Physico-chemical Characteristics Of Water Research Articles

Water quality parameters assessment of Ras El-Ain Natural Ponds, Tyr, Lebanon

Abstract Lebanon's natural water resources are facing serious problems related to quality and quantity. Unregulated resource planning and rising demand are the main factors. Water resources are used in several ways. However, due to the over-exploitation, and random use of surface water resources, Lebanon is facing severe problems related to water need and accessibility. This study focused on the Ras El-Ain area located in the South of Lebanon that dedicated, along with other reservoirs, to supply potable water for Tyr and the surrounding villages. Nowadays, the water of these natural ponds has been polluted significantly due to unrestricted liquid and solid waste disposal. Physicochemical and microbiological water characteristics, following the LIBNOR guidelines, of four selected samples from each natural pond were tested. In addition, another sample was taken from a water reservoir that collects water from these natural ponds. The obtained results were used to evaluate the extent of pollution in these natural ponds using PhreeQC software. The novelty of this study stems from the fact that it is the first to shed light on the degree of pollution level in the Ras El-Ain ponds, Lebanon (an unstudied area).

Bioindication of Bottom Sediments of the Gulf of Finland by the Composition of Meiobenthos in Combination with Biotesting and Chemical Analysis

The question of the possibility of using meiobenthos to monitor the state of bottom sediments (BS) in the Baltic Sea, where bottom macrofauna are unstable due to hypoxia, is of interest. The parameters of meiobenthos and the physicochemical characteristics of BS and bottom water were studied, and the toxicity of BS was determined by the survival of the amphipod Gmelinoides fasciatus in 10-day tests for 11 stations in the brackish part of the Gulf of Finland (depths of 10–52 m). Principal component analysis revealed two factors explaining 67% of the variability of the variables, and groups of stations similar in terms of conditions. Factor 1 combined nine related variables (depth, metal concentrations and fraction of sand in BS, ratio of nematodes and copepods (N/C index) and survival of amphipods), and factor 2 combined four variables (organic matter and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in BS, phosphates in water and the number of meiobenthos). Thus, bioindication of the environment by meiobenthos is promising, but requires an integrated approach to be applied in monitoring.

Physicochemical characteristics of soil and water in electronic waste dump site, Alaba Lagos, Nigeria

Determination of physicochemical characteristics of soil and water adjoining dumpsites is important to ascertain the fitness of drinkable water and their public health implications. Following the paucity of information on this area of study, physicochemical characteristics of water and soil in electronic waste dump site, Alaba, Lagos, Nigeria. Six samples from the dumpsite made up of three soil and water respectively were collected and extracted using USEPA methods. One soil and water sample far from the dumpsite served as control. Physicochemical parameters of water and soil samples were determined using standard methods. Results show that pH of the water samples ranged from 4.81 to 7.30. SW1 had highest pH (slightly alkaline) while SW3 had lowest pH and was acidic. The electrical conductivity of SW1, SW2 and SW3 ranged from 61 µS to 1421 µS respectively. Water temperature was between 29.53 and 29.57oC. Total dissolved solid of the water ranged from 32.33 to 722 mg/L. Sulphate ranged from 238 mg/L to 314 mg/L. Phosphate ranged from 41.92 to 60 mg/L. Dissolved oxygen ranged from 0.93 to 2.4 mg/L. Similarly, soil pH ranged from 6.57 to 7.44. Soil temperature ranged from 28.43 to 30.7. Soil organic carbon ranged from 13.75% to 20.25% while the soil organic matter ranged from 17.88% to 26.32%. Soil particle distribution ranged from 58.56 – 87.52% sand, 3.22 – 13.79% clay and 8.84 – 27.65% slit. Some physicochemical characteristics of soil and water in sampled location did not follow the WHO standard. This study has informed the state of water available for consumption as well as the state of soil contamination. Proper care is required to checkmate this location to avoid future contaminations.

Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Ground Water of Woji, Port Harcourt Rivers State, Nigeria

Safe drinking water is essential to humans and other life forms. Majority of the population and industries obtain water from boreholes. The scope of this research study covers the assessment of ground water using water quality index (WQI), checking its compliance with WHO’s specifications and suggesting effective controls to mitigate outliers. Ground water samples were collected from various points in Woji and subjected to physical, chemical and microbial analysis to determine the pollution / contamination status. The WHO standard for water colour is 15 (colourless) however, points 5 and 7 have metallic taste. This deviation in taste and colour can originate from chemical contaminants like iron. This corresponds with the iron value deviation observed from WHO value of 0.3mg/l of these two points, 5(0.38mg/l) and 7(0.45mg/l), this can result from rusty pipes or some aesthetic features.

Spatial and temporal variation of physicochemical parameters of coastal waters in the southwestern region of Sri Lanka

Physicochemical parameters of coastal water in the southwestern area of Sri Lanka were studied from January to November 2016. Surface water samples from 15 selected locations were analysed according to standard methods. The ranges of the values recorded were; water temperature (WT) 26.5-33.9 ºC, pH 7.1-8.4, dissolved oxygen (DO) 4.4-7.4 mg L-1, salinity 14-38 ppt, electrical conductivity (EC) 27.1-53.8 mS cm-1, total suspended solids (TSS) 50.2-403.4 mg L-1, turbidity 1.2-64.9 NTU, nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) 0.00-0.57mg L-1, nitrite nitrogen (NO2--N) 0.00-0.035mg L-1, ammoniacal nitrogen (NH4+-N) 0.00-1.72mg L-1, dissolved inorganic phosphorous (DIP) 0.00-0.65 mg L-1, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) 0.1-11.6 mg L-1 and chemical oxygen demand (COD) 40-768 mg L-1. Results of Two-way ANOVA showed that there was a seasonal variability in parameters such as water temperature (p<0.001), dissolved oxygen (p<0.001), BOD (p<0.001), COD (p<0.001), nitrite nitrogen (p<0.001), nitrate nitrogen (p<0.001), dissolved inorganic phosphorous (p<0.001), turbidity (p<0.001), TSS (p<0.001) and Chlorophyll a (p<0.001). Spatial variation was identified in parameters, pH (p<0.001), turbidity (p<0.001), dissolved oxygen (p=0.004) and nitrite nitrogen (p<0.001) whereas the interaction between time and location was significant in pH (p=0.005) and turbidity (p=0.007). However, EC, salinity and ammoniacal nitrogen were not significant by either of the factors of consideration. In conclusion, the physicochemical characteristics of water are highly variable over time and location due to both natural and human factors. Water quality near fish processing areas such as fishery harbours and fish markets relatively deteriorated in terms of pH, DO, turbidity and nitrite nitrogen compared to recreational beaches. It is recommended to regulate any discharges of sewage and industrial wastewater directly into the sea. A long-term coastal water quality monitoring programme is vitally important to comprehensively characterise the coastal segments for a long-term strategic plan for sustainable development.

Evaluation of disease outbreak in terms of physico-chemical characteristics and heavy metal load of water in a fish farm with machine learning techniques

Diseases are quite common in fish farms because of changes in physico-chemical characteristics in the aquatic environment, and operational concerns, i.e., overstocking and feeding issues. In the present study, potential factors (water physico-chemical characteristics and heavy metal load) on the disease-causing state of the pathogenic bacteria Lactococcus garvieae and Vagococcus sp. were examined with machine learning techniques in a trout farm. Recording of physico-chemical characteristics of the water, fish sampling and bacteria identification were carried out at bimonthly intervals. A dataset was generated from the physico-chemical characteristics of the water and the occurrence of bacteria in the trout samples. The eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithm was used to determine the most important independent variables within the generated dataset. The most important seven features affecting bacteria occurrence were determined. The model creation process continued with these seven features. Three well-known machine learning techniques (Support Vector Machine, Logistic Regression and Naïve Bayes) were used to model the dataset. Consequently, all the three models have produced comparable results, and Support Vector Machine (93.3% accuracy) had the highest accuracy. Monitoring changes in the aquaculture environment and detecting situations causing significant losses through machine learning techniques have a great potential to support sustainable production.

Impact of Irrigation with Contaminated Water on Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation in Water Chestnut (Trapa natans L.)

This study investigated the monitoring of six heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) in pond water, sludge, and cultivated water chestnut (Trapa natans L.) crops in Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh, India. For this purpose, samples of pond water, sludge, and T. natans plant (nut, shoot, and root) were collected in November of 2021 and 2022 from three zones (Zone 1: agricultural area irrigated with borewell water, Zone 2: urban area irrigated with municipal wastewater, and Zone 3: rural area irrigated with mixed type of wastewater) and subsequently analyzed for heavy metal concentration using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results showed that the physicochemical and heavy metal characteristics of pond water and sludge were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in Zone 2 and 3 than to those in Zone 1. The concentration of heavy metals in T. natans root was comparatively high followed by shoot and nut parts. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) was maximum while using pond water as a reference medium compared to pond sludge. Overall, the increasing order of heavy metals in T. natans was observed as Cd < Cr < Cu < Zn < Mn < Fe. In the edible part (nut) of T. natans, the average contents of Cd (0.005 ± 0.002 mg/kg), Cr (0.134 ± 0.009 mg/kg), Cu (1.043 ± 0.104 mg/kg), Fe (9.589 ± 0.957 mg/kg), Mn (4.326 ± 0.753 mg/kg), and Zn (1.540 ± 0.537 mg/kg) were comparatively less than shoot and root parts. Overall, the results revealed that T. natans irrigated with contaminated irrigation supplies at Zone 2 and 3 showed the highest BAF of heavy metals than Zone 1. Because the heavy metal concentrations in edible parts of T. natans did not exceed the threshold limits, the contaminated water sources in the Saharanpur region of India should be used in a safe and controlled manner.

Review on Physicochemical Characteristics of Ground Water and Their Health Effects

Ground water is well described through some physical and chemical characteristics viz temperature, pH, turbidity, electric conductivity, total dissolved solid, total hardness, total alkalinity, nitrates, chlorides, fluorides and metal ions like calcium, magnesium, iron etc. Ground water is commonly used as drinking water for human worldwide, because it is quite economic, easy to use and less vulnerable to contamination than surface water. Nowadays, industrialization, urbanization, fast growth of civilization and increase in population have led to deterioration of the groundwater quality rapidly. Domestic and industrial discharge, landfills, improper drainage system, seepage through sewer lines, agricultural practices such as intense use of pesticides and fertilizers, uneven rainfall and mismanagement are some of major causes for its pollution. Therefore, it is necessary that the quality of ground water should be checked regularly for some physical and chemical parameters as their presence in water above the permissible limit has a serious effect on human health. Hence assessment of physicochemical characteristics of ground water is very important for human health studies and therefore an important research topic in recent years. In the present work, physicochemical characteristics associated with ground water are reviewed along with their health effects.

Assessment and Mapping of Water Quality of a Shallow Aquifer near an Industrial Belt using Hydro-chemical Parameters and Irrigation Water Quality Index

Irrigation water quality issues arising from salt water intrusion or industrial pollution are experienced in many parts of Kerala state. This study was undertaken at Eloor, near Cochin, which is under the threat of industrial pollution, with the twin objectives of assessing the shallow groundwater quality of an area, and to evaluate the performance of Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) as compared to hydro-chemical parameters. Water samples collected from 10 open wells during three different seasons for two years were analysed, and physico-chemical characteristics of water viz., Electrical Conductivity (EC), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Chloride (Cl), Carbonate (CO3), and Bicarbonate (HCO3) were determined. Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Kelly Index (KI), Sodium Percentage (Na%), and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) were calculated. Further, the combined measure IWQI was also computed. The study revealed that groundwater in many parts of Eloor was of poor quality with serious quality concerns during pre-monsoon season, where the IWQI of less than 70 was seen in about 85% of the geographical area. There were wide differences between the water quality indications given by single hydro-chemical methods and the combined hydro-chemical method. The spatial interpolation of EC values suggested that groundwater over the entire region is suitable for irrigation, while as per SAR classifications only 10% of the study area has water unfit for irrigation. The IWQI indicated that 70% of the area has poor quality of irrigation water. The study showed that IWQI combines the inferences from all individual hydro-chemical parameters, and IWQI should preferably be used to provide better and more comprehensive assessment of the irrigation water quality and for informed decision on suitability of water for irrigation planning and management.

Centennial Assessment of Greenhouse Gases Emissions of Young and Old Hydroelectric Reservoir in Mediterranean Mainland

The quantities of emitted greenhouse gases (GHG) from hydroelectric reservoirs around the world, especially in warm latitudes, have tarnished the green credentials of hydroelectric energy. The accurate measurement and evaluation of the emitted GHG, which is a critical element in climate change policy, present a significant challenge. Many works have been focused on GHG emissions assessment from reservoirs around the world, but there are no available data concerning reservoirs in Mediterranean countries. In this study, emitted GHG from a young and an old in line water reservoirs, located in Mediterranean mainland, were collected using a “static floating chamber”. Methane and carbon dioxide concentrations were measured and their specific emission rates were calculated. The data were used for the development of a mathematical prediction model, proposed for GHG emission assessment. Statistical correlation of GHG emissions and water physicochemical characteristics led to the interpretation of the biochemical processes taking place into the reservoirs. Furthermore, the impact of reservoir’s morphology on GHG emissions was recorded, enhancing its importance on decision making for "green" energy investments. The results of this study indicate that artificial reservoirs in Mediterranean mainland generally have lower GHG emissions than those located in tropical and subtropical climatic zones and higher than those in continental subarctic zones and approach the highest values of CO2 emissions and the mean CH4 emissions recorded in continental climatic zones. The applied methodology provides a comprehensive tool for the long term (centennial) emissions assessment and the assessment of reservoirs impacts on the environment.

Physicochemical Characterization of Dembi Reservoir Water for Suitability of Fish Production, Southwest Ethiopia.

Reservoir water physicochemical characteristics provide important information about water suitability for fish production. Accordingly, the study aimed to characterize the physicochemical characteristics of Dembi reservoir water for sustainable fish production. The study was conducted in Dembi reservoir during the dry season. Water samples were collected in triplicate from selected 10 sampling sites of the reservoir water using manually prepared water sampler made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tube. The depth integrated sampling technique was employed to take water samples for all physicochemical characteristics analysis. From the selected 14 physicochemical characteristics, four (temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, and dissolved oxygen) were tested onsite using a multisystem HQ4d electronic meter (probe), whereas the rest 10 water quality characteristics were tested in the laboratory. The result showed that the current average depth of the dam was 5.6 ± 1.61 m. The overall mean values of the water quality characteristics at different sites of the reservoir were as follows: turbidity (26.4 ± 0.44 FTU), total hardness (22.2 ± 0.51 mgL-1), NO3 (5.4 ± 0.48 mgL-1), NO2 (0.3 ± 0.11 mgL-1), NH4 (2.1 ± 0.06 mgL-1), PO4 -3 (1.7 ± 0.27 mgL-1), total alkalinity (52.5 ± 0.91 mgL-1), and BOD5 (2.7 ± 0.24 mgL-1). There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in all physicochemical characteristics among 10 sampling sites of the reservoir water. The recorded values of all physicochemical characteristics, except NO2, NH4, and PO4 -3, were found within the recommended standard limit for fish production. The change in reservoir water depth and increase in nutrients shows the presence of sediment siltation and nutrient enrichment. Therefore, proper watershed management practices and waste management should be carried out for sustainable water quality maintenance and fish production.

Water in Biological and Food Systems

This article presents data on the physicochemical characteristics of water in biological and food systems such as redox potential, water activity, water potential; and their influence on the processes occurring in plant materials and processed products. According to the laws of thermodynamics, water in biological and food systems is in a stationary state. Entropy changes in biological and food systems do not occur during reversible phase transitions of water. In all studied samples (E&gt;0), despite the rather high content of antioxidants (polyphenols and L-ascorbic acid) in plant raw materials. The only exception was sweet pepper E= -10…+50 mV. The relatively high content of L-ascorbic acid, up to 102 mg.100 g-1, led to a decrease in the redox potential and a shift in redox reactions towards an increase in the reduction potential of the system water – L-ascorbic acid (E ≤ 0). Bound water has anomalous properties, for example: its density increases, loses the properties of a solvent, fluidity is lost, the boiling point is above 100 °C. In such an environment, biochemical, chemical and biological processes proceed at a low rate, and at aw≤ 0.2 these processes stop completely. Alkaline mineral water belongs to the hydrocarbon group of water obtained from natural sources. The acidity of water exceeds pH 7. Because of the predominance of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-), sodium, potassium, magnesium and other minerals in it, the water is conditionally called alkaline, and its beneficial properties are used to treat several diseases. Water has unique properties associated to a certain extent with the polarity of its molecules and their ability to form hydrogen bonds with each other. Therefore, the electrical polarity of liquid water molecules has the property of forming many hydrogen bonds with a total strength between the molecules.

Soil and water relations in mangrove ecosystems in Guyana

ABSTRACT In mangrove forests, one of the most noticeable characteristics is the unique interplay between soil and water, which facilitates the movement of nutrients and sediments throughout their ecosystems. In this study, comparisons were made between the physicochemical characteristics of soil (pH, EA, OC, EC, N, P, K, Mg, Ca, S, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn) and water (pH, temperature, and electrical conductivity) found in natural, degraded, and restored mangrove ecosystems along the coastline of Guyana. Sampling was done using a Random Block Design (RBD) in six study sites for six months. This study revealed that there were no significant variations in most of the physicochemical parameters found in soil and water within ecosystem type or season. However, notable differences were seen in the pH of water (6.45–7.88), as well as Fe (0.60–21.62 ppm, p < 0.05) and Mg (610–3944.67 ppm, p < 0.05) concentrations of soil within the three types of ecosystems. Seasonal differences were also evident in S, N, P, K, and Cu concentrations found within the mangrove soils. In both seasons, positive correlation findings (p < 0.05, R > 0.75) showed higher associations between soil physicochemical properties concerning ecosystem types, when compared to water parameters.

Assessment of Bacillus subtilis applied in rice-crayfish coculture system on physicochemical properties, microbial sulfur cycling, Cd accumulation and bioavailability

Bacillus subtilis is frequently used commercially in rice-crayfish coculture system (RCCS) to modify the physicochemical characteristics of soil and water. However, given the intensification of cadmium (Cd) contamination in RCCS and potential implications for food safety, the impacts of this modulation on the Cd bioavailability and accumulation need to be more thoroughly assessed. Here, B. subtilis was inoculated into RCCS containing different levels of soil Cd through an outdoor mesocosm experiment. Results showed that the abundance of B. subtilis in the soil was highest on the 1st day after inoculation and appeared the second peak on the 2nd week. 40–128-fold increase in B. subtilis abundance in crayfish intestines was found in the B. subtilis added groups compared to the non-B. subtilis added groups. Additionally, the Cd accumulation in crayfish and rice tissues rose significantly when the soil Cd content raised. However, with the improvement of soil pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), nitrification potential (NP), acid volatile sulfide (AVS) and sulfur reducing bacteria abundance, and the decrease of organic matter (OM) at 2 W and 8 W, the addition of B. subtilis into RCCS with various Cd contents significantly reduced the Cd accumulation and the soil Cd bioavailability. The low bioavailability of Cd was characterized by the reduction of exchangeable Cd (EXC-Cd) and the grows of Fe–Mn oxides bound Cd (FeMnOx-Cd) and residual Cd (RES-Cd). Specifically, the soil EXC-Cd was negatively correlated with soil pH (−0.647), OPR (−0.663) and NP (−0.811). In short, the obtained results demonstrated that B. subtilis was able to stabilize the physicochemical properties of soil and water in RCCS, while mineralizing Cd and attenuating Cd accumulation in the crayfish and rice, suggesting that B. subtilis can be used as a cleaning probiotic applied in rice and aquatic animals coculture system.

Physicochemical Parameters and Heavy Metals in Ground Water Around Dangote Cement Factory Obajana Kogi State Nigeria

The physicochemical characteristics of ground water (well) located at Obajana in Kogi Local Government Area (LGA) of Kogi State were investigated using standard methods. This study was conducted with the aim to determine the impacts of Dangote Cement factory activities located in the area. A total of four (4) ground water samples from different points and the physicochemical parameters and heavy metals were analysed. The pH value ranges from 6.62 – 7.97, total dissolved solids (TDS) values ranges from 320 – 890 mg/L, electrical conductivity (EC) values ranges from 581 – 850 mg/L, Phosphate ranges from 0.68 – 1.05 mg/L, Nitrate ranges from 5.94 – 6.49 mg/L. Turbidity ranges from 7.87 – 8.24 NTU, alkalinity ranges from 0.1 – 0.4 mg/L, dissolved oxygen ranges from 4.2 – 5.2 mg/L, total hardness ranges from 179 – 476.2 mg/L, CT ranges from 29.89 to 73.74 mg/L and temperature ranges from 27°C to 31°C. Metals like Arsenic ranges from 0.027 – 0.029 ppm, Lead ranges from 0.029 to 0.40 ppm, Zinc ranges from 0.002 to 0.006 ppm, Cadmium ranges from 0.061 to 0.074 ppm, Copper ranges from 0.002 to 0.006 ppm, while Iron ranges from 0.015 to 0.069 ppm, and Nickel ranges from 0.002 to 0.006 ppm. These results obtained fell within the maximum allowable limit set by the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality and World Health Organization for drinking water except for turbidity, dissolved oxygen, phosphate and electrical conductivity and also suggested the need to take adequate and necessary steps in regulating and monitoring of drinking water in settlement around industrial areas.

Screening and identification of some selected fungi species from Abattior waste water

This study was carried out to screen and identify some selected fungi species from abattoir waste water in Makurdi metropolis. Abattoirs Waste water samples were collected from different locations which include Modern Market, Wadata, Wurukum, North bank, new bridge. The samples were transported to the Microbiology laboratory, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi. Standard microbiological tests were carried out to identify the organisms from abattoir waste water. The fungi species identified were, Aspergillus spp, Mucor, Absidia, Fusaruim, Rhizopus spp, Saccharomyces. Rhizopus and Mucor spp had the highest prevalence accounting for 21.05%, while Fusaruim spp had the lowest prevalence accounting for 10.52%. From the statistical analysis using ANOVA, there was significant difference between the colony counts in the different locations. Wurukum had the highest fungi count (20.40± 3.20 CFU/ml), followed by Wadata market (18.40± 9.62 CFU/ml), New bridge had the lowest fungi count of (8.20 ± 8.49 CFU/ml). The Physicochemical characteristics of abattoir waste water. Physicochemical analysis of waste water from abattoir shows that the temperature of wastewater ranges from 28.9°C to 29.8°C. The temperature was within the limit for wastewater discharge of &lt;40°. The pH of the wastewater was near neutral (8.0-9.4), which plays a major role in determining the qualitative and quantitative abundance of microorganisms in the wastewater. From the findings of this study, it is recommended that there is need for regulatory authorities to enforce strict compliance to environmental safety rules.

Seasonal variations in physicochemistry of water and sediment of a degraded freshwater wetland ecosystem: a case study of Ipare wetland in Ondo State, Nigeria

This study was carried out to investigate the seasonal variations (dry and rainy seasons) in physicochemical characteristics of a degraded freshwater wetland in Ipare, Ondo State. The physicochemical parameters of water and sediment samples from three degraded stations and a control (non-degraded site) were analysed using standard analytical method. Results showed that sodium and chloride concentrations in water ranged from 1329 to 1583 mg/l and 7373.9 to 9345.5 mg/l (dry season), and 56.87 to 207.06 mg/l and 130.4 to 513.76 mg/l (rainy season), respectively. The sediment showed sodium and chloride concentrations that ranged from 738.08 to 742.33 mg/kg and 1749.69 to 1793.94 mg/kg (dry season), and 410.25 to 411.93 mg/kg and 702.82 to 848.09 mg/kg (rainy season), respectively. Values for the control for sodium were 29.59 mg/l and 58.62 mg/kg (dry season) and 7.11mg/l and 9.6 mg/kg (wet season), while chloride values were 61.2 mg/l and 126.56 mg/kg (dry season) and 15.81 mg/l and 17.52 mg/l (rainy season) for water and sediment, respectively. All other physicochemical parameters were altered due to the variation in season. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference (p&lt; 0.05) between the degraded sites and the control. The study showed that season and anthropogenic activities have significant effects on the physicochemical characteristics of sediment and water in the freshwater wetland and, therefore, contribute to wetland degradation.

Comparative analysis of the haemato‐biochemical parameters and growth characteristics of Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) cultured under different feed and habitats (biofloc technology and earthen pond system)

Assessing fish haemato-biochemical profile and growth performance is essential to monitor the influence of fish feed and habitat on fish physiology. The influence of two regularly used different commercial feeds and varied environments such as pond and biofloc systems on haemato-biochemical and growth parameters of Oreochromis niloticus was studied by the results of 4-month experiment. Fish ponds and biofloc systems where all the fish were supplied either feed A and B were surveyed weekly. The crude protein content of feed A was 30%, while that of feed B was 28%. Physico-chemical characteristics of water in all culturing systems were suitable for Nile Tilapia production throughout the study period. Results revealed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in most haemato-biochemical parameters. Growth performance was better in fish fed on feed A than feed B in both culture systems. In between, the habitat wide range of haemato-biochemical indices and fish growth parameters were significantly higher in biofloc technology than pond culture system. However, no significant difference (p > 0.05) was recorded in fish enzymatic activities in both systems. Furthermore, it was found that both the length and weight gain were positively associated with the crude protein of the feeds. However, in the case of biofloc, crude protein of both feeds works far better than the pond, as indicated by the p-value and regression R square. Current study delivers the basic knowledge to observe fish blood and growth parameters, which could be essential to understanding the fish culture management and environment.

Assessment of Physicochemical Characteristics of Waters in Santa Barbara River, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

Effluents received by surface water increase the concentration of heavy metals and nutrients in the water to a level that is harmful to the aquatic organism and pose a health risk to humans. Santa Barbara River is known for its rich biodiversity; and is a fishing site in Bayelsa state, Nigeria. This study examines the physicochemical characteristics of waters in the Santa Barbara River to ascertain anthropogenic influence on the water quality. In two seasons (wet and dry), surface water samples were collected from 20 sampling stations along the Santa Barbara River and from 4 control points and analyzed according to standard methods and procedures. Total suspended solids, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and sodium were the only parameters that showed a statistical difference between values obtained in the control and study area (p &gt; 0.05) at 95% confidence interval. The results of polyaromatic hydrocarbons, lead, chromium and sulphate observed indicated anthropogenic influence on the water quality that may be due to the use of lead in fishing net, combustion of fossil fuel, and waste discharge into the River. Impact mitigation measures are therefore recommended to improve the water quality of the River.

First record of red-tide in Elba protectorate coast using Sentinel-3 and its impacts on ecosystem

This study is the first to document an algal bloom caused by Noctiluca scintillans, which was detected using remote sensing techniques and confirmed in the field along the coast of Elba National Park. Noctiluca scintillans is a phytoplankton species that accumulate toxic ammonia that endangers various organisms, including fish, birds, mammals, and human. Therefore, monitoring red tide is essential for water pollution control and management. This study aims to evaluate the potential of the recent launch of the Ocean and Land Color Instrument (OLCI) onboard the Sentinel-3 satellite to identify chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) as a proxy for an algal bloom event and study its impacts on the ecosystem. To fulfill the aim, OLCI images were collected over the study area from the 25th of May to the 13th of June 2017. Satellite images were converted from level 1 to level 2 through radiometric and atmospheric correction, and Chl-a maps were produced from the level 3 data during product development using standard Ocean Color 4 for MERIS (OC4Me) model. The time-series analyses of the Sentinel-3 satellite images indicated that the algal blooms (Red tide) event occurred four days at the studied sites (7th to 10th of June). The current findings reveal a strong relationship between the deterioration in water quality criteria and Noctiluca scintillans cell counts (×104) /L (0.05 > P ≤ 0.01). This study strongly urges routine monitoring of the physicochemical characteristics of coastal waters and using remote sensing techniques for early rid tide detection to control the phenomenon.