Water Management Activities Research Articles

Using national hydrologic models to obtain regional climate change impacts on streamflow basins with unrepresented processes

Climate change is increasingly impacting water availability. National-scale hydrologic models simulate streamflow resulting from many important processes, but often without processes such as human water use and management activities. This work explores and tests methods to account for such omitted processes using one national-scale hydrologic model. Two bias correction methods, Flow Duration Curve (FDC) and Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), are tested on streamflow simulated by the US Geological Survey National Hydrologic Model (NHM-PRMS), which omits irrigation pumping. A semi-arid agricultural case study is used. FDC and ARIMA perform better for correcting low and high flows, respectively. A hybrid method performs well at both low and high flows; typical Nash-Sutcliffe values increased from <-1.00 to about 0.75. Results suggest methods with which national-scale hydrologic models can be bias-corrected for omitted processes to improve regional streamflow estimates. Utility of these correction methods in simulation of future projections is discussed.

Uplifting Local Wisdom in Soil and Water Conservation System

The environmental conditions significantly influence the quality of life for humans and other living beings, thus requiring attention to robust and consistent environmental protection and management conditions by all stakeholders. Various principles are utilized in environmental protection and management, and one of these principles is culture and local wisdom. Local wisdom comprises noble values applied in the community's way of life, including, among other things, sustainable protection and management of the environment. Protection and management of the environment must also consider the noble values prevailing in the community's way of life. The occurrence of a water crisis resulting from the reduction of water sources and the weakened conditions of living organisms is due to the insufficient attention to the rules of local wisdom. Various efforts have been made for soil and water conservation, both by the government and environmentalists. The management of water and soil resources is not only the responsibility of the government outlined in various written policies but also the responsibility of the local community evident in the knowledge and experience of the community in carrying out various water and soil management activities.

Glass half empty or half full? Gender in integrated water resource management in South Asia

AbstractThis paper reviews the experience with gender mainstreaming in the water sector in South Asia. It analyzes the reasons for the limited impact of these efforts. These are located in the limited understanding and consequent operationalization of the concept of gender itself. Rather than equating the word gender with women, it needs to be understood to refer to the social and power differences between men and women and the differences within women. Gender needs to be approached in policy and practice through a lens of intersectionality. Reserving seats for women in local patriarchal structures of decision making does little to alter the status quo; securing women's participation in water management activities without altering power relations between water users and service providers only creates additional work burdens for them. The changing nature of water resources education in the region means that water problems shall be seen differently in the future and that there will be more women in this sector. There is a need to develop curricula based on ways of theorizing about gender and water in different agro‐ecological and institutional settings embedded in the unique context of South Asia.

Participatory analysis of water-related conflict risks in complex adaptive systems – the case of the Inner Niger Delta in Mali

ABSTRACT To avoid negative societal implications from water management actions, the complex interrelations between water and conflict need to be understood. Assessment of such links in complex adaptive systems, characterized by various factors which mutually influence each other, is challenging. This paper explores how the use of participatory methods can support the identification of water-related conflict risks in one such complex adaptive system: the Inner Niger Delta in Mali. We find that participatory analysis not only facilitated the identification of systemic risks in a complex adaptive system, but also shapes the perceptions of these interlinkages.

Upaya Meningkatkan Partisipasi Masyarakat Dalam Kegiatan Pengelolaan Air Bersih di Desa Jedong Kabupaten Malang

Village is the smallest political unit in the Indonesian government system, Village also has a very strategic position as a pillar of national development. In the management of Village-Owned Enterprises, community participation is needed, the competence of managers of Village-Owned Enterprises and reliable leaders. In conducting research, what is done by researchers is by using qualitative research. In sharpening research, qualitative research must establish focus. The informant determination technique carried out by the compiler in this preparation is a purposive sampling technique, and in determining data, researchers use triangulation techniques. From the results of research in Jedong Village in carrying out clean water management activities, the village government has efforts to invite the community to carry out clean water management activities, by providing understanding to the community and jointly carrying out clean water management activities, but in clean water management, there are still obstacles, namely lack of community participation

A Laboratory Watershed Model to Study the Effect of Rainfall Intensity and Soil Surface Slope on Surface Runoff Rate of Karbala Desert Soil

Precipitation generating surface runoff is very important in various water resources development and management activities such as flood control and management, irrigation scheduling, irrigation design, and drainage networks. The aim of this study is to indicate the effect of rainfall intensity and soil surface slope on the surface runoff rate of Karbala desert soil. This study was conducted on the soil of the Karbala desert in Iraq, located between the provinces of Karbala and Najaf, extended from the longitude 32o44'186'' E and latitude 44o100'960''N. In this study, a laboratory watershed model was designed and constructed to be used to examine surface runoff of the Karbala desert soil and other hydrological properties, under the influence of different precipitation intensities (1.83 cm/min, 1.67 cm/min, 0.9 cm/min, and 0.64 cm/min) and different slopes of the soil surface (0.0 %, 2.0 %, 3.3 %, and 6.7 %). A Gene Expression Programming model was used to develop an equation of the surface runoff rate for the Karbala desert soil. The results showed that the rate of surface runoff increased with increasing rainfall intensity. The highest surface runoff rate of 101.53 cm/hr was obtained when the rainfall intensity was 1.83 cm/min, while at the rainfall intensity of 0.64 cm/min, the highest value of surface runoff rate of 31.17 cm/hr was obtained. The results also showed that the slope of the soil surface has a clear effect on the surface runoff rates. The highest value of surface runoff rate of 96.82 cm/hr was obtained when the slope of the soil surface was 0.0%, while at the slope of the soil surface of 6.7%, the highest value of surface runoff rate of 101.53 cm/hr was obtained. According to the simulation results, the surface runoff rate equation created using the Gene Expression Programming model did a great job of predicting the Karbala desert soil surface runoff, with a coefficient of determination R2 equal to 0.8812 for training and 0.8155 for testing.

Current Water Management of Small Lotic Waterbodies in the Context of Nature Conservation in Germany

Small lotic waterbodies are abundant and species rich habitats, offering refuges and microhabitats to protected species of the European Union Habitats Directive. Highly impacted by water management actions, it is essential to reveal the current status and challenges of water management. The present study aims to identify relevant issues by conducting a survey concerning water management authorities. Authorities were selected according to their involvement in the management of small lotic waterbodies within the actual range of a threatened species, Coenagrion mercuriale (Odonata), which is highly dependent on water management actions and protected by the Habitats Directive. The survey involved three sets of questionnaires, (1) socio-demographic (personal) questions (2) specific questions about water management and (3) questions on the biological background. Out of 181 selected authorities, 75 participated in the survey. The results showed that though nature conservation interests are partially considered, they represented a minor factor in water management decision-making. In addition, knowledge exchange is insufficient between involved stakeholders from policy, management practice and science, which was especially reflected in the case of equipment use and accruing material. The reconciliation of both, water management and nature conservation interests, can contribute to enhance the conservation status of key protected species of small lotic waterbodies under the Habitats Directive.

Rainfall Versus Water Balance Components Using R Software: A Case Study on a Micro-watershed in the Mid-lands of Kerala

Quantitative information on an area’s water balance components is essential to plan water management activities. In most cases, these water balance components, viz. rainfall, runoff, soil moisture, groundwater storage, and evapotranspiration, will be missing, especially in the developing world. At the same time, most countries have rainfall data in a reasonably acceptable spatial resolution. Hence, if a relationship between rainfall and other water balance components can be developed, then using these relations, the values of those water balance components can be determined. Hence, a study has been taken up in which important water balance components, viz. rainfall, runoff, soil moisture, the height of groundwater table from MSL, and evapotranspiration, are measured from a watershed, and the relationship between rainfall and other components have been determined through regression analysis. R software was used to determine relationships between rainfall and other water balance components. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) between rainfall vs. runoff was 0.83, rainfall vs. soil moisture was 0.80, rainfall vs. the height of GW table from MSL was 0.72, and rainfall vs. evapotranspiration was -0.64, which indicates a good correlation in the majority of the cases. The relationship between rainfall vs. runoff, rainfall vs. soil moisture, rainfall vs. the height of the GW table, and rainfall vs. evapotranspiration was a polynomial equation with degrees 4, 3, 5, and 3, respectively. The study concludes that it is possible to estimate most other water balance components using the regression estimates by measuring the rainfall. These relationships can be used effectively in water management programs.

Building Water Quality Commissioning in Healthcare Settings: Reducing Legionella and Water Contaminants Utilizing a Construction Scheduling Method

Construction activities in healthcare settings potentially expose building occupants to life-threatening waterborne pathogens, including Legionella. The lack of a building water quality commissioning (BWQC) process has been identified as a substantial construction risk factor associated with disease cases and deaths. A BWQC schedule method was developed as a technical note to address gaps between the construction, commissioning, and operation phases of work to establish water quality and safety for a building water distribution system. The BWQC schedule method enables healthcare organizations to meet commissioning criteria set forth in guidelines and regulatory requirements for implementing a water management program (WMP) prior to initiating patient care operations. The authors used Office Timeline® Pro+Edition V7.02, Office Timeline LLC, Bellevue WA 98004, USA to depict a Gantt chart as a BWQC schedule listing key project tasks and milestones of construction and water management activities. Design and construction professionals, in conjunction with healthcare organizations, should examine the BWQC construction schedule method and customize it for project-specific implementation. Additionally, building owners should consider incorporating the method into an organization’s construction policies for a standardized approach to BWQC practices.

Quantitative assessment of water quality in the Vidsichne reservoir (Zhytomyr, Ukraine)

The modern approach to the implementation of water management activities is based on a quantitative assessment of the quality of water resources, which includes a certain set of indicators to reflect the needs of users in the composition and properties of water, to assess their condition, etc. Ecological assessment is a preliminary stage and a condition for ecological standardization of surface water quality. To analyze the compliance of water quality with ecological standards, the obtained results are compared with the values of ecological standards for the corresponding water body. The study carried out a quantitative assessment of water quality in the Vidsichne reservoir, near Zhytomyr (Ukraine). This assessment is based on the introduction of risk weighting factors from certain types of pollutants to the calculation formula of the integral indicator. Monitoring studies on hydrochemical indicators in the reservoir showed an increase in manganese content to 0.40 mg/dm3. To calculate the integral indicator of water quality, manganese and the related level of oxygen dissolved in water, biological oxygen consumption (BOC) were selected. It was established that the water in the reservoir belongs to the fourth quality class, that is, it is polluted. A model map of manganese concentration was built and the ecological coefficient of water quality was calculated, which indicates a 5-fold excess of ecological standards. The use of a graphic method of comprehensive assessment of the state of water in any reservoir is substantiated. The increase in manganese content is due to the seasonal increase in air temperature. The constructed mathematical model of the dependence of manganese content on temperature makes it possible to predict the state of the water body depending on climatic conditions and indicates an increase in the value of this indicator from 12°C and above. Quantitative assessment of water quality in the reservoir based on the sum of ecological indicators reflects the needs of users in the composition and properties of water and makes it possible to assess their condition.

Determinants of Water Consumption in Hotels: New Insights Obtained through a Case Study

The literature on water use in hotels has identified numerous determinants of water consumption, but a consensus has yet to be reached on the influence of some of these factors. This article aims to enhance the current research framework on water use in the hotel sector by presenting a case study of one hotel in Tenerife, Canary Islands. The conceptual framework of water consumption in hotels is presented based on the previous literature. Starting from that, basic statistical analysis and bivariate correlations were performed on water consumption data from 2007 to 2019 to determine the significant factors affecting both total water consumption and consumption per guest night. Special attention was paid to water usage in gardens and the impact of weather conditions, as there is a lack of research focused on them. Additionally, the water management actions of the hotel were classified according to the business’ themes proposed for the Sustainable Development Goals, using an internationally recognized guide, thus addressing one of the gaps identified in the literature. The results generally support previous research findings, but some discrepancies were noted regarding the number of guest nights and the effectiveness of implementing water-saving measures. This raises new questions about the characteristics of various water-saving measures, such as room renovation, and their influence on customer behavior, which may alter the intended impact on water consumption. Therefore, the findings of this study can provide an insight into unclear aspects in this area. They could also benefit hotels in terms of sustainability communication by allowing them to position their actions with an internationally recognized framework.

THE EFFECTS OF RESTAURANT GREEN PRACTICES ON CUSTOMER INTENTION TO PURCHASE ECO-FRIENDLY PRODUCTS: EVIDENCE FROM VIETNAM

This research aims to identify how green practices affect customer intention to purchase green products via customers’ emotional attachment. Using the PLS- SEM to analyze 358 restaurant guests to find customer intention to purchase green products is a fundamental constituent of a restaurant’s success. The results reveal that the application of recycling and composting, energy and water management activities have a positive significant impact on customer intention to purchase green products and pro-environmental emotional attachment, and the application of organic food-green products and materials have a significant impact on emotional attachment, but not trigger on customer intention to purchase green products. Meanwhile, the application of eco-friendly supplies did not affect emotional attachment and customer intention to purchase. Pro-environmental emotional attachment is a key mediator of the customer intention model. The results provided both knowledge and theory of green practices by adding customers’ emotional attachment into the theory of planned behavior to understand customer behavior toward green restaurants. It proposes managerial recommendations and building strategies for the long term to increase customer intention to purchase green products in the restaurant industry.

A LONG-TERM ESTIMATION AND MODELING OF DOMESTIC WATER RESOURCES IN THE YARMOUK RIVER BASIN-JORDAN

This paper presents an assessment of the supply and demand of domestic water resources in the Yarmouk River Basin-Jordan over a twenty-year period and a long-term estimate of domestic water use for the coming years through 2030. The basin was selected because of water-related problems ranging from management to water scarcity and overpopulation. These problems have increased pressure on the domestic water supply, thus the population’s demand for water far exceeds the water supply from internal wells, necessitating management actions to bridge the gap between domestic supply and demand. The method includes identifying the governorates, wells, cities, villages, and computing the population in the basin governorates. Domestic water demand was assessed on a per capita water basis in 1997 and 2017. An Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model was used to estimate usage behavior. The results showed an increase in the basin population from 0.64 to 1.53 million, more than doubling. Comparing the population demand with the internal water supply showed significant changes, as the increase in water use was remarkably high despite the decline in per capita water. ARIMA estimates a 2% increase in domestic use annually and 15% through 2030, challenging the future of water supplies. Water management actions will address this challenge, such as the inter-basins located outside the Yarmouk Basin, thus resolving supply shortage issues. These findings are important as a baseline for future studies, and can assist stakeholders in taking actions such as reviewing groundwater data, detecting illegal practices, water harvesting, and assessing non-revenue water.

Impact of Water Management Activities to Transform the Natural Environment on Groundwater Production for Irrigation

In the presented article, materials for a long-term period on the parameters of river runoff are considered, existing and prospective irrigation is characterized, such as the area of irrigated land, the total supply of irrigation water, the efficiency of irrigation systems, infiltration of irrigation systems. The value of the total change in the incoming items of the groundwater balance for the period 1985-2000 is calculated.

Synthesizing historic and current evidence for anadromy in a northern pike (Esox lucius L.) meta-population inhabiting brackish lagoons of the southern Baltic Sea, with implications for management

Pike (Esox lucius) populations across the central and southern Baltic Sea have undergone declines in recent decades. The underlying reasons are not fully understood but the loss of access to freshwater habitats in tributaries to brackish lagoons may be one important factor in some localities. Our objective was to synthesize evidence for the presence of historic and contemporary anadromy in pike from the brackish lagoon systems around the Fischland-Darß-Zingst peninsula and the islands of Hiddensee, Rügen and Usedom (Germany) by combining a review of grey literature, interviews with local citizens with knowledge tracing back to the mid-20th century, and field studies based on a range of methods, including telemetry, fyke netting and electrofishing of tributaries during the spawning seasons in the years 2020–2022. Genetic analyses were used to validate the existence of reproductively isolated subpopulations among pike migrating into different streams. The collective findings confirm the existence of freshwater spawning activity and genetic subpopulations across the entire study system in a multitude of tributaries, streams and ditches, but many populations appear to be small. The prevalence of anadromy across tributaries has likely suffered from water management activities in the 1970s and 1980s that blocked access to many rivers, ditches, streams and wetlands. Reduced access to freshwater streams through migration barriers associated with wetland management and agriculture could have fostered selection pressures to fully recruit in brackish environments, at the cost of declines and perhaps even local extinctions of once abundant anadromous subpopulations, most likely reducing stock resilience through the loss of genetic diversity and biocomplexity. Restoration of wetlands and access to freshwater spawning sites to recover subpopulations and anadromy can be recommended.

Hydro-Economic Modeling of Water Resources Management Challenges: Current Applications and Future Directions

Hydro-economic modeling (HEM) addresses research and policy questions from socioeconomic and biophysical perspectives under a broad range of water-related topics. Applications of HEM include economic evaluations of existing and new water projects, alternative water management actions or policies, risk assessments from hydro-climatic uncertainty (e.g., climate change), and the costs and benefits of mitigation and/or adaptation to such events. This paper reviews applications of HEM in five different categories: (1) climate change impacts and adaptation, (2) water–food–energy–ecosystems nexus management, (3) capability to link to other models, (4) innovative water management options, and (5) the ability to address and integrate uncertainty. We find that (i) the increasing complexity and heterogeneity of water resource management problems due to the growing demand and competition for water across economic sectors, (ii) limited availability and high costs of developing additional supplies, and (iii) emerging recognition and consideration of environmental water demands and value, have inspired new integrated hydro-economic problems and models to address issues of water–food–energy nexus sustainability, resilience, reliability through water (re)allocation based on the relative “value” of water uses. In the past decade, the field of HEM has improved the integration of ecosystem needs, but their representation is still insufficient and mostly ineffective. HEM studies address how to sustainably manage water resources, including groundwater which has become an area of particular interest in climate change adaptation. The current most used spatial and temporal resolutions (basin-scale and yearly time-step) are appropriate for planning but not for operational decisions and could be underestimating impacts from extreme events (e.g., flood risk) captured only by sub-monthly time scales. In addition, HEM primarily focuses on biophysical and economic indicators but often overlooks preferences and perspectives of stakeholders. Lastly, HEM has been widely used to analyze transboundary cooperation, showing benefits for increasing water security and economic development, particularly as climate change develops. We conclude that the field of HEM would benefit from developing more operational models and enhancing the integration of commonly neglected variables, such as social equity components, ecosystem requirements, and water quality.

Structural water self-organization in river flow

Application of neural-network methods revealed relationships between hydrological and hydrochemical characteristics of water flow, suggesting structural self-organization of substances dissolved in water in the form of micro layering. In particular, the coefficient of correlation between the concentrations of such substances in some cases reaches its nearly maximal value (0.99), combining with the high weights of neural network edges. This can be supposed to be due to the mechanical and chemical interactions in river flow with the participation of Van der Waals forces, hydration, and sorption. Other factors, not taken into account, can also have their effect, in particular those responsible for the fluctuations of the parameters of order, determining the singular contributions to the dynamic characteristics of the non-linear system under consideration. Such can be the cyclic oscillations of the characteristics under control with an amplitude decreasing with a decrease in the intensity of the pollution/selfpurification processes in water medium and increasing with an increase in this intensity. The obtained information, in addition to its direct purpose as a means to study the nature and properties of fresh water, is a necessary condition for the effective control of water resource quality and water management activity.

Optimizing water-saving irrigation schemes for rice (Oryza sativa L.) using DSSAT-CERES-Rice model

Rice is one of the major crops in China, and enhancing the rice yield and water use efficiency is critical to ensuring food security in China. Determining how to optimize a scientific and efficient irrigation and drainage scheme by combining existing technology is currently a hot topic. Crop growth models can be used to assess actual or proposed water management regimes intended to increase water use efficiency and mitigate water shortages. In this study, a CERES-Rice model was calibrated and validated using a two-year field experiment. Four irrigation and drainage treatments were designed for the experiment: alternate wetting and drying (AWD), controlled drainage (CD), controlled irrigation and drainage for a low water level (CID1), and controlled irrigation and drainage for a high water level (CID2). According to the indicators normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) and index of agreement (d), the calibrated CERES-Rice model accurately predicted grain yield (NRMSE=6.67%, d=0.77), , shoot biomass (NRMSE = 3.37%, d = 0.77), actual evapotranspiration (ETa) (NRMSE = 3.83%, d = 0.74), irrigation volume (NRMSE = 15.56%, d = 0.94), and leaf area index (NRMSE = 9.69%, d = 0.98) over 2 a. The calibrated model was subsequently used to evaluate rice production in response to the four treatments (AWD, CD, CID1, and CID2) under 60 meteorological scenarios which were divided into wet years (22 a), normal years (16 a), and dry years (22 a). Results showed that the yield of AWD was the largest among four treatments in different hydrological years. Relative to that of AWD, the yield of CD, CID1, and CID2 were respectively reduced by 5.7%, 2.6%, 8.7% in wet years, 9.2%, 2.3%, 8.6% in normal years, and 9.2%, 3.8%, 3.9% in dry years. However, rainwater use efficiency and irrigation water use efficiency were the greatest for CID2 in different hydrological years. The entropy-weighting TOPSIS model was used to optimize the four water-saving irrigation schemes in terms of water-saving, labor-saving and high-yield, based on the simulation results of the CERES-Rice model in the past 60 a. These results showed that CID1 and AWD were optimal in the wet years, CID1 and CID2 were optimal in the normal and dry years. These results may provide a strong scientific basis for the optimization of water-saving irrigation technology for rice. Key words: CERES-Rice, controlled irrigation and drainage, water-saving, long-term weather data, water use efficiency DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20231602.7361 Citation: Gao S K, Gu Q Q, Gong X W, Li Y B, Yan S F, Li Y Y. Optimizing water-saving irrigation schemes for rice (Oryza sativa L.) using DSSAT-CERES-Rice model. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2023; 16(2): 142-151.

Assessment of water use in the regions of Russia by water supply, efficiency, and sustainable development criteria

Introduction. The 2018-2028 period is proclaimed to be an international Water for Sustainable Development Decade for Action in order to focus more attentionon the SDGs as a part of the Agenda for Sustainable Development. Global trends to lower fresh water consumption rate, as well as unbiased evaluation of the 2020 Russian Federation Water Strategy determine the relevance of the efficient and sustainable development of water use in the country’s regions.Purpose. The article refers to the criteria of water availability, efficiency, and sustainable development and compares the water use in federal districts.Materials and Methods. The authors examined the data of Rosstat and the NIA-Prirоda. The data characterize water use and the economy in federal districts in 2007–2020. The study exploited the methods of statistical and comparative analysis, decoupling analysis based on the Diamond Decoupling model.Results.The assessment of water availability by a water withdrawal share in renewable water resources (water stress index) shows a low level of water pressure in all districts. Unlike the Falkenmark index, specific water supply reveals no water tension factor holding back the economy growth. The study identifies a trend towards lower absolute and specific indicators of water intake and use. The changes in the structure of total water consumption are in line with the principles of rational use of resources. The study finds the indicators of productivity (in accordance with SDG 6.4.1) and intensity (GRP water intensity) of water intake, which are significantly affected by the development of circulating systems increasing the efficiency of water use. The article notes that in some regions, the target indicator of the Water Strategy was not reached due to a high decrease rate in water intake intensity. Decoupling analysis revealed a strong decoupling of economic growth from the use of water resources in all federal districts.Conclusion. The criteria for reasonable, efficient and sustainable development, which supplement the integral indicator of the gross water capacity, have been developed and tested. This helps reveal that federal districts are highly differentiated by their water supply and the nature of water use. New findings should be taken into account when planning water management activities and may be useful in updating the 2035 Water Strategy of the Russian Federation.

COST ANALYSIS OF WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SERVICES BELANTI II IRRIGATION AREA CENTRAL KALIMANTAN PROVINCE

The Belanti II Swamp Irrigation Area in Pulang Pisau Regency, Central Kalimantan, spans 3,275 Ha. Water management activities, necessitated for sustained irrigation, incur the Water Resources Management Service Fee (BJPSDA), calculated on cost recovery principles. This study aims to (1) Determine the BJPSDA value by considering the economic benefit factor, (2) Assess farmers' Ability To Pay (ATP) and Willingness To Pay (WTP) for BJPSDA, and (3) Evaluate the Belanti II swamp irrigation network and optimization efforts. The BJPSDA in Belanti II is Rp5,625,504,000, with agricultural benefits contributing Rp51,468,721,052.40 (51.86% of NME). The cost is Rp570,151.69/Ha or Rp101/m3. Farmer ATP and WTP for BJPSDA are Rp54/m3. The irrigation system lacks proper water flow regulation structures, but optimization efforts include channel normalization and water control structures. To enhance leaching ability, 500 m3/ha/day of fresh water is needed. Structures like weirs and flap gates regulate water supply during high and low tides, respectively. These initiatives aim to ensure consistent irrigation and sustainable water resource management in Belanti II.