Port Water Research Articles

IMPROVEMENT OF TECHNICAL SUPPLY OF PROJECTS OF ROBOTIZED MONITORING OF UNDERWATER CONDITIONS IN SHALLOW WATER AREAS

The intensification of industrial activity in shallow water areas and the growing requirements for the safety of their use determine the urgency of developing new technologies for monitoring their underwater environment. The monitoring tasks include mapping of the bottom surface, inspection of hydraulic structures, search for sunken objects, control of unauthorized access to protected areas, etc. A promising direction for improving the efficiency of monitoring projects for such water areas is the use of uninhabited autonomous and remote-controlled underwater robots. However, the use of traditional types of such equipment has low efficiency because of the impossibility of the operational management of the missions of autonomous vehicles in real time and the complexity and high cost of using remote-controlled vehicles. As an alternative to the robotic support of underwater monitoring projects in shallow water areas, it is proposed to use autonomous underwater vehicles with a radio beacon, since they make it possible to survey large areas, perform high-quality and comprehensive search and mapping work, while providing operators with real-world underwater conditions of time. A generalized structure and composition of the equipment for an autonomous underwater vehicle with a radio beacon is described, its main underwater missions and types of underwater operations are described. In order to assess the resources for the execution time of projects for the robotized monitoring of shallow water areas, dependencies are proposed for calculating the time costs for different trajectories of the movement of the underwater vehicle-robot. Using this methodology, time expenses were calculated and the number of underwater vehicle operation cycles for the main ports of Ukraine was estimated during the examination of the mooring walls with video equipment of the underwater vehicle and examination of the shallow water area by its sonar. The obtained results are a preliminary assessment of the time spent on the study of shallow-water offshore and port water areas, and also form the theoretical basis for the formation of a technical assignment for the creation of modern robotic support for monitoring projects in such water areas.

Comparison of CDC Bottle Bioassay with WHO Standard Method for Assessment Susceptibility Level of Malaria Vector, Anopheles stephensi to Three Imagicides

The detection of insecticide resistance in natural populations of Anopheles vectors is absolutely necessary for malaria control. CDC bottle bioassay as a new tools has been employed for detecting the insecticide resistance. For a limit number of mosquito vectors, diagnostic doses and diagnostic times for some insecticides have already been determined using this new assay. For the first time in the area, susceptibility levels of Anopheles stephensi was done with DDT, deltamethrin, and bendiocarb using CDC bottle bioassay and compared results with WHO standard test method. Anopheles stephensi were collected in larvae stage from the cisterns of drinking water in Chabahar port which considered as old malaria foci, Sistan and Baluchistan province. The field collected larvae were colonized at the insectary of School of Public Health (SPH), Tehran University of Medical Science. The susceptibility tests were carried out on sugar fed female mosquitoes aged 2-3 days, against DDT 4%, bendiocarb 1% and deltamethrin 0.05% using WHO and CDC susceptibility methods. The mortality and knockdown rates, as well as the parameters of regression analysis, including LT50 and LT90, was calculated separately for the WHO and CDC methods. The 24h mortality rates of An. stephensi were 28.6% and 25.6% for DDT, 60.8% and 64.6% for bendiocarb and 100% for deltamethrin using both WHO and CDC assay at 30 and 60min respectively. The 50% lethal times (LT50) were estimated 44.9 and 66.2min, 38.9 and 81.8min and 0.7 and 15.0min respectively using both WHO and CDC susceptibility tests. The similar results of susceptibility levels were shown for DDT, bendiocarb and deltamethrin. The lethal times (LT50) showed significant difference using both WHO and CDC bioassay methods.

A Bayesian network based approach for modeling and assessing resilience: A case study of a full service deep water port

Ports are an integral part of the transportation system and are often susceptible to a diverse range of risks, including natural disasters, malicious cyber-attacks, technological factors, organizational factors, economic factors, and human error. To address the challenges triggered by these diverse risks, this research identifies the basic factors that could enhance the resilience of the port system. After these factors are identified and expressed as different resilience capacities, they are used to quantify the resilience of the port infrastructure by applying a Bayesian network. Quantification of resilience is further analyzed based on different advanced techniques such as forward propagation, backward propagation, sensitivity analysis, and information theory. The formal interpretation of these analyses indicates that maintenance, alternate routing, and manpower restoration are the leading factors contributing to enhancing the resilience of a port infrastructure system under disruptive conditions.

Reflectance spectra classification for the rapid assessment of water ecological quality in Mediterranean ports

Summary Ports are open systems with direct connection to the sea, therefore any potential impact on port waters may have implications for the health of adjacent marine ecosystems. European WFD addressed ports in the category of Heavily Modified Water Bodies (HMWBs) and promoted implementation of protocols to monitor and improve their ecological status. TRIX index, which incorporates the main variables involved in the trophism of marine ecosystems (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Chlorophyll a, Dissolved Oxygen), is widely utilized in European coastal areas to evaluate trophic status. The relationships between the variables involved in TRIX computation, particularly Chlorophyll a concentration, and water spectral reflectance provides an alternative method to evaluate the quality and ecological status of the port water. Hyperspectral (380–710 nm) water reflectance data were recorded by a portable radiometric system in five ports from the Western and Eastern Mediterranean Basin. The spectral distance between samples was measured by two metrics using both the original and reduced spectra and was implemented within a hierarchical clustering algorithm. The four spectral classes that emerged from this operation were statistically analysed versus standard water quality descriptors and phytoplankton community features to evaluate the ecological significance of the information obtained. The results indicated a substantial coherence of different indicators with more than 60% of the total TRIX variability is accounted for by the proposed classification of reflectance spectra. This classification is therefore proposed as a promising Rapid Assessment Technique of ports water ecological quality, which can serve as an effective monitoring tool for sustainable management of ports.

Modelling the behaviour of large gravity wharf structure under the effects of earthquake-induced liquefaction

Gravity Wharf Structures are widely used worldwide to form shallow and deep water ports. They are large structures with a height of 25–50 m depending on the water depth. When these structures are to be sited on loose to medium dense sand, earthquake induced liquefaction settlements present a significant risk. This often requires expensive soil replacement or other ground improvement techniques. In this paper, the dynamic behaviour of these large structures that exert very high bearing pressures on the foundation soil was investigated for the first time. The level of settlements they can suffer due to soil liquefaction was investigated using dynamic centrifuge testing. It will be shown that the full liquefaction does not occur below the structure even when the free field soil fully liquefies during strong earthquakes. However there will be some stiffness degradation owing to excess pore pressure generation and consequent structural settlements. The level of these settlements are considered to be acceptable from a Service Limit State (SLS) perspective. In addition to this the hydro-dynamic pressures that act on the Gravity Wharf structure were also investigated.

Water Injection Benefits in a 3-Cylinder Downsized SI-Engine

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">With progressing electrification of automotive powertrains and demands to meet increasingly stringent emission regulations, a combination of an electric motor and downsized turbocharged spark-ignited engine has been recognized as a viable solution. The SI engine must be optimized, and preferentially downsized, to reduce tailpipe CO<sub>2</sub> and other emissions. However, drives to increase BMEP (Brake Mean Effective Pressure) and compression ratio/thermal efficiency increase propensities of knocking (auto-ignition of residual unburnt charge before the propagating flame reaches it) in downsized engines.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Currently, knock is mitigated by retarding the ignition timing, but this has several limitations. Another option identified in the last decade (following trials of similar technology in aircraft combustion engines) is water injection, which suppresses knocking largely by reducing local in-cylinder mixture temperatures due to its latent heat of vaporization. Addition of adequate water can lead to stoichiometric air/fuel ratio engine operation, and hence both reduction in fuel consumption and full utilization of a three-way catalytic converter (TWC).</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Further information about effects of various water injection parameters is required. Thus, in this study, a 4-stroke, 1.5 liter, 3-cylinder turbocharged engine with direct fuel injection and port water injection was operated on 91, 95 and 98 RON gasoline fuel to assess effects of water injection on knock mitigation, combustion phasing, required air:fuel ratios and exhaust gas temperature control. Full- and part-load curves obtained with different fuels and water injection strategies are presented and discussed.</div></div>

The Estimation of the Main Silting Factors in the Marine Artificial Channel of the Azovstal Port (Mari-upol, Ukraine)

Purpose. The physico-chemical processes in river mouth area, which include the Don and Kuban rivers, limited the transport capacity of the main ports of the Sea of Azov as a result of the silting by suspended matter by the river runoff. The fall of the depths in the the ports and marine channels is one of the key problems of the functioning of the ports. Dredging works and dumping linked with shipping as well as shipping linked with the world economy. It is impossible to abandon shipping, as well it is impossible to abandon the dredging and damping. For this reason, the purpose of the work is to assess the optimal dredging works for the exploitation of the ports of Ukraine in the Sea of Azov. Methods. The comparative analysis of modern hydrometeorological conditions, including the dominant influence of wind activity, the velocity and the direction of currents according to actual data, the transparency of sea water, the runoff the river Kalmius had been done. The available images of DigitalGlobe’s remote sensing satellites and dredging results, which were periodically performed to support the depths on the sea marine channel to the port water area, were examined. Modern and retrospective data of bathymetric surveys using GIS processing technologies for comparing the results, as well as standard methods of statistical data processing were also used. Results. During the investigated period, the images of the Earth's remote sensing satellites from DigitalGlobe were studied. An anthropogenic impact to the silting in the study area was revealed (the turning point between 0 km of the marine channel of the port and the shallow water area of the port of Azovstal). For compare the depths in the investigated area which is under the the river Kalmius influence positions of the surveyed post had been established. As result of analysis of direct measurement data and graphic material the permanent silting of the marine channel was not established as well as the direct statistical relationship between the silting and the river run incoming with suspended matter with Kalmius river. The main process of sedimentation determines by the Don river. The upper limit of maximum sedimentation is 5–7 ‰, coincides with the investigated area, where theoretically one should expect the process of accumulation of bottom sediments. Conclusion. The result of comparing Kalmius river runoff with depths in the marine channel of the port of Azovstal, in the area of area of river mouth, revealed there is not representative statistical relationship. It is necessary monitoring data for a long period of data for representative comparing the runoff Kalmius river and siling processes. In modern period the runoff of the Don river is significantly deformed under the influence of anthropogenic factors and the representative statistical estimation have to be done using only the direct measurements, which are fairly limited. Nevertheless, the reduction of Don river runoff and, thus, the direct impact on the recording capacity of the studied water area determines the need for and technological accessibility of dredging at a significantly lower the cost of wokrs at the present stage.

The concept of the Dolna Odra power plant by waterways

The paper presents the concept of supply for the Dolna Odra power plant by waterways transport. It was built in the 1970s, The power plant based on hard coal from Polish mines using rail transport. In view of the favorable location near the Eastern Odra, the possibility of supplying the plant by waterways was considered. This would require the construction of a water port. The tests carried out previously fully confirmed this possibility. An additional argument for the construction of the port are development plans based on the construction of power units powered by gas. In view of the entry into operation of the LNG Gas Terminal in Świnoujście, it is possible to supply the power plant with this gas by means of water transport of liquefied gas. It would be an alternative to constructing a land gas pipeline in connection with planned gas deliveries from the North Sea with the use of the Baltic-Pipe gas pipeline, scheduled for operation in 2022.

One-Dimensional Simulation Using Port Water Injection for a Spark Ignition Engine

Water injection is a promising solution to reduce fuel consumption while improving the performance of a turbocharged gasoline engine. One-dimensional (1D) engine simulation software, AVL BOOST is rarely used to model water injection. Therefore, this study is aimed to demonstrate the detailed port water injection modelling via AVL BOOST. A four-cylinder turbocharged gasoline engine was developed in AVL BOOST based on the specification of the engine test rig and verified to be used as the baseline model. The port water injection modelling was then added to the baseline model. Water to fuel mass ratios of 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.2 and 0.25 were chosen as the variables to investigate the effect of water injection on the engine performance. The results showed that maximum engine torque and IMEP increased by 10.80% and 8.65%, respectively at 3000 rpm. The water injection also reduced the in-cylinder pressure at the end of the compression stroke, reducing the compression work and improving efficiency. The reduction of combustion temperature also indicates potential for NOx reduction. The lower exhaust temperature can reduce the use of fuel enrichment which consequently reduces the fuel consumption. Conclusively, the water injection model can predict the engine performance parameters accurately.

THE ROLE OF THE TNI NAVY’S HYDRO-OCEANOGRAPHIC CENTRE IN MANAGING SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES (A STUDY ON PROVIDING HYDROGRAPHIC DATA FOR MANAGING SUSTAINABLE FISHERY)

<p><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Indonesia is a rich country who has many natural resources, especially marine resource. To achieve<span> </span>good and sustainable marine resource management will need marine science as a tool such as hydrography. Nowaday, hydrography is often looked only for creating sea map or nautical chart for navigation. Whereas, if we look deeper about hydrography, it has a key role in fisheries resources management especially for fishermen which is hydrography can be a main support for sustainable fisheries and enhancing economic value. This paper explains about the role of hydrography in supporting economic value for fishermen and sustainable fisheries resource in installation fish aggregating devices (FADs), solving fishermen conflicts, and fisheries port. First, key role in installation FADs, effective and efficient of FADs is depend on the where FADs is installed. There are some criterias that must be considered for installing FADs such as sea depth, distance between FADs, seabed contour, free from shipping lanes, and oceanographic parameters. Those criterias needs data from Hidrography survey. Second, role of hydrography in conflict resolution by creating special map with clear coordinate points to show the boundary of fishing area that often occuring the conflict of fishermen. Third, role of hydrography to determine appropriate place for establishing fishing port. By doing hydrography survey to collect the field data in building jetty, cruise lanes, and break water port.<span> </span></span></span></span></p>

Online Prediction of Ship Behavior with Automatic Identification System Sensor Data Using Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural Network.

The real-time prediction of ship behavior plays an important role in navigation and intelligent collision avoidance systems. This study developed an online real-time ship behavior prediction model by constructing a bidirectional long short-term memory recurrent neural network (BI-LSTM-RNN) that is suitable for automatic identification system (AIS) date and time sequential characteristics, and for online parameter adjustment. The bidirectional structure enhanced the relevance between historical and future data, thus improving the prediction accuracy. Through the “forget gate” of the long short-term memory (LSTM) unit, the common behavioral patterns were remembered and unique behaviors were forgotten, improving the universality of the model. The BI-LSTM-RNN was trained using 2015 AIS data from Tianjin Port waters. The results indicate that the BI-LSTM-RNN effectively predicted the navigational behaviors of ships. This study contributes significantly to the increased efficiency and safety of sea operations. The proposed method could potentially be applied as the predictive foundation for various intelligent systems, including intelligent collision avoidance, vessel route planning, operational efficiency estimation, and anomaly detection systems.

The Engineering Economics applied from the Security Perspective in Container Water ports

The Engineering Economics applied from the Security Perspective in Container Water ports

The Engineering Economics applied from the Security Perspective in Container Water ports

The Engineering Economics applied from the Security Perspective in Container Water ports

Suape Container Terminal: Evaluating a Berth Reservation Scheme

The COO for Suape Container Terminal, the largest deep–water port in Brazil's Northeast must consider a proposal presented by the users' council that calls for the establishment of a reservation scheme that minimizes the risk of docking delays. Under this proposal, ocean carriers, on the one hand, agree to pay a reservation fee that significantly increases revenue for Tecon Suape. On the other hand, they expect Tecon Suape to compensate them financially when a berth is not available upon vessel arrival. Tecon Suape's management team must evaluate that suggestion, as the team prepares to enter contractual negotiations with the users.

High diversity and potential translocation of DNA viruses in ballast water

Ballast water is a common vector for the transport of invasive species to new marine and aquatic environments. We used a metagenomics approach to examine the composition and diversity of viral communities in ballast water from ships originating in Mexico, Saudi Arabia, New York, and Panama, and in water from the port of their destination in Busan, Korea. Myoviridae was the most abundant virus family in ballast water, followed Podoviridae and Siphoviridae. We also identified viruses that infect invertebrates, amoebas, and algae in ballast water and in the Busan port water. Interestingly, there were several viruses that infect humans or other animals (Swinepox virus, Raccoonpox virus, Suid herpesvirus, and Human endogenous retrovirus) in the samples from New York and Panama. In addition, there were giant viruses in all the ballast water samples, especially, identified Megavirus chilensis in New York and Panama, and Pandoravirus salinus in Mexico and Saudi Arabia. These results provide detailed descriptions of the characteristics of the viruses present in ballast water, document significant viral diversity, and indicate the potential translocation of viruses via ballast water.

Composition of Ballast Water from Ships Arriving at Kertih Port, Malaysia with Observations on Port and Offshore Waters, and Notes on Settlement Patterns of Fouling Organisms

We investigated plankton composition and water quality of ballast water from seven international ships docked at Kertih Port, Malaysia. Coscinodiscophyceae and cyanobacteria were the dominant phytoplankton found in ballast water samples, whereas copepod nauplii, Oithona sp., Microstella sp. and Paracalanus sp. were the dominant zooplankton. The densities for both phytoplankton and zooplankton in ships’ ballast and port waters were higher than those of offshore samples. All water quality parameters (except Cr) of port samples were within the safety levels prescribed for ports, oil and gas fields (Class 3) by the Malaysia Marine Water Quality Criteria Standard. The study of fouling organisms using PVC panels revealed that brown algae covered 87–95% of the panels’ surface area but they were subsequently succeeded by barnacles, bivalves and red encrusting algae. Barnacle recruitment, however, was greatly influenced by crab predation which left behind a high percentage cover of barnacle bases as calcareous deposits on panels.

Modern Concept of the Financial Strategy of Transport Industry

The paper states theoretical and methodological issues of financial strategy’s formation of the enterprise under modern conditions of economic development. The key problems of the river ports development are determined. Among them - shortage of service equipment, logistic disparity of transport river networks, obsolete vessels. Ways of improving the financial condition of water transport and ports in Russia are suggested.The article specifies that the strategic management of the company's finances can rule over cash flows, capital and investments effectively. The starting point for formation of financial strategy of water transport enterprises should be diagnostics of financial activity and first of all, diagnostics of financial maintenance of the enterprise. A new methodical approach to the formation of the cash flow management strategy of water transport enterprises is proposed. It includes two main stages: a stage of a strategic analysis of the company's cash flows with use of organizational and information model and aanalysis of diagnostics of financial security of water transport enterprises. It is proved that financial strategy is the guiding vector of management of the enterprise and its industrial and economic activity in a modern, dynamic and competitive market environment.

Contemporary dimension of security for hazard and pollution in sea ports

The article discusses selected issues regarding contemporary security dimensions in the aspect of combating threats and pollution in seaports. Analyzing the problems of the modern dimension of safety on sea areas, the concept of maritime safety was clarified. Potential sources of hazards and pollution of port waters are sewage outlets discharging sanitary, industrial and rainwater sewage, transhipment processes carried out on quays, construction, renovation or maintenance works,

Modeling Relapse to Pavlovian Alcohol-Seeking in Rats Using Reinstatement and Spontaneous Recovery Paradigms.

Animal models are critical for studying causal explanations of relapse. Using a Pavlovian conditioning procedure with alcohol, we examined relapse after extinction triggered by either re-exposure to alcohol (reinstatement) or a delay between extinction and test (spontaneous recovery). Male, Long-Evans rats were acclimated to 15% alcohol in the home-cage using an intermittent-access 2-bottle choice procedure. Next, they received Pavlovian conditioning sessions in which an auditory-conditioned stimulus (CS; 20second white noise; 8 trials/session; variable time 240seconds) was paired with 15% alcohol (0.3ml/CS; 2.4ml/session) that was delivered into a fluid port for oral ingestion. In subsequent extinction and test sessions, CS presentations occurred as before, but without alcohol. In experiment 1, exposure to either alcohol or water in the fluid port following extinction reinstated CS-elicited port entries at test 24hours later. In a follow-up study using the same procedure (experiment 2), reinstatement was more robustly stimulated by alcohol, compared to a familiar lemon-flavored liquid. In experiment 3, systemic alcohol injections (0, 0.5, or 1.0g/kg, intraperitoneal) administered either 24hours or 15minutes before test did not reinstate CS-elicited alcohol-seeking. Importantly, enzymatic assays in experiment 4 revealed detectable levels of alcohol in the blood following oral alcohol intake or intraperitoneal injection, suggesting that a pharmacological effect was likely with either route of administration. Last, in experiment 5, a 23-day delay between extinction and test resulted in a robust spontaneous recovery of CS-elicited alcohol-seeking. The reinstatement and spontaneous recovery effects revealed herein provide evidence of viable new behavioral paradigms for testing interventions against relapse.

Phytoplankton community structure in relation to environmental factors from the New Mangalore Port waters along the southwest coast of India.

Seasonal and spatial phytoplankton distribution in relation to environmental factors was investigated in New Mangalore Port, a major port along the west coast of India. A well-mixed water column characterized the non-monsoon seasons, whereas it was weakly stratified during monsoon. Water quality index (TRIX) scores indicated good water quality except during pre-monsoon (inner zone surface) and monsoon (near bottom waters). Surface abundance of tychopelagic diatoms (Paralia sulcata, Melosira nummuloides, Cylindrotheca closterium, and Nitzschia sigma) was higher during non-monsoon seasons. Certain centric diatoms, e.g., Leptocylindrus danicus, P. sulcata, and Rhizosolenia imbricata, dominated during pre-monsoon (inner zone) and positively correlated with TRIX. High Skeletonema costatum and dinoflagellate abundance during the monsoon season coincided with high nutrient concentrations. Five potential toxic and fourteen harmful/bloom forming algal species were encountered at abundances below the level that can be considered as harmful to the ecosystem. In addition to a baseline database, this study highlights the potential use of certain diatom species as indicators of hydrography and water quality for monitoring dynamic coastal marine ecosystems.