Water Management Development Research Articles

Estimation of Dry-Season Fluctuation in Specific Yield using Water Budgeting Approach in Bonasuria Micro-watershed of Damodar River Basin, India

ABSTRACT Heterogeneity in lithological and structural characteristics results in variation of specific yield (Sy) value in spatial domain. It also depends upon degree of saturation of aquifer. This imparts temporal variation in Sy value in an aquifer. Bonasuria micro-watershed of Damodar river-basin in India is selected to undertake the study of estimation of temporal variation in Sy based upon monthly ground water budgeting for three non-monsoon months. Sy value gradually changes with progression of summer months. Average specific yield value has been estimated as 0.002593 in March and 0.001446 in April. Determined specific yield values indicate low water storage capacity of the shallow aquifer system. This highlights the need of efficient water management for sustainable development of the area. Present study indicates that this can be achieved through storing the effluent seepage going out of the micro- water shed system as base flow. By constructing appropriate water storage structure at the mouth of the water shed and diverting the same back to the aquifer through suitable means is expected to rejuvenate the aquifer system. Holistically this intervention will lead towards development of sustainable dry-season agricultural practices in the study area.

TO THE DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE WATER STRATEGY OF UKRAINE

Based on the generalization of international experience in reforming water management systems, a list of basic imperatives and principles, as well as the most common methods and tools of water policy development, which have been tested and successfully implemented in many countries. In particular, the study considers a number of principles of state sectoral policies and management of reform processes, including: the application of systematic multi-disciplinary approaches to assessing the state of natural and technical social systems; adherence to the principles of sustainable development and integrated management; stakeholder participation at all stages of policy development and implementation; implementation of the principles of good governance; use of technological innovations, informatization and application of platform technologies. Emphasis is placed on the fact that existing and promising sectoral strategies in the field of water protection and use should be based on a common intersectoral vision and the formation of relevant broader intersectoral strategic goals that address important national tasks of improving and developing water management. An algorithm of the process of interaction between stakeholders and expert groups in the process of developing the Water strategy is proposed, which provides for: accumulation and analysis of data on the state of water resources and water use; performing a systematic analysis of the functioning of the industry; development of a general vision of the future state of water resources management; substantiation of strategy principles and development of indicators for quantitative assessment of strategy implementation results; determination of the main stages of the strategy and methods of their implementation; development of qualitative and quantitative scenarios of institutional changes in the water management complex, as well as the necessary technical and technological innovations for the long term. It is substantiated that in order to ensure a transparent and clear process of development and implementation of the main provisions of the Water strategy, it is necessary to organize the national water dialogue with the participation of leading scientific and educational institutions in the field of water management.

Evaluation of the Efficiency of Water Discharge using the Performance Indicator, in the Canals of the Nashik Irrigation Network

In western India, the water for irrigation is supplied by the open inundation channels of the reservoir having its predominant distribution there. The Irrigation management faces issues of less capacitated water distribution systems than its apex requirement, has irregular supply rate, low inundation efficiency, and consistency. It is important to measure the delivered water supply with required water delivery in proportion to its demand. The auto water elevated gauges which are fixed at the back and front segments of each inundation canal at the left bank channel of the Godavari river assess the discharge of supplied water during the irrigation period. In the current research, the computation would be conducted for the water delivery performance indicators such as competency, productivity, prominence, and rectitude, which are fundamental for the assessment of the irrigation and drainage system management. According to the water supply performance indicator, the inundation ability is calculated with an automatic water gauge. It is measured from the structural and transient channeling of water discharge to examine the inefficiency of water supply management. The cumulative results of the performance indicator demonstrate the enhanced methods to develop water management policies that will facilitate the irrigation planners with improved temporal consistency and reasonable water distribution.

Feasibility of investment installation using SWRO in Seribu Island, Indonesia

Population balance and water availability need to be considered. Indonesia as an agrarian country has abundant marine resource wealth. This condition makes Indonesia a center for marine tourism. The purpose of this research was to analyze water management in Seribu islands as national and foreign marine tourism which are then considered in the provision of sustainable clean water. This research method used descriptive ecological analysis which refers to the literature and data sourced from the amount of groundwater availability based on rainfall, evapotranspiration, and dry length. Secondary data collected in this study include statistics and monographs of the study area, climatological meteorological data in the form of rainfall, dry months, and air temperature is taken throughout 2019. The results showed that the water quality in the Seribu Islands deteriorated when the dry season arrived and when excessive groundwater extraction occurred. In addition, efforts to develop water management in the Seribu Islands are unplanned and sustainable while the population continues to increase. The growth of homestays, the number of tourists, public facilities such as hospitals, schools, and dormitories triggered the conversion of planting land. Pramuka Island has an unplanned harbor development which has an impact on water resources. Management and planning for the development of Reverse Osmosis Seawater (SWRO) in the Seribu Islands need to be reconsidered for the supply and management of resources also for the water conservation activities that have not been effective.

Land property rights and household take-up of development programs: Evidence from land certification program in Ethiopia

• The study examines the impact of land property rights on take-up of agricultural development interventions in Ethiopia. • We find that land certification has a positive impact on the take-up of agricultural extension package program. • Land certification status significantly predicts farm household adoption of chemical fertilizer. • Secure land rights play a key role in household participation in community level land and water management programs. • The study promotes land rights as mechanism to promote agricultural development and sustainable land and water management. Access to secure land plays a key role in the socio-economic development of agricultural households. Since 1998, large-scale land certification programs aimed at strengthening the land property rights of agricultural households in Ethiopia have been implemented across regions to varying degrees. Using a three-period, large-scale nationally representative panel dataset from Ethiopia, this paper investigates the importance of access to secure land property right in the form of land certification for household take-up of agricultural development interventions that aim to improve household agricultural productivity and sustainable land use at a community level. We studied the take-up of agricultural extension packages and participation in community level sustainable land and water management programs as outcome variables. To account for potential endogeneity in the allocation of certificates and other confounding factors, we applied different panel data methods including instrumental variable approach. We find that access to secure property rights have a positive and significant effect on household take-up agricultural development interventions: agricultural extension packages and sustainable land and water management interventions. Additionally, we find that land certificates significantly predict household adoption of chemical fertilizers.

Smallholder Farmer’s Willingness To Pay For Improved Irrigation Water Supply In Mashonaland Central Irrigation Schemes, Zimbabwe

Irrigation agriculture is playing a major role in attaining food self-sufficiency and overall agricultural development in many developing countries and its development is key in promoting rural development. Due to limited capacity by governments support these schemes in most developing countries, it is important that farmers are willing to assist in recovering the cost of the management, maintenance, and operation of the irrigation system. This study therefore estimated the determinants of smallholder farmers’ willingness to pay for improved irrigation water using an Ordered Probit Model. It was done in Negomo and Chimhanda irrigation schemes in Zimbabwe. Primary data was collected from 120 randomly selected smallholder farm households through a structured questionnaire and focus group discussions. The study identified Household size, household income, farmer’s satisfaction with the current management practices and amount of the initial bid factors significantly influencing farmers’ WTP for improved irrigation water. The study recommended that management practices and scheme operations should be oriented. management team or committee in the irrigation scheme should come up payment plans to finance system upgrade and covering maintenance cost and need to develop water management policies like water optimum prices and promote water-efficient technologies. Keywords: Willingness to pay, Contingent valuation method, Irrigation water DOI: 10.7176/JESD/12-20-06 Publication date: October 31 st 2021

Water Treatment With Conventional and Alternative Coagulants: A Review

There is no access to basic sanitation for half the world's population, leading to Socioeconomic issues, such as scarcity of drinking water and the spread of diseases. In this way, it is of vital importance to develop water management technologies relevant to the target population. In addition, in the separation form of water treatment, the compound often used as a coagulant in water treatment is aluminum sulfate, which provides good results for raw water turbidity and color removal. Studies show, however, that its deposition in the human body, even Alzheimer's disease, can cause serious harm to health and disease development. The study aims to improve the coagulation/flocculation stage related to the amount of flakes, including the absence of metal sludge formed. Initial studies were concerned with assisting and comparing natural and chemical coagulants. The key chemicals used for coagulation are aluminum sulfate (alum) and poly aluminum chloride, also known as PACL and ferric chloride.

Water management for industrial development, energy conservation, and subjective attitudes: a comprehensive risk-oriented model to explore the tolerance of unbalanced allocation problem

Abstract In this study, a new concept concerning comprehensive characteristics of water resources utilization as an index for risk modeling within the water allocation management model is proposed to explore the tolerance of unbalanced allocation problem under the water–energy nexus. The model is integrated with interval two-stage stochastic programming for reflecting system uncertainties. These uncertainties are associated with the industrial production feature and the decision-making process. With respect to the water–energy nexus, energy proposed is mainly focused on the consumption intensity of water purification and transportation from different water sources. The developed model is applied for industrial water resources allocation management in Henan province, China. Multiple scenarios related to disparate energy consumption control and the comprehensive risk levels are simulated to obtain a reasonable trade-off among system profit, comprehensive risk, and energy consumption. The results indicated that the strict comprehensive risk management or energy consumption control measures could cause damage to system benefit owing to decreasing the flexibility of industrial water resources distributions, and the preliminary energy consumption or the comprehensive risk control would be beneficial to moderate the conflict between industrial sectors and water resources, and accelerate industrial structure transformation in the future.

Water management and evolutionary study for sustainable development in the Piura region, Peru

El objetivo fue proponer un modelo de Gestión sostenible del agua en base a un estudio evolutivo para el desarrollo sostenible en la región Piura. Este trabajo se realizó bajo el paradigma hipotético deductivo, de tipo sustantiva básica con diseño correlacional transversal. Se utilizaron dos cuestionarios: cuestionario 1, aplicado a una muestra de 220 familias, para la obtención de información sobre el consumo de agua, y el cuestionario 2, aplicado a una muestra de 36 profesionales en ejercicio de la administración pública, estos instrumentos fueron complementados con fichas bibliográficas. Se empleó la prueba chi-cuadrada (X2), grados de libertad=32) con un nivel de significación del 5% (α=0,05) con la finalidad de demostrar las hipótesis planteadas. Confrontando los valores obtenidos experimentalmente se rechazó la hipótesis nula. El modelo de gestión y el estudio evolutivo del agua si contribuyen al desarrollo sostenible del agua.

Spatial variations and controls on the hydrochemistry of surface waters across the Ili-Balkhash Basin, arid Central Asia

Climate variability influences both water quantity and quality in lakes and rivers, e.g., shifts in salinity caused by changes in the evaporation/precipitation ratio. However, knowledge about climate and human influences on water quality in some regions is scarce, which causes uncertainty when evaluating water resources and developing water management plans. We measured the chemical composition and stable isotope values (δD and δ18O) in water samples from the Ili-Balkhash Basin, arid Central Asia, to investigate factors that control hydrologic processes in the area, and explore how the arid environment influences local hydrochemistry and water resources. Isotope values in lake waters (−24.1‰ [δD] and −1.5‰ [δ18O]) are enriched relative to river waters (−84.6‰ [δD] and −12.4‰ [δ18O]), indicating that lake waters experience intense evaporation. In the upstream Ili River, waters with lowest δD and δ18O values are supplied mainly by glacial ice and snow melt, whereas lower reaches of the river are affected increasingly by evaporation and human water extraction. Waters of the Ili River and other small rivers that drain to Lake Balkhash are chemically similar, and of the Ca-HCO3 type. Gibbs diagrams indicate that mineral weathering is the key process that controls river water chemistry. On average, carbonate and silicate weathering contribute 55.1% and 26.7%, respectively, to the total dissolved ion load in the river waters, illustrating the strong control that regional geology exerts on streamwater chemistry. In contrast, lake waters are characterized as Na-Cl type, which results mainly from evaporation and some evaporite dissolution. Weathering in the area is controlled by climate, i.e. precipitation and temperature. Moreover, a negative correlation between lake water total dissolved solids and d-excess, and a systematic increase in chemical concentrations and stable isotope values downstream in the Ili River, reflect the fact that arid climate conditions promote evaporation and affect water quality. PCA analysis and mass balance calculation of water chemistry suggests that humans contribute only 6.6% of the major ion load to waters, which display increasing concentrations in the middle and downstream regions. There, effects of human-mediated weathering and transport of salts from agricultural irrigation are reinforced by higher temperatures and evaporation.

Brine management strategies, technologies, and recovery using adsorption processes

The world is experiencing serious shortages, unequal distributions, and contamination of the available freshwater resources. Many factors like geography, climate change, increasing populations, economic and technological development, industrialization, and inadequate water management are considered the main contributors to the issue. Many Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), energy-rich arid and semi-arid countries, have set fossil fuel consumption and desalination of seawater as their main energy and freshwater resources resource. This poses significant economic and environmental risks due to the many challenges associated with non-renewable energy resources and desalination technologies. Some of the challenges of desalination technologies include complex processes, infrastructure, energy requirements, and harmful air emissions as well as environmental discharges. Geothermal energy extraction and CO 2 sequestration are recognized as solutions to the global reliance on fossil fuels and global warming. However, these technologies are associated with various impacts. Brine streams are byproducts which contain various pollutants, chemicals, toxins, heavy metals as well as concentrated salts and metal ions. The impacts of brine on the environment through the direct disposal methods have led to the development of many types of brine treatment and recovery processes. These processes aim at removing pollutants and extracting valuable metals from brine, decrease its volume, and produce freshwater. Despite these benefits, the conventional brine treatment processes suffer from numerous implementation challenges, economic, environmental as well as energy constraints. Therefore, the adsorption process through the use of natural adsorbents is presented as a novel, efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly approach to remediate and recover various brine streams. The GCC like Qatar relies heavily on desalination, which produces huge amounts of brine annually. Also, date production is high all year long, which results in the disposal of natural adsorbents such as date pits as wastes. Date pits are demonstrated as highly efficient adsorbents for the higher adsorption capacity of valuable metals, substances, and pollutants from aqueous solutions like brine. Therefore, the urgent need for constant development of the desalination industry as well as brine management strategies is needed. Adsorption could potentially fill the gap of the various mentioned challenges of the current brine management strategies. • Brine treatment and recovery is one of the brine management strategies. • Adsorption as a brine recovery process is gaining more interest by countries. • Adsorption is an environmental approach to treat and recover desalination brine. • Adsorption could potentially fill the gap of current brine management strategies.

Developing water management objective on tropical peatlands under oil palm cultivation

Less attention to peatlands for various economic development activities have led to the emergence of serious environmental problems. The problems are floods in the rainy season, fires in the dry season and increased carbon emissions. This paper aimed to examine physical and hydrological characteristics to develop land management plans. The research was conducted on peatlands used for oil palm plantations. The study concluded that the available drainage system generally indicates excess discharge (over drainage). Water retention efforts proved effective in secondary channels and are able to raise the water level of 20-30 cm higher than the uncultivated peatlands (no water retention). Fluctuations in groundwater levels in the period from August to September on the cultivated peatlands showed that the groundwater is deeper than the uncultivated peatlands. It determined greater value of evapotranspiration of oil palm plantation. If the floodgates do not exist, then the groundwater becomes deeper than the cultivated peatlands. In the January-February period of the groundwater in the cultivated peatlands can be increased to 20-30 cm under the soil surface, but on the uncultivated peatlands without controlling the water level drops at the position 40-50 cm below the soil surface. Thus the concept of water retention became the main purpose for water management in peatlands.

Development of Irrigation Regime of Limited and Unlimited Water Supply for Satisfactory Rice Yield

Rice is the staple food for majority of the population worldwide and is a water-consuming crop. Decreasing water availability due to climate change necessitates the development of water saving rice production technology. The objective of this study was to develop water management strategies for two contrast scenarios of water availability for improvement of rice yield with high water productivity. A pot experiment using different levels of water percentages for water management treatments in rice was conducted inside a greenhouse during the wet

Rainwater harvesting technology to increase cropping index under perennial crops

Spatial and temporal water availability uncertainties are the major constraints to dryland crops productivity. Comprehensive hydrologic survey to determine water harvesting location as supplementary irrigation source is the key to increase dryland cropping index. This research was conducted in Lampung during April to December 2019. The aims of this research were to develop water management designs and irrigation techniques for upland rice and maize cultivation under perennial crops. The applied irrigation techniques consisted of sprinkler, furrow, and hose spray, while 3 varieties of the used upland rice were Rindang 1, Rindang 2, and Inpago 10. Results of this research revealed differences in crop productivity between paddy under “sengon” and rubber. This finding suggests supplement irrigation requirement from water harvesting infrastructures to increase land productivity during dry season. Moreover, the percentage of tolerable shading was up to 50% or 3 year age of the perennial crops.

DETERMINANTS OF WATER CONSUMPTION IN TOURISM LODGING SECTOR. THE CASE OF KAZAKHSTAN

Purpose – The main purpose of the paper is to identify, define and analyze the main variables that determine water consumption in the lodging industry, which usually accounts, on average, between the 6% and 10% of total operational costs. Design/Methodology/Approach – The research is based on a survey questionnaire distributed among lodging managers in summer 2016 in the Shchuchinsk-Burabay resort area (Kazakhstan). The regression model methodology has been used to determine the main drivers of water consumption in the tourism lodging facilities. Findings – The estimations obtained in the regression model reveal that the main determinants of water consumption are the total area of the lodging facility, the pool sizes, the type of accommodation (with a special attention to the sanatoriums sector) and the type of board offered. Our study also concludes that the implementation of water saving initiatives significantly reduces water consumption levels and constitutes an effective tool to minimize lodging water consumption. These results can be useful both for policy makers and accommodation managers to develop water management policies to guarantee water, both in quantity and quality, both for the resident population and for the tourism sector. Originality of research – The study extends the geographical scope of research in tourism-water nexus by focusing on the case of emerging tourist destination, such as Kazakhstan

Impacts of urban development on urban water management – Limits of predictability

This study evaluates how random variations in urban development affect projections of urban water management over long time horizons, based on combined simulations of urban development and water management. The urban development was simulated based on existing procedural tools; however, novel procedures were implemented to allow the simulation of re-development in existing areas. The urban layout was parameterised based on the characteristics of existing building stock. A state-of-the-art hydraulic simulation tool was applied to simulate urban water systems. Experiments were conducted based on different degrees of random variation in the projections of urban development. These ranged from simply shuffling the sequences of urban developments foreseen in planning documents, to simulating urban growth with fixed growth rates but without zoning regulations, to simulations where both the growth rates and urban development locations were selected based on past development characteristics. Odense (a city in Denmark) was analysed using this paradigm. The impacts on the annual flow volumes, combined sewer overflows, exceedances of hydraulic pipe capacity, and surcharge volumes were evaluated. In general, the projections of the urban water management parameters were strongly affected by the random variations in the locations of urban development. In addition, most trends resulting from changing population growth rates could only be identified on spatial scales above 10 km2. Projections on longer time horizons were less affected by the random variations in urban development locations, as bounded simulation areas were considered. In conclusion, conceptual models are considered sufficient for performing combined simulations of urban development and urban water management in exploratory assessments.

Accounting for account-abilities: Examining the relationships between farm nutrient measurement and collaborative water governance dynamics in Canterbury, New Zealand

Water quality has become a significant concern for the New Zealand public. The source of its decline in recent years has been largely attributed to the expansion of the dairying industry, and its improvement, a focal point of environmental management. A collaborative model has been developed in the Canterbury region, where committees have been created including government representatives, water management experts, farmers, and non-farming community members. These committees develop water management plans in a water catchment and can be seen to embody a form of socialising accountability where different groups hold each other accountable and share responsibility. One feature of the plans is the establishment of nitrogen loss thresholds for farms in a catchment, implemented through a highly technical form of nutrient modelling. Drawing from interviews and observations in Canterbury water governance networks, we argue that there is a tension between collaborative forms of environmental governance that seeks to socialise accountability, and nutrient modelling that de-socialise accountability in practice. We discuss how these tensions may challenge participatory forms of governance.

Modified heavy metal Pollution index (m-HPI) for surface water Quality in river basins, India.

India is bestowed with huge amount of surface water resources. However, India lacks the quality monitoring of surface water and comprehensive management for sustainable surface water development. A new approach for indexing has been proposed to represent pollution due to heavy metals in surface water. Heavy metal pollution indices (m-HPI) for 60 surface water samples in the peninsular stretch were evaluated during pre-drought, drought and post-drought condition. The Index will be represented by a Positive Index (PI) and a Negative Index (NI), where PI represents the level pollution exceeding the maximum desirable limit and NI reflects the index within the required limit. The PI is assigned as 0 when indicators are present below the detection limit or equal to the maximum required limit. However, the value calculated for NI could be 0 to -1 when the indicators are equal to or less than the suggested maximum desirable limit, and the value could be -1 when the indicators are present below the suggested detection limit. The spatiotemporal variation of water quality pattern was studied by the interpolation maps extracted from ArcGIS. The results are compared with WHO standard to validate the drinking water quality. The calculated indices indicated the suitability of water for domestic and irrigation purposes. The developed indexing system is user friendly, robust, flexible and may evaluate the index considering any water quality standard.

Water management for agriculture development in peatlands

Peatlands are very vulnerable, and their existence must be maintained as stores of water and carbon stocks. Moreover, due to improper management, peatlands in Indonesia have degraded, resulting in various environmental problems such as fire, flooding, and subsidence. Drainage on peatlands that is not carried out properly causes the peat to dry out and even become vulnerable or flammable. The peat becoming dry on a large scale has the potential to increase subsidence and greenhouse gas emissions (such as CO2), which can contribute to local and global climate change. The management of peatlands in the cultivation area must pay attention to the unity of the peat area (landscape), including the existence of peat domes. The main parameters that need to be taken into account in land and water management in peat land are (1) Drainability Limits, (2) Subsidence, (3) Land Useful Life, (4) Adjacent Ecosystem Linkages, (5) Peatland Externalities, and (6) Priorities and Prevention of Massive and Disastrous Damage. Water management is one of the most important aspects in peatland management, which needs to be performed by water regulation so that the peat soil surface remains wet, preventing it from drought in the dry season and causing fires, and at the same time preventing flood disasters during the rainy season. Efforts to utilize excess water during the rainy season to cover the water deficit in the dry season need to be endeavoured to minimize wasted water.

Simulated irrigation reduction improves low flow in streams—A case study in the Lower Flint River Basin

Study regionThe Ichawaynochaway Creek watershed within the Lower Flint River Basin in the Southeast US. Study focusFreshwater resources are facing increasing pressure globally, even in areas not generally accustomed to water shortages. The Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River basin has experienced episodic water stress over the past three decades due to population growth, climate variability, land use change, and agricultural intensification. While precipitation in the region is relatively high, declines in streamflow suggest a growing need to develop water management options focused on reducing water consumption. Many efforts have focused on reducing water use by irrigation, the primary water consumer in the region; however, the effectiveness of irrigation reduction at restoring streamflow is uncertain. New hydrological insights of the regionWe used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool to simulate the effects of a range of irrigation reduction scenarios on streamflow during a 16-year period that included extreme drought and extremely wet conditions. Simulated irrigation reduction had a consistently positive effect on streamflow. In the absence of irrigation, annual streamflow increased 7 %, or ∼6 million m3/year, compared to normal irrigation. Proportional changes in streamflow were much greater during low flow periods. Additional flow during extremely low flow periods is critically important for conserving imperiled aquatic species and maintaining healthy stream habitats. Results indicate that increased flow is achievable by broadly implementing existing water conservation technologies.