Water Level Indicator Research Articles

Automatic Monitoring System Iot (Internet Of Things) Based Water Tanks

Water tanks are widely used to store water in the community. However, the filling process still uses a manual method so it cannot monitor/monitor the water level in the tank, so when the water is full in the tank until it overflows it is then turned off. Water tanks are often placed at a height to take advantage of gravity so that water can flow optimally. The high position of the water tank is difficult for users to reach to determine the quality and volume of water. The performance of this tool has 2 conditions. The first condition will discuss the water level monitoring tool in the tank. Using the tool developed, the water pump can be turned on and off automatically which is controlled using a monitoring tool using a smartphone and the Blynk application with a water level indicator. , water flow, and watervolume and Notification of water conditions via Telegram. Technology for distributing and monitoring water in tanks is still limited to conventional means by turning on and opening the water tap. For this reason, a control system is needed that can monitor and control the water volume in several tanks through one application display on a smartphone such as Telegram. By using the NodeMCU ESP8266 as a microcontroller base, an ultrasonic sensor as a water volume measuring sensor, and a Mini Water Pump, the condition of the water volume and all changes can always be monitored via notifications on Telegram. Apart from that, the tool can also be controlled automatically or manually through the commands provided on Telegram. In this way, the concept of using Telegram as a water tank volume control and monitoring system can be the right alternative choice in designing a water tank control system. The research method used is a prototyping system. The expected result is the realization of automatic floodgates to make it easier for humans to carry out their tasks and make the system run more efficiently. Apart from being automatic, this tool has the advantage that it can be controlled remotely using the internet of things. The design of this automatic sluice gate uses an Arduino Uno microcontroller as a processing tool, and is equipped with an ultrasonic sensor, water level float switch sensor, servo motor.

Asymmetric flexible graphene oxide papers for moisture-driven actuators and water level indicators

Smart actuators have shown great potential for a range of industries, including artificial muscles, sensors, and smart devices. However, traditional actuators often suffer from small deformation and complex materials and manufacturing processes. Graphene oxide (GO) has emerged as an ideal candidate for moisture-responsive actuators due to its excellent moisture sensitivity. In this study, we present the development of a moisture-responsive actuator using a simple and straightforward approach based on a monolayer graphene oxide (GO) paper. By utilizing the different affinity of its two sides for water, the graphene oxide actuator demonstrates excellent performance in response to humidity gradients, achieving a large bending amplitude with a curvature of 3 cm−1. Furthermore, the graphene oxide actuator was used as a humidity-sensitive switch to perform on and off switch movements, demonstrating its capability for autonomous detection for real-time humidity monitoring. This work provides a new avenue for the development of moisture-responsive materials and their potential applications in the design of intelligent control systems, actuators, soft robots, artificial muscles, and switches.

A comprehensive framework for identifying safety-related and ageing sensitive sscs in low power nuclear research reactor

This work aims to establish a novel approach for the selection of structures, systems, and components (SSCs) important to safety and vulnerable to ageing degradation for low-power research reactors. For this purpose, the framework developed combines the Preliminary Risk Analysis (PRA) technique to categorize SSCs into four different safety classes, and Ageing Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (AFMEA) technique to find out ageing failure modes related to a specific SSC and evaluate them according to the Risk Priory Number (RPN). The intersection of the PRA and AFMEA outcomes then yields a list of SSCs that are both important to safety and strongly ageing sensitive, making it possible to optimize the selection process of SSCs to be prioritized in further preventive maintenance, periodic testing, and inspection activities. The present paper also conducts a case study to apply the proposed methodology to the Brazilian IPR-R1 TRIGA nuclear research reactor. The selected SSCs were then both AL and SS fuel rods from the reactor core, stainless steel pipe, thermocouples, pressure indicators, and water level indicators from the primary circuit, and power monitoring channels, radiation monitors, and cooling water temperature channels from the controlling system. Moreover, the approach was also able to identify SSCs that are important from a safety perspective but are not ageing sensitive (reactor tank and control rods) and components that are not important to safety but are strongly ageing sensitive (pipe filters). These findings may further serve as input for the comprehensive safety assessment conducted during the Periodic Safety Review of the facility.

Automatic Low-cost Water Level Indicator for Tanks and Hand Washing Water Dispensers in Kitui; Kenya during the Covid 19 Pandemic

In day to day life, millions and millions of liters of water is being wasted through overflowing or excessive usage. In Kitui specifically, water availability by itself a challenge since the area rarely experiences long rainy seasons, has no flowing rivers, the dams are dry and there are only few boreholes available. It is for these reasons that we propose the adaptation of probe sensors to detect the water level in the hand washing water dispensers and storage tanks of the available boreholes in Kitui. The probe sensors detect the water level when they come in contact with them and in return a light emitting diode of the corresponding probe blinks. The system calculates the water level up to 100% by intervals of 25%. Moreover, the system is also connected to a relay switch that automatically turns on or off based on the water level. When each interval is reached, the light emitting diode blinks. At 25% the water level in the tank is lowest and this prompts the buzzer to produce a sound notifying the attenders that the tank needs to be refilled. An automatic refill also takes place due to the additional circuit connection. At 100% the relay goes OFF and water refill stops hence water wastage is avoided.

Review of Automatic Water Tank Filling System Using Arduino

Abstract: This project revolves around an Arduino- based automatic water level controller and indicator, employing ultrasonic sensors for water level measurement. These sensors operate on the "echo" principle, wherein transmitted sound waves return after striking an obstacle. Utilizing this principle enables the calculation of travel time for both outgoing and returning waves, facilitating the determination of distance. This fundamental concept is integrated into the project design. The system activates the motor pump automatically when the water level is low, addressing the pressing issue of drinking water scarcity prevalent in India and other countries. The project aims to contribute to water conservation efforts, given the prevalent crisis. Many households in India use overhead tanks, resulting in water overflow and substantial wastage of both water and electricity. To combat this, the project introduces an automatic water level controller, eliminating the need for manual switching ON and OFF of the motor pump. The device continuously monitors the water level and triggers a relay, subsequently activating the motor pump. This automated process not only minimizes water and electricity wastage but also reduces the reliance on manual operation, thereby optimizing efficiency.

Temperature and Water Level Controlled Steam Therapy Equipment

Steam Therapy is a treatment method used extensively in the healthcare industry. Steam has numerous benefits which is why it is used in the healthcare industry. With the context of our project, we are focusing on the steam therapy used mainly by the physiotherapist for the treatment. There exists a steam therapy equipment which is used for the treatment, but is not user friendly. The current equipment does not consist of temperature control, water level indication and auto power on and off, because of which one needs to manually look after it. To make it more user friendly with less human intervention, we propose to develop a steam therapy equipment. We plan on adding various features to the existing model. The features are temperature control and water level indication. Our focus is to mainly remove human intervention as much as possible and make the equipment as smart as possible. To implement the prototyping of the above we have considered the ATmega328p microcontroller, DS18B20 as the temperature sensor and a Force sensor. Hence, to tackle the issues faced by the physiotherapist we plan to devise this model. Keywords—temperature control, water level indicator, microcontroller, force sensor

Enhancing agricultural productivity through a semi-autonomous IOT robot in smart farming systems

In addressing the challenge of enhancing agricultural productivity in developing countries, this research introduces a semi-autonomous IoT robot designed to modernize traditional farming practices in regions like Bangladesh. The study explores whether such a robot can effectively integrate with existing farming practices and assesses its impact on agricultural productivity, resource optimization, and most importantly cost-efficiency. The literature reveals a push towards smart farming technologies, but their adoption in less affluent regions is hindered by cost and resource constraints. Employing a mixed-methods case study approach, the research developed and tested a robot equipped with an NPK sensor for detecting levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the soil, a water level indicator to measure flood water levels in millimeters, and a soil moisture sensor. These data were transmitted to the user's phone over the internet, allowing for remote monitoring of fertilizers and water levels. Additionally, the system included a remote-controllable water dispenser for irrigation and a fruit-picking mechanism for harvesting. The results indicated that all intended data collection was executed accurately, enabling users to remotely monitor soil conditions and effectively control the robot's actions. However, the initial cost of the robot may be slightly expensive for individual farmers, though mass production is anticipated to reduce the price to a level that is reasonably affordable for widespread adoption. However, limitations in sensor calibration for different soil types are acknowledged. Future research suggested exploring sensor calibration precision, extending system capabilities, and integrating predictive AI for a comprehensive agricultural solution. Bangladesh J. Agri. 2023, 48(2): 95-105

Stability of shallow sub-surface cavities under surface loading using granular media through model testing

Buried cavities are one of the commonly occurring Ground related issues. Every year, thousands of cave-in episodes are documented as a result of the collapse of underground cavities, damaging infrastructure and frequently resulting in fatalities. Cavities at shallow depths are critical and can seriously harm the surface infrastructure, which in most cases are the highways and the roads with traffic loadings. The fault or cracks in subsurface structures, such as box girders, pipelines, etc., primarily contribute to the cavity initiation at shallow depths. The cavities remain stable until the soil arching and the capillary forces in the unsaturated media can collectively resist the pressure of overburden soil. The stability of the shallow cavity is of concern when it lies beneath the heavy traffic loads of the highways. In this study, a particular model test equipment was prepared, having a soil chamber, water level indicator, and a base with a slit opening to induce a cavity in the soil. Model tests were performed using granular media of spherical and non-spherical (clumped and deformed) glass particles under unsaturated conditions to form a stable shallow cavity. The resultant cavity was tested with surface loading using surface plates and having variable loading rates. It was found that particle shape has a significant effect when surface loading is applied to the stable cavity. Clumped particles showed approx. Ten times higher peak resistance to surface loading compared to the spherical particles, both having equivalent mean particle size. The loading rate was found to be effective for the cases with unsaturated conditions; however, for dry samples, the loading rate was found to have insignificant effects on surface loading.

An integrated connectivity diagnostics and dependency analysis framework for supporting water replenishment management

An in-depth investigation on hydrological connectivity and its relationships with water level are fundamental for regional water replenishment management. In this research, an integrated connectivity diagnostics and dependency analysis framework (ICDDAF) was developed for determining the optimal ecological water level in Baiyangdian Wetland, North China. It consisted of two core modules: hydrological connectivity diagnostics (HCD) and hydrological connectivity–water level coexistence analysis (HC–WLCA). The results were as follows. 1) In the HCD module, remote sensing coupling geostatistical connectivity function methods can accurately evaluate the hydrological connectivity considering the directional difference and the validity of distance range. For intra–annual variations, the hydrological connectivity was relatively good in March at the monthly scale, spring at the seasonal scale and the west–east direction, while relatively weak in September and summer, which were related to the periodic characteristics of vegetation growth, overall terrain and flow direction. For inter–annual variations, it was generally weak and showed a downwards, then upwards and finally downwards trend. 2) In the HC–WLCA module, Multivariate Copula Analysis Toolbox was innovatively adopted to describe the coexistence relationships of hydrological connectivity and water level. Beta and generalized Pareto distributions were selected as the optimal marginal distributions for hydrological connectivity and water level indicators respectively, and Frank copula was determined as the optimal joint distribution function; the modelling uncertainty in the coexistence relationships was focused. 3) The water level of 7 m was determined as the optimal ecological water level for maintaining good hydrological connectivity and restoring ecological environment. Considering the coexistence relationships of hydrological connectivity and water level, such an ICDDAF can provide a new perspective for efficient adjustments of water levels based on hydrological connectivity pattern variations under different water replenishment schemes, aiming to achieve ecological restoration of wetlands.

IoT-Enabled Soil Nutrient Analysis and Crop Recommendation Model for Precision Agriculture

Healthy and sufficient crop and food production are very much essential for everyone as the population is increasing globally. The production of crops affects the economy of a country to a great extent. In agriculture, observing the soil, weather, and water availability and, based on these factors, selecting an appropriate crop, finding the availability of seeds, analysing crop demand in the market, and having knowledge of crop cultivation are important. At present, many advancements have been made in recent times, starting from crop selection to crop cutting. Mainly, the roles of the Internet of Things, cloud computing, and machine learning tools help a farmer to analyse and make better decisions in each stage of cultivation. Once suitable crop seeds are chosen, the farmer shall proceed with seeding, monitoring crop growth, disease detection, finding the ripening stage of the crop, and then crop cutting. The main objective is to provide a continuous support system to a farmer so that he can obtain regular inputs about his field and crop. Additionally, he should be able to make proper decisions at each stage of farming. Artificial intelligence, machine learning, the cloud, sensors, and other automated devices shall be included in the decision support system so that it will provide the right information within a short time span. By using the support system, a farmer will be able to take decisive measures without fully depending on the local agriculture offices. We have proposed an IoT-enabled soil nutrient classification and crop recommendation (IoTSNA-CR) model to recommend crops. The model helps to minimise the use of fertilisers in soil so as to maximise productivity. The proposed model consists of phases, such as data collection using IoT sensors from cultivation lands, storing this real-time data into cloud memory services, accessing this cloud data using an Android application, and then pre-processing and periodic analysis of it using different learning techniques. A sensory system was prepared with optimised cost that contains different sensors, such as a soil temperature sensor, a soil moisture sensor, a water level indicator, a pH sensor, a GPS sensor, and a colour sensor, along with an Arduino UNO board. This sensory system allowed us to collect moisture, temperature, water level, soil NPK colour values, date, time, longitude, and latitude. The studies have revealed that the Agrinex NPK soil testing tablets should be applied to a soil sample, and then the soil colour can be sensed using an LDR colour sensor to predict the phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), and potassium (K) values. These collected data together were stored in Firebase cloud storage media. Then, an Android application was developed to fetch and analyse the data from the Firebase cloud service from time to time by a farmer. In this study, a novel approach was identified via the hybridisation of algorithms. We have developed an algorithm using a multi-class support vector machine with a directed acyclic graph and optimised it using the fruit fly optimisation method (MSVM-DAG-FFO). The highest accuracy rate of this algorithm is 0.973, compared to 0.932 for SVM, 0.922 for SVM kernel, and 0.914 for decision tree. It has been observed that the overall performance of the proposed algorithm in terms of accuracy, recall, precision, and F-Score is high compared to other methods. The IoTSNA-CR device allows the farmer to maintain his field soil information easily in the cloud service using his own mobile with minimum knowledge. Additionally, it reduces the expenditure to balance the soil minerals and increases productivity.

Improving tailings dam risk management by 3D characterization from resistivity tomography technique: Case study in São Paulo – Brazil

Tailings dams are traditionally monitored by routine visual inspections combined with the use of instruments such as piezometers, topographical landmarks, and water level indicators. As they are structures that have high potential damage associated, the use of robust investigation methods is essential to ensure the operational safety of these dams. Geoelectrical methods have been successful in mapping humid zones inside the tailings dam structures, using the proper acquisition parameters and data sampling that these methods allow. This is a promising approach to investigating a tailings dam with a heterogeneous embankment made of limestone tailings, that has been in operation for 50 years in São Paulo state, Brazil. Considering its structural complexity, electrical resistivity sections were acquired with a tight profile spacing – of 10 to 15 m, processed, and modeled by applying a specific workflow. The Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) operational workflow applied to the dataset obtained from two field campaigns, conducted in the embankment and the right abutment of the dam, performed well in mapping possible high water content zones inside the structure, defining a relevant element for the risk assessment. For this purpose, compartmentalization of the resistivity ranges, and three-dimensional modeling techniques were used, both constrained by the geotechnical instruments of the structure. The embankment campaign mapped zones of attention in the right abutment driving the decision to perform a follow-up survey dedicated to this region. The right abutment campaign mapped zones of high resistivity, associated with the natural terrain, composed of sandy soils, saprolite, and rock, as well as zones of low resistivity related to high moisture content regions. The geometry of these conductive zones made it possible to infer the depth of the water table in the region between the direct measurements from the instrumentation and to model zones with low resistivity values. The 3D modeling revealed that part of the conductive zones, present in the right abutment and extending to the embankment indicate a possible contribution of moisture from the natural terrain towards the embankment of the dam. Thus, the achieved results demonstrated that 3D modeling applied to the combination of the geotechnical and geophysical datasets contributes to expanding the knowledge of the internal structure of the dam and consequently the safety of the operations, especially where there is no instrumentation, improving the tailings dam risk management.

Automatic water level indicator and controller

Everyone is well aware of the wastage of water through tanks, which has always been a concern. In many cities and villages, water wastage has increased as people have not maintained their tanks properly. This paper is designed to monitor and control water levels in tanks, reservoirs, or other storage containers. The proposed system utilizes a combination of sensors, microcontrollers, and actuation mechanisms to provide real-time monitoring and control of water levels. This automated approach offers numerous benefits, including improved water conservation, reduced energy consumption, and enhanced convenience. For smaller tanks, solutions such as ball valves are applicable, which automatically stop the water flow once the tank is full. This is a simple and basic idea for smaller tanks. However, in many large tanks located in buildings, hotels, schools, etc., which require a significant amount of water storage, there is a need to prevent overflow. An electronic solution can be implemented to save water. When the tank is nearing full capacity, it will raise an alarm and stop the water pump. Conversely, it can also help fill the tank when it's empty using an electronic device. The Arduino Uno-based automatic water level indicator and controller is a practical and efficient solution for monitoring and controlling water levels in various applications. This system utilizes ultrasonic sensors to measure water levels by emitting sound waves and calculating the distance based on the echoes they receive after bouncing off obstacles in the water. The Arduino Uno-based automatic water level indicator and controller utilizing ultrasonic sensors is a practical and versatile solution for managing water levels efficiently. It offers accurate measurements, automation, cost-effectiveness, and adaptability for various applications, making it a valuable tool for water level monitoring and control.

The Water Monitoring System in Flood Alert Level Design Based on Internet of Things (IoT)

This study aimed to produce a flood alert system that can monitor water-levels in watersheds based on the Internet-of-Things (IoT), using the NodeMCU ESP8266 as a microcontroller and connecting internet connections. The main hardware used was a probe sensor as a water-level detector, an LED as a water level indicator, an LCD displaying the water level status, and a nodeMCU ESP8266 as a processor for the probe sensor detection results and sending information on the water-level status to the Telegram on Android. The status consisted of a safe level when the water level was at 1.5 m, an alert status was at 2 m, and a hazard status was at 3 m. When the water surface touched the probe sensor, nodeMCU ESP8266 read and processed the detection results. Then the status information was sent to Telegram and displayed on the LCD.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SOLAR POWERED SPRAYER WITH WATER LEVEL INDICATOR

Currently in Bangladesh farmers use hand operated sprayer or motorized sprayer in agricultural fields. Generally in the agricultural field, traditional or conventional techniques like shoulder mounted spraying system have been used because it is cheaper, easy to use and less costly. Continuous use of traditional energy resources will have high risk of rising in price and energy depletion. Now-a-days there is a great need for ‘’conservation of energy’’ and application of renewable energy. This paper presents the design, development and evaluation of a solar powered spraying system. The specific objectives of this research is to design and fabricate the solar powered sprayer by considering parameters like desired spraying rate, low weight, low cost, faster coverage of area and high field efficiency. A two-nozzle sprayer was fabricated with MS bar frame and 4-wheel trolley with water level indicator which runs on power source as a DC battery (12 volt, 8.2 Ah) via solar panel and runs by a DC motor (12 volt, 2A). The entire unit is portable and is operated by one labor. The design mainly eliminates the shoulder mounting sprayer setup which causes back pain, uses of fossil power which is non-renewable and hazardous and extensive use of manpower. The machine was compared to conventional sprayer and found more efficient. Pump efficiency almost 83.33% found for single nozzle and 93.33% for double nozzle and the sprayer is 58% time saving than manual sprayer. The operating cost of the machine was 802 Tk ha-1 . Also found capital recovery factor, capital consumption and annual cost of the solar operated sprayer were 0.26, Tk 1520 and Tk 41665, respectively.

Automatic Low-cost Water Level Indicator for Tanks and Hand Washing Water Dispensers in Kitui; Kenya during the Covid 19 Pandemic

In day to day life, millions and millions of liters of water is being wasted through overflowing or excessive usage. In Kitui specifically, water availability by itself a challenge since the area rarely experiences long rainy seasons, has no flowing rivers, the dams are dry and there are only few boreholes available. It is for these reasons that we propose the adaptation of probe sensors to detect the water level in the hand washing water dispensers and storage tanks of the available boreholes in Kitui. The probe sensors detect the water level when they come in contact with them and in return a light emitting diode of the corresponding probe blinks. The system calculates the water level up to 100% by intervals of 25%. Moreover, the system is also connected to a relay switch that automatically turns on or off based on the water level. When each interval is reached, the light emitting diode blinks. At 25% the water level in the tank is lowest and this prompts the buzzer to produce a sound notifying the attenders that the tank needs to be refilled. An automatic refill also takes place due to the additional circuit connection. At 100% the relay goes OFF and water refill stops hence water wastage is avoided.

Design and Implementation of Automatic Switching for Water Level Control of Community Water Supply

This paper presents design and implementation of Automatic Switching for controlling the water level in the reservoir of community water supply. The water supply system is energized by 2 sources i.e. power from utility grid and power generated by photovoltaic panels equipped with energy storage. The switching is based on the reservoir water level and determines the operation of submersible pump. The switching system employs electrode sensors in the water control level where 3 conditions are considered to control motor that drives the pump. The Automatic Switching is connected to Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) that selects power sources to energize the pump, where it may be from the solar PV supported by storage system or from the grid. The selection is based on the remaining energy saved in the storage, when it is sufficient then it is used to energize the pump. Otherwise, the power from the grid is used to supply the pump. The combination of Automatic Switching and ATS determines when the pump is on and which power is taken to supply the pump. The manual system is complemented in the switching system to enable manual operation when the automatic system fails to work for some reason. The whole system is developed in a panel for easy operation and monitoring. The water level indicator is given in the panel for the purpose of adjusting the pump operation based on water level in the reservoir.

A Review of an Automatic Water Level Indicator

A Review of an Automatic Water Level Indicator

A Review of an Automatic Water Level Indicator

A Review of an Automatic Water Level Indicator

Automatic Water Level Indicator and Controller

Abstract: This Project mainly aims at optimizing the use of water. Since water wastage has become a major and global issue now, hence water conservation has now become more important. One of the common sources of wastage we encounter is the overflow of water. This project aims to help judge the water level inside the water tank and display it accordingly on the screen while also preventing any overflow of water which is achieved through the Arduino Uno. The ultrasonic sensors used helps determine the water level in tank which is then send to the Arduino Uno, the LCD then attached to it displays the level to us. According to the level of water inside the tank, the Arduino helps turn ON or OFF the servo motor hence closing the source of water. In this way, through the automation of water control, we intent to save the energy and our natural resource. Keywords: Arduino-UNO, DC motor, LCD display, Servo, Ultrasonic sensor

Development of iot Based Water Quality Control and Filtration System

Water is the basic and essential resource which is required for every need such as agriculture, industrial activity and for domestic purpose. Especially in the industrial areas although many water monitoring systems were planted, the waste water disposal is minimally controlled. This project not only helps to monitor water at the industrial level but it can be used anywhere water quality plays a major role. The water quality is continuously monitored with the help of sensors (PH, Temperature, Turbidity, conductivity, water level indicator). It also indicates the level of the water and checking the quality of the water with the help of the valve control system, it sends the water with impurities for the filtration system. The entire system is completely controlled by IOT system and it is continuously monitored by the module.