a higher level of F-specific coliphages. Somatic coliphages are morphologically similar to DNA enteric viruses while F-specific coliphages are similar to RNA viruses such as norovirus and hepatitis A viruses, which are the viral pathogens of concern in sewage. The use of strains sensitive to both types of phages has been proposed for total coliphage enumeration, thereby avoiding double analysis. The standardized methods available for coliphage detection are robust and cost-effective, but the introduction of ready-to-use methods would facilitate routine implementation in laboratories. The fastest available tool for somatic coliphage enumeration is the recently developed Bluephage, which uses a modified β-glucuronide-overexpressing E. coli strain unable to take up the glucuronide substrate. The overexpressed enzyme accumulates inside the bacterial cells until released by phage-induced cell lysis, whereupon it encounters its substrate and the medium changes from yellow to blue. The present method uses E. coli strain CB12, sensitive to somatic coliphages and F-specific coliphages due to the expression of the F-pili. The Bluephage approach incorporating CB12 detects both types of coliphages in a time range of 1:30 to 4:00 h, as assayed with coliphages from raw sewage, river water, sludge and mussels. This strategy can be applied to obtain qualitative and quantitative results and is applicable to microplates as well as to large sample volumes (100 ml). Moreover it can provide monitoring of water bodies at real time, as for example for ambient recreational beach monitoring.

Using the multidimensional synthesis methods with non-parameter test, multiple time scales analysis to assess water quality trend and its characteristics over the past 25 years in the Fuxian Lake, China

Fuxian Lake is one of the most important conservation areas in the southwest of China. Understanding the water-quality trend and characteristics is the basis of area protection for Fuxian Lake. This study combines of the Mann-Kendall, Mann-Kendall-Sneyers, water pollution index (WPI), the trophic state index and time series analysis to detect and characterize the water quality with a set of indicators: transparency (SD), permanganate index (IMn), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and chlorophyll-a (Chl.a). Then, the characteristics are discussed on the scales of long-period, sections divided by the change point, and monthly data. Results show that the water quality of Fuxian Lake is at a good level but decreases consistently. Especially, the increasing trends of IMn, BOD5, and Chl.a pass the confidence limit of the Z value of 2.56. The year of 2007 was designated as the change point. The characteristics of pollution and typical components vary in the long-period series, between the two sections divided by the change point, and in the monthly data. In the long period, the TN and TP are typical pollution components. However, the IMn, BOD5, and Chl.a are typical components as the large changes of a 99.1% and 89.5% increase after the change point with respect to the former values, respectively. On the scale of monthly data of a typical year, the pollution grade and components varies within the years. The multidimensional synthesis methodology established by employing evaluation index systems from the aspects of pollution level, multi-attributes and the trophic state status could also be applied to detect and characterize the water quality of other water bodies. The results of the Fuxian Lake study can provide the base information and decision-making support for water quality management and area protection.

Role of anthropogenic factor in formation of hydrochemical state of the Tobol river

The hydrochemical indicators of water quality in the Tobol River within the Tyumen Region have been determined. The priority pollutants are assessed. The study established an increased content of organic substances (BOD5) and ammonium nitrogen; high concentration of nitrites, iron, copper, zinc, phenols and petroleum products. Saturation with oxygen is 50-60%. The maximum values of zinc are fixed in section c. Korkino 10.8 times the MPC; in the areas of Yalutorovsk (above the reset level) and Yalutorovsk (below the reset level) nitrites 26.4 - 18.8 MPC, copper 8 - 9.5 MPC, oil products 26.8-20.6 MPC respectively; in the city of Tobolsk - ammonium nitrogen - 3.03 MPC, iron - 17.3 MPC; The number of phenols did not have pronounced gradations and was distributed relatively evenly in all sections - 7-10 MPC. The index of water pollution is calculated, according to which the quality of water in different sections of the river corresponds to the class from "polluted" to "extremely dirty".

Seasonal changes in water quality and its main influencing factors in the Dan River basin

Surface water quality has a vital role in determining the ecological environment, public health, and social and economic development. This study analyzed the spatial and seasonal differences in surface water quality in the Dan River basin based on three monitoring sections over the period of 2009–2015. The main influencing factors and their contributions to water quality in different seasons were determined using statistical analysis, Hurst exponent and redundancy analysis. Results indicated that vegetation coverage in the Dan River basin increased substantially from 2009 to 2015, particularly forested land. Higher concentrations of major water pollution indicators were recorded in the downstream monitoring sites. Nitrate nitrogen (NN) and total phosphorus (TP) made the largest contributions to the pollution of water quality and indicated spatial and seasonal changes. Lower NN concentrations were more frequent during the summer, whereas TP concentrations were higher during the spring. Thus, the factor making the largest contribution to water quality varied with the season. The contribution of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to water quality gradually decreased from spring to winter, whereas contributions of land use to water quality gradually increased from spring to winter. Analyses of landscape metrics suggested that patch connectivity was the primary factor influencing water quality in the different seasons. Water level was the main hydrological parameter impacting stream water quality. These results suggested that seasonal differences in the major factors influencing water quality should be taken into account for effective water management.

Hubungan Keanekaragaman dan Keberadaan Plankton Terhadap Faktor Fisika Kimia Sungai Batanghari

Water pollution can not only be measured only by chemical and physical parameters, Plankton have properties that are always moving so that they can be used as indicators of water pollution. Plankton play an important role in influencing the primary productivity of river waters. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the diversity and presence of plankton to the quality of the Batanghari River. The study was conducted in February 2018 in Jambi City. Primary data taken in the form of concentrations of physical and chemical parameters include turbidity, pH, TDS, BOD, COD, DO, Phosphate, Nitrate, Nitrite, Ammonia, Lead, Chloride, Sulfate and the amount of plankton abundance (ind / L) on the Batanghari River. The time of sampling was in the morning and evening on the same day. The results showed that the relationship between the existence of plankton and the quality of the Batanghari River showed the condition of the Batanghari River in Jambi City was in phase a - Mesosaprobic (heavy pollutant level). Parameters of pH, COD, Phosphate, Nitrite, Lead and Chloride are moderately correlated to phytoplankton, while TDS, BOD, DO, Nitrate and Ammonia are weakly correlated with phytoplankton. And for temperature parameters it is strongly correlated with phytoplankton. For correlation to zooplankton, parameters of pH, TDS, BOD, COD, COD, DO, Phosphate, Nitrate, Nitrite, Lead, chloride are very weakly correlated while ammonia and turbidity correlate moderately to zooplankton.

HUBUNGAN ANTARA KADAR BESI (Fe) AIR TAMBAK TERHADAP KADAR BESI (Fe) PADA DAGING IKAN NILA (Oreochromis niloticus) DAN IKAN BANDENG (Chanos chanos) DI KECAMATAN JABON SIDOARJO

Jabon sub-district was one of located affected by Lapindo mudflow that had effect in water quality causing environmental pollution. One of the indicators of water pollution was heavy metal Fe exceeded of Fe standard about 0,3mg/L. When Fe was accumulated in the body could make irritation on skin and eyes, respiratory symptom, and could be caused cancer in long term. The purpose of research was to know correlation between Fe levels of pond water with Nile tilapia fish and Milkfish. This research used 10 samples of pond water, Nile tilapia fish and Milkfish were taken at same location in pond area of Jabon Sub-district. Analyzed of Fe was using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Based on the result indicated that Fe levels of pond water in Jabon sub-district was lower than Fe standard with mean about 0,015±0,445mg/L. Meanwhile Fe levels of Nile tilapia fish and Milkfish had mean about 4,783±0,444mg/kg and 6,6589±2,845mg/kg those were higher than Fe standard (&gt; 0.5 mg/kg). It could be indicated that fish meat of Nile tilapia fish and Milkfish were contaminated by Fe.Therefore, the results of pearson correlation test were shown no correlation between Fe levels of ponds water with Nile tilapia fish and Milkfish.

Real-Time Microwave, Dielectric, and Optical Sensing of Lincomycin and Tylosin Antibiotics in Water: Sensor Fusion for Environmental Safety

Antibiotics are widely used to prevent and treat bacterial infections in livestock animals, aquaculture, and humans. However, the unconditional use of those drugs as a growth promoter for livestock animals and the wrong usage as a treatment for infections in humans has led to high antibiotics pollution, especially in water resources. The elevated presence of antibiotics in water has resulted in the phenomenon known as the bacterial antibiotics resistance. To prevent ecological catastrophe, continuous real-time monitoring of water sources is necessary. The aim of this research work is to compare the abilities of three different techniques: novel electromagnetic wave spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and capacitance sensing system for the real-time detection and quantification of antibiotics in water. Tylosin and lincomycin antibiotics were selected to the study, as both are regularly found in water sources. Two novel microwave sensor configurations were used: a planar sensor with interdigitated electrode pattern and a hairpin resonator sensor, as a means of real-time water analysis. Reflected S11 power signals were analyzed in GHz frequency range for microwave sensors. In parallel, UV-Vis spectrophotometry was used, where change in the optical absorbance was used as an indicator of water pollution, whereas change in the value of a capacitance in low frequency range has signalled the change in the dielectric properties of the solution. It was found that in all cases the changes in the measured parameters were dependent on both the type of antibiotic present in water and on its concentration. Fusion of all these techniques into a comprehensive sensing platform provides adequate real-time assessment of the water pollution with antibiotics and would allow adequate management of environment for safety and sustainable development. In particular, the lowest lincomycin samples’ concentration, 0.25 μg/l, was measured with a hairpin resonator sensor, while the lowest tylosin samples’ concentration, 0.20 μg/l, was measured with an IDE sensor. Since concentration in groundwater were 0.36 μg/l of lincomycin and 1.5 μg/l of tylosin, it is demonstrating a high-sensing platform utility.

The response of chironomid taxonomy- and functional trait-based metrics to fish farm effluent pollution in lotic systems

The lotic habitats affected by trout farm waste are colonized with a particular invertebrate community of which chironomids are the most abundant group. However, there is little information available regarding how chironomid community structures respond to this type of pollution at the highest taxonomic resolution. Eight fish farms, together with their lotic systems as recipients, were used to test the variability of the chironomid community and its surrogates (taxonomic and functional metrics) across spatially arranged sampling sites to form a gradual decrease in the trout farm influence. The self organizing map (SOM) classified six different types of chironomid communities which were characteristic for both the control and affected habitats. The species indicator analyses listed 32 taxa as positive indicators of water pollution. The SOM and Kruskal-Wallis test revealed that the pattern of chironomid community structure obtained was mainly driven by six environmental parameters (Altitude, conductivity, distance from the outlet, hardness, HN4-N, NO3-N). Categorical principal components analysis (CATPCA) derived three models for each type of biotic metric, in which for diversity-, taxonomy- and functional feeding group-based metrics, the first two dimensions explained 55.2%, 58.3% and 55.4%, of the total variance respectively for 315 sampling sites. According to this analysis, the total number of taxa (S), abundance and the Shannon-Wiener index (H′) (as a diversity metric), as well as the proportion of Tanypodinae (as taxonomic group) and grazers/scraper (GRA) and gatherer collector (GAT)(as FFG metrics), were related to the outlet distance gradient, thus showing great potential to be used in the multimetric approach in bioassessment.

PROTOTYPE OF THE WELL WATER CONDUCTIVITY SENSOR SYSTEM BASED MICROCONTROLLER

&lt;p class="abstrak"&gt;Electrical conductivity is one of the water quality parameters. The value of conductivity is an early indication of water pollution. Standard of the water conductivity value according to WHO should be less than 400 μS/cm. The prototype of the well-water conductivity sensor system consists of the power supply, temperature sensor circuit, conductivity sensor circuit, Arduino UNO microcontroller, 16x2 I2C LCD characters and the conversion equation. Therefore, It presents the conductivity value at various temperature and conductivity at 25&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C by conversion equation. Furthermore, it measured the conductivity of water within 15.24 - 1031.60 μS/cm with error 0.39 – 21.48 μS/cm and the temperature of water within 20.10 – 50.20&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C with error 0.13 – 0.72&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C. The test of measurement from 11 sample points in the Pesayangan Martapura and Antasan Senor East Martapura, Banjar, South Kalimantan, Indonesia showed the conductivity of the well-water at the actual temperature was at the range of 128.50 – 364.51 μS/cm and the 161.97 – 364.51 μS/cm at 25&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C.&lt;/p&gt;

Agricultural contamination impacts antibiotic resistance gene abundances in river bed sediment temporally.

Kewaunee County, Wisconsin is an agricultural area dominated by concentrated animal feeding operations and manure fertilized cropland. The objective of this study was to characterize chemical and antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) profiles of 20 surface water locations in Kewaunee County to better understand relationships between agricultural contamination and ARG abundance over one year. Surface water (n = 101) and bed sediment (n = 93) were collected from 20 sites during five timepoints between July 2016 and May 2017. Samples were analyzed for six genes (erm(B), tet(W), sul1, qnrA, intI1 and 16S rRNA) and water chemistry and pollution indicators. qnrA, intI1 and sul1 genes in surface water were significantly higher than erm(B) and tet(W); however, no difference was present in sediment samples. Redundancy analysis identified positive correlations of nitrate, Escherichia coli, and coliforms with tet(W) and intI1 genes in sediment and intI1, sul1 and tet(W) genes in water. Temporal patterns of ARG abundance were identified with significantly higher gene abundances found in sediment during Kewaunee County's manure fertilization period; however, surface water patterns were not distinct. Together, these results suggest Kewaunee County sediments serve as a site of accumulation for non-point source agricultural pollution and ARGs on a temporal scale associated with manure fertilization.