Water Level Sensor Research Articles

AgriSens: IoT-Based Dynamic Irrigation Scheduling System for Water Management of Irrigated Crops

In this article, we present the design of an Internet-of-Things (IoT)-based dynamic irrigation scheduling system (AgriSens) for efficient water management of irrigated crop fields. The AgriSens provides real time, automatic, dynamic as well as remote manual irrigation treatment for different growth phases of a crop’s life cycle using IoT. A low-cost water-level sensor is designed to measure the level of water present in a field. We propose an algorithm for automatic dynamic-cum-manual irrigation based on farmer requirements. The AgriSens has a farmer-friendly user interface, which provides field information to the farmers in a multimodal manner—visual display, cell phone, and Web portal. It achieves significant results with respect to different performance metrics, such as data validation, packet delivery ratio, energy consumption, and failure rate in various climatic conditions and with dynamic irrigation treatments. Experimental results show that the AgriSens helps improve the crop productivity by at most 10.21% over the traditional manual irrigation method, expands the network’s lifetime 2.5 times more than the existing system yet achieving a reliability of 94% even after 500 h of operation.

Smart Water Quality and Monitoring of Motor in Bore Well by IoT

Due to increase in population and over abuse of water and ground water resources, water level has diminished. Irregular distribution of rainfall and monsoon failure makes people to depend on ground water. So they are compelled to bore wells and rely upon it. But Water quality is affected by z both the natural and human activities. Most of the waste are thrower in the landfills and buried on the land. This affects the water quality and also affects the farmland. The progressions in innovation like Internet of things, cloud computing, Web office can be utilized to structure a system to overcome these huge significant problems like low quality drinking water, expanded labour prerequisites, irreversible harm caused to inadequately checked motor. The breakdown of the motor can be avoided by monitoring the water quality and motor parameters. The framework has two sensors for in particular pH sensor to check water quality, ultrasonic sensor to check the water level, temperature and current sensor for motor observing. Single micro-controller chip is used to collect the data from the sensors and a Wi-Fi chip is utilized to send the collected information of a bore well to the cloud. If the data of the water and the motor is abnormal compared to threshold which is set through the code, the information is sent to the mobile application of the person in that locality. In this manner by this framework it is convenience to screen various parameters of borewell remotely in a mobile application.

English

Senate Report recorded last 2013 show that tropical storms and floods are the principal disasters with 102 and 72 occurrences, respectively. Distinctly, flood is still one of the biggest problems of the country. Statistics shows that 31.9% of the natural disasters, which occur in the Philippines in the years 1990-2014, are attributed to flood related episodes with a mortality rate of 5.9%. The researchers seek to approach non-structural measures to mitigate flooding problems of the country, specifically creating flood warning systems and to conduct several experiments testing the effectivity and efficiency of the flood warning system. This paper also aims to confront the century long problem of flooding and address the lack of real time flood warning system, thus reducing the loss of lives and damage to property; and to determine the effectiveness of the design of the river warning system in giving real time river water level updates. Results show that it works better if in contact with river waters than tap water. The device is audible in all distances at average ambient sound level of 50 to 60 decibels. Hence, the device is efficient in giving off sound alarms when deployed in different river systems. Key words: River water level sensor, river flood warning system, river flood alarm system.  

Perancangan Sistem Deteksi Dini Bencana Banjir Menggunakan Teknik Pengiriman DTMF Berbasis Modul RF 433 Mhz Dan Arduino

Flood is one of the unpredictable natural disasters, especially in the rainy season. There are many effects for many people, such as they lose their property and sometimes have many victims due to floods. So that, estimation of water level is important to detect the basic risk of flooding. In this study used the Water Level (TMA) in form of a short message technique which is can be sent from radio waves and river water level sensors. The value of the sensors to know the highest river water level itself, so it does not need signals, internet networks and also pulse for it. The final result of this study is the water level information which is normal status, standby I, standby II, standby III or standby IV.Keywords: RF 433MHz, Flood, Arduino, Early Detection

Control system of gas exhausting in tank truck

In order to solve the problem of exhausting gas on the cleaning process of tank trucks in our country, a set of control device for exhausting gas based on Single Chip Microcomputer is developed. The device is composed of Driving Structure, Feedback Signal and Signal Processing. The Displacement Sensor, Tension Sensor, Water Level Sensor and Methane Sensor are used to generate signals, which are processed and judged by the Single Chip Microcomputer, and the corresponding instructions are sent out according to the judgment results to control the operation of the Driving Structure. Compared with the traditional Steam Fumigation Method and High-pressure Water Cleaning Method, the system is more efficient and more environmentally protection.

HEALTHCARE CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE STOCHASTIC INTERDEPENDENCIES SIMULATION MODEL FOR SMART CITIES: FLOOD DISASTER SCENARIO

Abstract. Healthcare Critical Infrastructure (HCI) is not an independent network; the operation of a healthcare facility depends on many other Critical Infrastructure (CI) networks such as electric supply CI, water supply CI, etc., forming an interdependent CI network. During a flooding disaster event, as the flood levels rise, the interdependent HCI network becomes vulnerable. A failure in one of the CI results in failure of the dependent CI. During a disaster event such as flooding, the failures propagate and cause cascading failures like a domino effect. The paper proposes an IoT based flood sensor network integrated with a stochastic Petri net interdependent healthcare critical infrastructure network simulation model. An IoT (Internet of Things) based flood water level sensor network can deliver real-time information on the flood conditions at the various interdependent CI facilities in the interdependent network, using the Sensor Observation Services (SOS). The Stochastic Petri Net (SCPN) based interdependent Healthcare Critical Infrastructure (HCI) simulation model, is used to model and simulate the stochastic interdependencies between the interdependent HCI networks. The real-time flood sensor network is integrated with the SCPN based interdependent HCI simulation model. The end to end system is developed in a spatiotemporal environment. This kind of an integrated simulation model will help the end-user to understand system dynamics in real-time, visualize and predict the propagation of cascading failure scenarios in an Interdependent HCI network in a spatiotemporal environment, during a flooding scenario. Real-time information simulation would help disaster response personnel to respond to the question, ‘what if something else happens?

Wireless sensor network for monitoring irrigation using XBee Pro S2C

Monitoring irrigation is still the problem of agriculture in Indonesia. During the dry season, the farming fields drought while in the rainy season, floods happened. Since the farm-fields located far from the urban area, it requires an automatic tool for monitoring the availability of water that can help the farmer to monitor the farm-field. Wireless sensor network is an appropriate technology used to overcome problems related to the monitoring system. This research is using a water level sensor, pump, Arduino Nano, and XBee Pro S2C in each monitoring node. The system designed within two modules, an automation irrigation module and a monitoring module, which is connected with the communication configuration of master-slaves between Xbee Pro S2C at each node. The system examined several scenarios in order to test the performance. Based on the testing result, all the performance parameters can be adequately delivered to the user and appropriated with the real condition in the farm field. The delay between nodes only takes 5-10 seconds.

Fuzzy inference based irrigation controller for agricultural demand side management

The efficient and sustainable irrigation mechanism results in reduced water loss and improved crop productivity. This paper presents a real-time fuzzy inference based automated irrigation controller implemented in LabVIEW, that utilizes the data logged from the sensor network and communicated using GSM/GPRS module. The proposed drip irrigation scheduler receives the data from soil moisture, humidity, air temperature and water level sensor, in order to decide the percentage valve opening. Recently the open channel system have transformed into pressurized pipe systems which utilizes large amount of energy for uniform distribution of water. In order to optimize the energy consumption utilized in irrigation, availability based tariff (ABT) is implemented. The time interval for which drip irrigation is regulated, is controlled by supply frequency to operate pumps in low tariff period. This technique is applicable for wide range of crops which are grown in Kharif and Rabi season. The field experimentation results shows that the cost of irrigation is reduced by 30% as the water and electricity is efficiently utilized. Water saving is 45% more as compared to flood irrigation mechanism. Cost benefit achieved for Sorghum crop cultivation by proposed fuzzy based irrigation technique is higher by Rs.598/acre than the profit realized by manual flood irrigation.

Мониторинг литорали с применением беспилотного летательного аппарата

The authors explore the littoral as a natural phenomenon using geodetic methods. Littoral is an areal object and is closely related to coastal abrasion. The abrasion destroys the coastal zone. Preventing the destruction of the coastal zone requires monitoring the littoral, forming its model and that of littoral dynamics. Littoral and dynamo models enable developing recommendations for protecting the coastal zone. Having remote sensing data only we are unable to perform littoral monitoring efficiently. It does not ensure the accuracy and relevance of the state of the coastal zone. The monitoring task can only be solved with the use of integrated geodetic support.This support includes geodetic work and the use of an unmanned aerial vehicle for monitoring the littoral. The authors explore littoral as a natural phenomenon. A new method of obtaining spatial coordinates using images obtained from UAVs is described. The essence of the methodology is determining spatial coordinates using single images. The technology includes the use of water level sensors to define the exact height of the survey. The methodology involves the use of satellite navigation equipment to determine the coordinates of the camera at the time of shooting. Special here is that the littoral boundary is a fuzzy object calculated on the basis of statistical data. The research shows that the geodetic technologies are the basis of the integrated one. The authors providethe analysis of the situation and suggest measures for monitoring the coastline.

Design of a Multipoint Cost-Effective Optical Instrument for Continuous In-Situ Monitoring of Turbidity and Sediment.

A cost-effective optical instrument for continuous in-situ monitoring applications is presented. With a production cost in raw materials of 38 €, a power consumption of 300 µA in sleep mode and 100 mA in active mode (5 ms reading), and a capacity to monitor turbidity and sedimentary displacement at eight different depths in the water column, the sensor was developed for sediment monitoring in coastal areas. Due to the extent and dynamics of the processes involved in these areas, observations require a wide spatial and temporal resolution. Each of the eight monitoring nodes uses one infrared backscatter channel, to estimate turbidity and sediment concentration, and one ultraviolet with one infrared transmitted light channels to distinguish organic/inorganic composition of the suspended material load. An in-lab calibration was conducted, using formazine to correlate turbidity with the electronic outputs of the instrument. An analysis of the influence of external light sources and correction techniques were performed. Moreover, an in-lab experiment was conducted to study the behaviour of the sensor-to-sediment transport, wash load and sediment accumulation. The device was deployed, with a water level sensor, in an estuarine area with high sediment dynamics. The monitoring data were analysed, showing the potential of the device to continuously monitor turbidity, sediment processes, and distinguish between organic and inorganic matter, at the different depths in the water column.

Automatic Food Processor

In the current scenario the advent of automation technology is limited to industrial use only. This proposed system of Automatic food processor based on PLC and SCADA software is designed to cook food automatically as required by the user. This PLC based automated system is already pre-programmed to do the operations and the output is obtained. An HMI interface is available to the user to select the quantity and give their preferences. A water level sensor is placed in the tank which monitors the water level present. The ingredients necessary are added with the help of a linear stepper motor and solenoid valves. PLC is used to control the working of the whole system and SCADA is one of the emerging technologies which is used for complete monitoring.

Simulasi Pengisian Air Ketel Menggunakan Rangkaian IC Gerbang Logika Dasar Sesuai di MV. Tanto Setia

Sebuah sistem pengendalian diperlukan untuk mengisi air di dalam ketel. Sistem pengendalian ini menggunakan rangkaian integrated circuit gerbang logika dasar. Terdapat berbagai langkah untuk membuat sistem pengendalian pengisian air ketel. Sistem pengendalian ini akan disimulasikan menggunakan rangkaian integrated circuit yang dapat dijalankan secara otomatis dan manual. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui cara pembuatan simulasi pengisian air ketel menggunakan rangkaian integrated circuit gerbang logika dasar yang dapat dioperasikan secara manual ataupun otomatis seperti di kapal MV.Tanto Setia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode deskriptif untuk menggambarkan dan menguraikan proses pembuatan alat simulasi pengisian air ketel serta teori-teori yang berhubungan dengan pengendalian alat tersebut. Eksperimen dan pengamatan secara langsung dilakukan dalam proses pembuatan pengendalian alat agar sesuai yang diharapkan. Hasil pembuatan simulasi pengisian air ketel menggunakan rangkaian IC NOR 4001. Pengisian air ketel ini di pengaruhi oleh sensor water level. Tetapi sensor tak berpengaruh jika pengendalian mode manual. Rangkaian menggunakan integrated circuit gerbang logika dasar lebih sederhana dan cepat dimengerti bagi pemula.

LoRa-Based WSNs Construction and Low-Power Data Collection Strategy for Wetland Environmental Monitoring

The wetland that known as "the kidney of the earth" is an ecological system with many resources. Monitoring of wetland environment includes the monitoring of water quality, air and soil. The parameters of temperature, pH value, turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), water level, conductivity of water, illuminance, PM2.5, harmful gas, and soil moisture is particularly important for the survival of animals in wetland. Real-time monitoring wetland environment is conducive to understanding the causes and trends of environmental change in the whole region, so as to make environmental change emergency strategies timely. The author introduces a real-time monitoring system based on Multi-sensor Combination Module (MSCM) and LoRa. This system has two types of MSCM, one is for water and the other is for air. The MSCM for water consists of six sensors, such as water temperature sensor, pH sensor, turbidity sensor, dissolved oxygen sensor, conductivity sensor, and water level sensor, and stm32 core processor, which has the advantages of low power consumption and high speed. The data collection node uploads the collected data to the base station through a LoRa module with low power consumption, high speed and wide coverage. The base station and the collection node are connected in a star. The LoRaWan protocol is used to realize the communication between acquisition nodes and sink. In the case of code rate is 4/5, bandwidth is 500 kHz and spreading factor is 12, the effective throughput of the system can reach 1172 bps. At the same time, a data fusion algorithm based on fuzzy decision is designed for data processing on the acquisition nodes to reduce the amount of uploaded data, reduce power consumption and improve network throughput. Experiments show that the system has strong stability, flexible networking, low power consumption, long communication distance, and is suitable for wetland environmental monitoring.

The Huelva (Spain) Tsunami-Ready Station and Its Interaction with Storm Emma (March 2018)

The sea level station operating since 1996 at Mazagón (Huelva, Spain) has been progressively upgraded to fit tsunami warning requirements, due to its location in one of the main regions at risk. Its radar water level sensor was complemented in 2017, with the addition of a pressure sensor. The performance of both sea level sensors and their response to sea level oscillations, at different frequencies, is assessed. Particular emphasis is put on the effect of extreme events, such as Storm Emma, when alternative methods to obtain 1-min data are tested, in contrast to the one based on arithmetic means. The overall differences are small, for the whole period of study (centered-root-mean-square-error below 1 cm, for 5-min, and hourly data; similar tidal parameters and sea level oscillations with periods between 30 s and 5 min). However, during Storm Emma, the pressure sensor presents sensibly lower readings than the radar, with the centered-root-mean-square-error rising to 80 mm on the March 2nd 2018. A new method to compute 1-min data, based on medians, reduced this value to 10 mm for the same day.

SISTEM PERINGATAN DINI BANJIR BERDASARKAN KETINGGIAN AIR, DEBIT AIR DAN CURAH HUJAN DILENGKAPI DENGAN SISTEM MONITORING DATA SENSOR

<p><em>The river often overflows during the rainy season and floods very detrimental. For the community. Therefore designed a monitoring tool and water discharge and rainfall intensity. This tool is constructed using a combination of water level sensors, ultrasonic sensors (SRF-05) and water flow to produce a monitoring system that provides participation early banji, make a program that can display the results surface monitoring and air discharge. See flood early and learn about the performance of surface monitoring systems and flood air discharge with faster rainfall and understand the microcontroller in measuring and controlling system. Tests carried out with aquarium prototypes and carried out. Measurement for one day on a continuous basis. Test results show that this tool can be updated reminded of flood early efficiently. With Thus, the tool designed is able to monitor the height of water activity, discharge and rainfall in rivers, programs are made capable run the designed tool and the results of monitoring can be accessed through LCD that is able to visualize water activities and this early permit system able to work to measure the height and air discharger rain and be able to implement data input from sensors too displays data on the state of the river so that it can be monitored through a computer. As well as a microcontroller capable of measuring and controlling the system accurately and input data from sensors in height and air discharge measurements as well. Rainfall intensity can be monitored via computer.</em></p><p> </p><p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>Rainfall, </em><em>Water Discharge, Water level, Monitoring</em></p>

Design of water height detector model in runway based on internet of things

The runway of an aircraft is designed to keep it dry even if it rains to avoid hydroplaning. Hydroplaning is a plane slip on the runway due to standing water. In accordance with regulations from the Derektorat Bandara, Ditjen Perhubungan Udara NO. KP 212 in 2017, the operational requirement for runways to be able to serve landings and aircraft flights is when there is a maximum of 3 mm of standing water on the runway surface. The design of the water level detector model on the runway uses the Arduino Mega 2560 as a microcontroller which processes and sends the detected data to the thingspeak via the internet network. Performance specifications for water level detector models are water level sensor designs, U detector pipes, runways, electronic circuits. The water level sensor is a touch sensor that is designed and printed on a PCB board with vertical strip designs. Detected data will be processed in Arduino Mega 2560 and typed into the thingspeak page using the internet network. Data output can be accessed via a PC connected to the internet network. The results of comparison with standard tools found the average percentage of errors for the vertical sensor strip design was 4.98%. From the comparison results, the average percentage of accuracy for the vertical sensor strip design is 95.01% with precision of 84.77%.

Integration of IoT and chatbot for aquaculture with natural language processing

The development of internet of things (IoT) technology is very fast lately. One sector that can be implemented by IoT technology is the aquaculture sector. One important factor in the success of aquaculture is a good and controlled water quality condition. But the problem for the traditional aquaculture farmers is to monitor and increase the water quality quickly and efficiently. To resolve the above-mentioned problem, this paper proposes a real-time monitoring system for aquaculture and supported with chatbot assistant to facilitate the user. This system was composed of IoT system, cloud system, and chatbot system. The proposed system consists of 7 main modules: smart sensors, smart aeration system, local network system, cloud computing system, client visualization data, chatbot system, and solar powered system. The smart aeration system consists of NodeMCU, relay, and aerator. The smart sensors consist of several sensors such as dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, and water level sensor. Natural language processing is implemented to build the chatbot system. By combining text mining processing with naive Bayes algorithm, the result shows the very good performance with high precision and recall for each class to monitor the quality of water in aquaculture sector.

Flood and Notification Monitoring System using Ultrasonic Sensor Integrated with IoT and Blynk Applications: Designed for Vehicle Parking

Terengganu received heavy rainfall during the Northeast monsoon which strikes between October and March thus can leads to severe floods almost every year all over the state. The floods around Dungun area of Terengganu state was due to the combination of physical factors such as elevation and its close proximity to the sea apart from heavy rainfall received during the monsoon period. A flood warning system is designed to warn and alert the owners of the vehicle about the flood immediately. The system will detect water level through an ultrasonic sensor and will automatically send a notification via IoT technology to the owner’s smartphone through the Blynk Application. A water level sensor will be set at two points which is at 0.05m and 0.09m from ground level. When the water reaches this point, it will light on LED and trigger buzzer that acts as an alarm to alert both owner and authorities. Alerting signs of water level are notified on the Blynk application that was connected through ESP8266 Wi-Fi module via IoT teechnology.

Gravity Monitoring of Underground Flash Flood Events to Study Their Impact on Groundwater Recharge and the Distribution of Karst Voids

AbstractFlash flood events are expected to become increasingly common with the global increases in weather extremes. They are a significant natural hazard that affects karst landscapes, which host large resources of drinking water worldwide. The role played by underground flood events in the karst aquifer recharge is complex due to the heterogeneity of the basement which remains poorly understood. We present the analysis of 20 incave flash flood events affecting the Rochefort karst system (Belgium) using continuous gravity measurements at one single station and water level sensors installed in caves. Underground flood events typically produce a peak in the gravity signal, due to an increase in the associated mass change. After the flood, the gravity values drop but remain slightly increased compared to before the flood event. Via forward gravity modeling, we demonstrate that this remaining anomaly can be reasonably explained by the infiltration of local rainfall within the karst system rather than by allogenic recharge of the aquifer. Flash floods are mainly restricted to connected voids. This allows us to utilize them as proxies to investigate the distribution of cavities in the karst system. Forward modeling of the gravitational attraction induced by the mapped caves being flooded yields a gravity signal much smaller than the observed one. We conclude that at least 50% more cavities than those previously mapped are required to match the measured anomalies. This presents opportunities for implementing similar approaches in other diverse porous media, using gravity monitoring of hydrological processes (e.g., infiltration fronts, hydrothermalism, or tide effects in coastal aquifers) as proxies to characterize underground properties.

Smart Water Control with Internet of Things and Cloud Computing

In this paper, we bring about the idea of water level monitoring and controlling with IOT and Mobile applications. The vast amount of water wasted in the current scenario, mostly due to overflowing tanks is not acceptable. Existing water tanks control systems can monitor and control the water level in tank, which leads to reduction in amount of wastage of ample water but the type of sensors which are used in such a system does not specify exact changes in water level leading to unstable control parameters. Other technologies had some drawbacks based on speed of detection and approximation of sensor data. The need of improvement of these short-comings and providing an accurate and ethinic solution has been the main aim of this project. The project has been further improvised by using electronic water level sensors which uses potentiometric techniques to measure water level in water tanks, along with ultrasonic sensors for better metrics and control. Further up, this project can be implemented on large scale to control and detect rising water levels in dams and reservoirs to avoid flash floods and excess pressure in dams. The proposed system will help to identify the smallest changes in water level in case of rainfall measurement as well.