Water Pan Trap Research Articles

One-step TaqMan® RT-qPCR detection of sugar beet-infecting poleroviruses in Myzus persicae from yellow water pan traps opens up new possibilities for early risk assessment of virus yellows disease

Virus yellows disease (VY) is a major threat to sugar beet production in Europe. Beet chlorosis virus (BChV) and beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV) are of particular economic importance and are both persistently transmitted by the aphid vector Myzus persicae. As part of integrated pest management strategies, M. persicae influx into sugar beet fields is recorded weekly using yellow water pan traps. To date, only ELISA and RT-PCR assays have been described for BChV and BMYV detection in individual aphids. In this study, we describe for the first time two one-step TaqMan® RT-qPCR assays designed for the specific detection of BChV and BMYV in M. persicae after 7d incubation in water pan trap medium. Both viruses were reproducibly detected in individual aphids. After 7d incubation in trap medium, both viruses were reproducibly detected in individual aphids, as well as in one viruliferous aphid in a pool of 99 non-viruliferous aphids. Significant correlations can be shown between different mixing ratios of viruliferous to non-viruliferous aphids and Ct values of total RNA templates, allowing the percentage of viruliferous aphids in yellow water pan traps to be estimated using a standard curve. The described methodology provides a high sensitivity combined with a high sample throughput and can be used, after evaluation in the field, for practical monitoring, risk modelling and development of decision support systems for VY.

Survey and enumeration of aphid infestation on potatoes with the help of a yellow sticky trap and yellow water pan trap

Survey and enumeration of aphid infestation on potatoes with the help of a yellow sticky trap and yellow water pan trap

Using network ecology to understand and mitigate long‐term insect declines

Using network ecology to understand and mitigate long‐term insect declines

A Greenhouse Test to Explore and Evaluate Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Insect Traps in the Monitoring and Control of Trialeurodes vaporariorum.

Population control of small sucking insects has been challenging, and alternative control methods are constantly being sought. Visual traps have long been used to monitor and control pests. Colored sticky cards are widely used for diurnal pests, but their effects are influenced by environmental light conditions. Artificial light traps are mostly used for nocturnal pests. Here, we explored and evaluated light-emitting diode (LED) traps for the monitoring and control of small diurnal sucking insects using greenhouse tests targeting the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum. We tested the trapping efficacy of the LED water pan trap, assessed the most attractive LED light and analyzed its efficacy under different weather conditions. The results showed that the LED water pan trap was too inefficient to be useful. Green LEDs were more attractive than yellow LEDs, UV LEDs and green-UV combinations. Regardless of sunny or cloudy conditions, the green LED trap caught more than twice the number of whiteflies than the yellow sticky card alone under summer shading conditions. Our study suggests that LED traps have a significant field application value in whitefly mass trapping and may also be efficient for other diurnal insects. The design of LED traps specific for diurnal insects is discussed.

Population dynamics of aphid species in Korean seed potato cultivation area over four decades

AbstractThe world's climate is changing. This can affect agricultural insects and the damage they cause by altering their ecology, behavior and habitats. Aphids are emerging as an indicator of climate change, and they are a good model for understanding these environmental changes, especially based on their migratory behavior. In this study, the occurrence of aphids in a seed potato field in Pyeongchang, Korea, was monitored daily using a yellow water pan trap from 1977 to 2017. During these 40 years, the annual migration fluctuations of the aphids were analyzed, with particular focus on four species known to vector potato viruses, Aphis gossypii, Aulacorthum solani, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, and Myzus persicae. It was found that, as time goes by, the start point of spring migration in these aphid species was getting earlier while the peak in autumn migration gradually moved to the winter season. Moreover, the annual total number of collected aphids increased by 3.74 times during the 40 years. Together with a mean annual temperature increase of 1.03°C in Pyeongchang over the past four decades, there is a potential threat of expansion in the distribution of aphid species. Therefore, we carefully hypothesized that this temperature change could influence the aphid's population changes in the Korean peninsula. This information can be used in an integrated aphid management program in seed potato cultivation.

The Dominant True Spiders in Seed Watermelon Plantations, and Efficiency of Traps in Collecting Occurring Species

Seed watermelon, Citrulus lanatus (Thumb) is an early summer crop, which is a subject to infestations by several insect pests resulting in damage and losses in the crop production. A study was undertaken at Rasheed region, Beheira Governorate during 2015 and 2016 summer seasons to detect the true spider species occurring in seed watermelon plantations, and monitor the population fluctuation of the most dominant ones. In addition, a comparison study was conducted to find out the efficiency of traps, used in spider catch, as related with spider species. Six true spider species were surveyed beginning from first of May up to mid-July. Paradosa sp. and Lycosa sp. (Fam. Lycosidae) and Thanatus albini (Fam. Philodromidae) were captured throughout the season; May to July. On the other hand, Clubiona sp. (Fam. Clubionidae), Singa sp. (Fam. Araneidae) and Thomisus sp. (Fam. Thomisidae) were trapped only during July. The most dominant spider species in 2015 season was Thanatus albini (43.77%), followed by Pardsoa sp. (42.64%), and then Lycosa sp. (4.91%). A reverse situation was found in 2016 season, as the most dominant spider was Pardosa sp. (45.14%), followed by Thanatus albini (41.32%) and the third rank was occupied by Lycosa sp. (4.17%). However, the dominance percentages of the remaining spiders ranged between 0.17 and 4.17% in both seasons. Tools used for capturing spiders were variable in their efficiency. Pardosa sp. was captured mainly by pitfall traps, with values of 90.27 and 93.08%, out of total catch of different traps, in the first and second seasons, respectively. Lycosa sp. was not captured by the sweep net, and captured in low numbers by each of pitfall and water pan traps. Thanatus albini was captured by the sweep net (39.66 & 41.86%) and water pan trap (47.41 & 50.39%) in 2015 and 2016 seasons, respectively, but was captured in low numbers in the pitfall traps. Clubiona sp., Singa sp. and Thomisus sp. were all not detected in the pitfall traps, and were found in low numbers in each of sweep net and water pan traps.

The Wild Bees Andrena gallica Schmiedeknecht, 1883 and Andrena assimilis Radoszkowski, 1876 (Apoidea: Andrenidae) in Poland

Abstract The wild bees Andrena assimilis Radoszkowski, 1876, and Andrena gallica Schmiedeknecht, 1883, are morphologically very similar species and by some authors they are treated as one taxon – A. assimilis. Some other authors treat A. gallica as a subspecies of A. assimilis, others assert that both A. gallica and A. assimilis are valid species. After analysing the morphological features, we confirm that they should be treated as two distinct species. The following characters help to separate A. gallica from A. assimilis: in the case of females – the colouration of the stigma and veins in the forewing, in the case of males – the microsculpture of the surface of the metasomal terga, the punctation of terga II–III, and the width of the edeagus. Andrena gallica was reported in Poland in the first half of the twentieth century from the following regions: Baltic Coast, Kraków-Wieluń Upland, Małopolska Upland, and Wielkopolska-Kujawy Lowland. Due to the synonymy, these records were included in the distribution of A. assimilis. After more than 50 years, the occurrence of A. gallica in Poland has been confirmed. The new record of the species is reported based on the specimen collected in Kampinos National Park (Mazovian Lowland). In 2004, one male was collected on fallow land. Water pan-traps (Moericke traps) were used to do the collecting. Diagnoses of both species, data on their biology, as well as distribution, are provided.

EVALUATION THE EFFICACY OF SAMPLING METHODS FOR SURVEY SPIDERS AT KAFR EL-SHEIKH GOVERNORATE RICE NURSERIES.

An experiment was carried out at the farm of Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh governorate in 2014 and 2015 seasons. The objective was to study population fluctuations of the spiders and evaluation the efficacy of sampling methods for survey spiders at rice nursery. Specimens were collected from rice nursery by pitfall trap, water pan trap and sweep net were taken to the laboratory after labeling. All samples were taken during April and the first week of May. A total of 346 individuals belonging to 12 species and 8 families were recorded during the study period. The population density of family Tetragnathidae was found highest (28 individuals) followed by linyphiidae (20 individuals) in the first season. While in the second season the population density of family Linyphiidae was found highest (247 individuals) followed by Lycosidae (29 individuals). Indicated that the water pan trap the highest efficacy trap and trapped 51.47% followed by pitfall trap 27.94% , meanwhile sweep net trap ranked the last category and represented by 20.58% during the first season. While the pitfall trap the highest efficacy trap and trapped 45.87% followed by water pan trap40.26%, while sweep net trap came in the last category with 13.86% in the second season.

Komposisi Serangga Kanopi di Kebun Apel di Poncokusumo, Malang dan Bumiaji, Batu

This research abjective is to analyze the difference of abundance, diversity and composition of canopy insect in Poncokusumo and Bumiaji on blossoming and fruiting seasons. Insect compostions were observed by regular sampling using blue and yellow water pan trap. Water pan traps were suspended on apple stands at 2 m height. Sampling efforts was done by block system on 5 trees with 4 times collection, resulting 20 replications. Difference of mean was tested using general linear model analysis of variance. The canopy insect compositions between location were compared using Bray-Curtis similarity index. Overall, canopy insect diversity in two study sites was low. The abundance and diversity of canopy insect in Poncokusumo was higher than that in Bumiaji. The abundance and diversity of canopy insect in yellow traps was higher than that in blue traps. The effect of flowering phenology was significant on the overall abundance but not for the diversity. The effect of study locations on the abundance interacted with season. This meant there was a seasonal variation afecting location.

Using Citizen Scientists to Evaluate Light Traps for Catching Brown Marmorated Stink Bugs in Homes in Virginia

More and more, citizen scientists are playing an integral role in research studies. This has been particularly evident as entomologists unravel the biology, spread, and management of the brown marmorated stink bug, which has plagued many homeowners in the mid-Atlantic U.S. in recent years. We used citizen scientists to evaluate different indoor light traps for catching the bugs in houses. Throughout the late winter and early spring months, these traps were tested inside homes and enabled us to determine that the most efficacious trap was an aluminum foil water pan trap, developed by—you guessed it—a citizen scientist.

紫外線LEDと水盤トラップを用いた菌床シイタケ栽培施設に発生するハエ目昆虫の捕獲

We examined phototactic responses of dipteran insects, including Neoempheria ferruginea (Brunetti), Sciaridae, and Drosophila, using ultraviolet (365nm), green (525nm), and white wavelengths of a LED (light emitting diode) using a water-pan trap. The number of N. ferruginea captured (trap catches) were highest in the trap with ultraviolet LED. Then, we examined the effects of ultraviolet LED and surfactant (1% Tween 80) in the water-pan trap on the trap catches using generalized linear mixed model. Both ultraviolet LED and surfactant were shown to affect positively on the trap catches. Nevertheless, the LED variable had the highest effect on N. ferruginea trap catches. On the other hand, trap catches of Sciaridae and Drosophila were affected most by the surfactant.

Andrena Florivaga Eversmann , 1852 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Andrenidae) - A New Bee Species of the Genus Andrena in Poland

Summary The first record of Andrena florivaga Eversmann, 1852 is reported from Poland on the basis of specimens collected in the Kampinos National Park (Mazovian Lowland). Diagnosis, data on localities, biology, and general distribution of the species are provided. One female and five males were caught on a mowed fresh meadow and fallow fields with the use of water pan-traps (Moericke traps), during the 2003 - 2004 time period. The main morphological characteristics distinguishing Andrena florivaga from the very similar Andrena dorsalis Brullé, 1832 species and from the other species of the subgenus Lepidandrena are: in the case of females - the width of facial foveae and colouration of legs, and in the case of males - the length of the first flagellar segment, colouration of clypeus, and pubescence of gonostyles. Andrena florivaga can be found from France in the west, to Central Siberia (Baikal lake region) in the east, and Turkey in the south. Poland is the northernmost locality of the species.

Optimization of the sex pheromone of the rice leaffolder moth Cnaphalocrocis medinalis as a monitoring tool in China

AbstractThe crude extract from Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) has been identified to be (Z)‐11‐octadecenal (Z11‐18:Ald), (Z)‐13‐octadecenal (Z13‐18:Ald), (Z)‐11‐octadecen‐1‐ol (Z11‐18:OH) and (Z)‐13‐octadecen‐1‐ol (Z13‐18:OH) in the GC‐MS, confirming the results reported previously in Japan. Field evaluation in China showed that the optimal blend is Z11‐18:Ald, Z13‐18:Ald, Z11‐18:OH and Z13‐18:OH at a ratio of 3 : 25 : 3 : 3. The optimal dosage is 500 μg Z13‐18:Ald per PVC tubing lure. In August, trap catches were highest between 3:00 and 4:00 a.m., and no moths were caught before 12:00 a.m. or after 6:00 a.m. The impact of trap design and trap height placement was also evaluated in the paddy field. The sticky wing trap was better than the water pan trap. The number of moths captured by the electric grid trap was 1.7 times greater than caught by the sticky wing trap. The optimal trap height was 20 cm below the top of the rice plants (80 cm high). Pheromone lure formulated from 60 μg Z11‐18:Ald, 500 μg Z13‐18:Ald, 60 μg Z11‐18:OH and 60 μg Z13‐18:OH was effective for population monitoring in trial sites in Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Guangxi, Guizhou, Chongqing and Hainan Provinces, encompassing both subtropical and temperate regions. Use of this synthetic pheromone blend provides a promising alternative to the currently used disturb and count method (DCM) for monitoring the population of C. medinalis in China.

KONTRIBUSI ARTHROPODA KANOPI DALAM MENJAGA STABILITAS EKOSISTEM PADA KEBUN BERBASIS SENGON LAUT (Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) BUDIDAYA PORANG (Amorphophallus muelleri Blumei) (Schott) DI JEMBER SEBAGAI SUMBER BELAJAR BIOLOGI

The development of agroforestry based of Sengon Laut with Porang crop area has successfully to increase people economic level. This research aimed to analyze and compare diversity, composition, structure community of canopy Arthropod at two different location (Sengon Laut of Porang crop area and non porang crop area) which was attracted to blue and yellow colored water pan trap, vertical variation diversity, abundance, and structure community of canopy Arthropod, to know the relation between community of Arthropod canopy with abiotic factor at local agroforestry and to recommend good cultivating management. Samples of canopy Arthropod was taken at two different location by blue and yellow colored water pan trap, which was hang on bottom layer (1-1,5 m) and upper layer (8-10 m). Abiotic factors (Temperature and light intensity) were measured at each location. Non crop vegetation was analyzed by line intercept method and tree vegetation was analyzed by complete count method. Data of structure community comparison each location was analyzed by important value and diversity (Index Shannon-Whienner). The degree of same level composition between two location was analyzed by Index Bray-Curtis and variation vertical analyzed by anova. Canopy Arthropod composition and relation with abiotic factors was analyzed by Pearson Correlation with MINITAP program. The value abundance of canopy Arthropod in Porang crop area was (329 individu), fewer than canopy Arthropod in non Porang crop area which was (829 individu). The result showed that yellow water pan trap had better efficiency on upper layer at non Porang crop area than porang crop area. Recommendation to the farmers in order to make good cultivation management non crop vegetation is not cleaned and not used pesticide utilization . Kata kunci : Arthropoda kanopi, faktor abiotik, stabilitas ekosistem, sengon laut, budidaya porang

ホソヘリカメムシ雄成虫はイチモンジカメムシを誘引するか？

The synthetic pheromone of Riptortus pedestris (Heteroptera: Alydidae) attracts Piezodorus hybneri (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) as well as conspecific insects, showing cross-species attraction. However, the attractiveness of live R. pedestris to P. hybneri has never been investigated. In this study, we compared the attractiveness of synthetic pheromone and males of R. pedestris to P. hybneri in soybean fields. Large numbers of P. hybneri were caught in a water-pan trap baited with the synthetic R. pedestris pheromone (50 mg). In contrast, very few P. hybneri were caught in a trap baited with R. pedestris (10 males), although a large number of R. pedestris were caught, which indicated that the R. pedestris males actually release their pheromone. Herein, we discuss this contradiction in attractiveness between the synthetic pheromone and male R. pedestris.

Development of Sex Pheromone Trap for Monitoring Matsumuraeses falcana (Walshingham) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

This study was carried out to find out an effective formulation for monitoring the soybean podborer, Matsumuraeses falcana (Walshingham), using its sex pheromone in Korea. A 1 : 1 : 1 mixture of ( E)-8-dodecenyl acetate ( E 8–12: Ac), ( E,E)-8,10-dodecadienyl acetate ( E 8 E 10–12: Ac) and ( E,Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate ( E 7 Z 9–12: Ac) was an effective composition in monitoring M. falcana. A binary mixture of E 8–12: Ac and E 8 E 10–12: Ac was essential to attract M. falcana male moths. E 7 Z 9–12: Ac showed a synergistic effect on the attractiveness of 1 : 1 mixture of E 8–12: Ac and E 8 E 10–12: Ac. These chemicals alone showed little or no attractiveness to M. falcana. The sticky-typed wing trap baited with sex pheromone captured significantly more males than the water-pan trap. Trap catches within a soybean field were much more than those in perimeter trap. The trap-baited with sex pheromone gave a distinct fluctuation pattern of male catches throughout the flight seasons. Therefore, it can be expected that pheromone-baited trap provides a simple tool for monitoring the soybean podborer, M. falcana in Korea.

Vertical and seasonal distribution of flying beetles in a suburban temperate deciduous forest collected by water pan trap

Vertical and seasonal distributions of flying beetles were investigated in a suburban temperate deciduous forest in Kanazawa, Japan using water pan traps to determine the abundance and composition among vertical strata, change in the abundance and composition through seasons and determinant factors in generating the distributions. Traps were placed at three levels (0.5 m, 10 m, and 20 m above ground) on a tower. Samplings were carried out seasonally from May to November in 1999 and 2000. Variations in the abundance of flying beetles were observed from different layers. The results showed that the abundance and composition of flying beetles varied among strata and seasons. In both 1999 and 2000, Elateridae was consistently most abundant in the bottom layer, while Attelabidae and Cantharidae were most abundant in the upper layer. In 1999, Eucnemidae and overall scavengers were most abundance in the bottom layer, but results were not consistent with those in 2000. In general, the abundance of herbivores reaches a peak in the early season (May/June) and decreases in the following months. Peaks of abundance in predators vary vertically. In the bottom layer a peak was observed in the early season (May/June), while in the upper layer this was observed in July. Scavengers had two peaks, in May/June and September. These patterns indicated that vertical distributions in the abundance of different feeding guilds varied through seasons.

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The attractiveness of synthetic sex pheromones of the rice leaf bug, Trigonotylus caelestialium (Kirkaldy), was evaluated in the field. The rubber septum was soaked in synthetic sex pheromone, mixture of n-hexyl n-hexanoate, (E)-2-hexenyl n-hexanoate, n-octyl n-butyrate in ratios of 100 : 40 : 3. The rubber septum was used as a lure and was hung on a water pan trap about 10 cm above the water surface. The attractiveness of the synthetic pheromone at 0.001 mg and 0.01 mg per rubber septum to males was equal to that of 10 virgin females. The rubber septum impregnated with 0.01 mg synthetic pheromone remained attractive to males for one month.

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The efficiency of light trap catches for monitoring the overwintering generation of the rice leaf bug, Trigonotylus caelestialium (Kirkaldy), was evaluated. Adult emergence was surveyed four ways in Joetsu (37°06′N, 138°16′E), Niigata Prefecture in 2000 and 2001. The date of the first catch in the light trap was well synchronized with the results of sweeping in the levees, rearing experiment under natural conditions and water pan trap baited with conspecific females, for each year. The light trap catches remarkably reflected the difference in the timing of adult emergence between the two years, which would be caused by yearly fluctuations in the spring temperature. Thus the light trap appears to be useful for monitoring the adult emergence of the overwintering generation.

Monitoring of the European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in central Maine.

Pheromone trap types and within-field trap locations were compared for their effectiveness in monitoring the flight activity of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), and its relationship to egg mass density and crop damage in sweet corn in central Maine from 1995 to 1996. The use of both 3:97 Z:E-11-tetradecenyl acetate and 97:3 Z:E-11 tetradecenyl acetate pheromone blends confirmed that European corn borer in central Maine is attracted to both pheromone lure types. European corn borer moths were captured predominantly with the E-lure type than with the Z-lure type in both years. The Scentry Heliothis trap was more effective than the Multi-Pher trap, but similar to the pheromone-baited water pan trap for monitoring European corn borer flights. With the Scentry Heliothis trap, the grassy border and 1st corn rows were the best locations for moth capture during the early flight period, but during the peak flight period, traps located in the middle of the field caught the most moths. Corn damage was recorded before moth captures in some sites and before egg mass counts in others, indicating poor efficacy of traps for early flights. Significant and positive correlations were found between moth captures in the midfield location and egg mass counts, and corn leaf damage, and between egg mass counts and corn leaf damage. However, low coefficients of variation suggest that pheromone trap captures were not good predictors of European corn borer leaf damage in sweet corn.