Water Intake Groups Research Articles

The effects of different beverage intake on blood components during exercise under high-temperature environment

High temperature environment causes detrimental effects on health. In the present study, the effects of intake of several kinds of beverage on blood components during exercise under the high temperature environment were evaluated. The 10 subjects were student of the H University. Exercise intensity was 50–60% O2maxx and treadmill exercise was continued for 1 h. The kinds of beverage were water, ion beverage, cucumber drink. Blood sampling was performed before the exercise, immediately finishing exercise, and 30 min after rest. In the present results, glucose concentration was increased by intake of water, ion beverage, and cucumber drink immediately after exercise. In the water intake group, glucose concentration was decrease 30 min after rest. Free fatty acid concentration was increased by intake of water, ion beverage, and cucumber drink 60 min after exercise. In the ion beverage and cucumber drink intake groups, free fatty acid concentration was decreased 30 min after rest. Insulin concentration was increased by intake of water, ion beverage, and cucumber drink 60 min after exercise. In the water intake group, insulin concentration was decrease 30 min after rest. There was no difference in the efficacy among water, ion beverage, and cucumber drink, but ion beverage and cucumber drink showed more potent effect on metabolic parameters.

Water for preventing urinary stones

Urinary stones are a common condition characterised by high incidence and high recurrence rate. For a long time, increased water intake has been the main preventive measure for the disease and its recurrence. This is an update of a review originally published in 2004. To assess the effectiveness of increased water intake for the primary and secondary prevention of urinary stones. We searched the Cochrane Renal Group's specialised register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Chinese Biomedical Disk using a search strategy developed in conjunction with Cochrane Renal Group's Trials Search Co-ordinator. No language restriction was applied. Date of last search: April 2012. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs of increased water intake for the prevention of urinary stones and its recurrence were included. Two authors independently assessed risk of bias and extracted data. Statistical analyses were performed using the random effects model and the results expressed as risk ratio (RR) for dichotomous outcomes or mean difference (MD) for continuous data with 95% confidence intervals (CI). No studies of increased water intake for the primary prevention of urinary stones met the inclusion criteria. One study with 199 patients provided results of increased water intake for the recurrence of urinary stones. The stone recurrence was lower in the increased water intake group than that of the no intervention group (12% versus 27%; RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.84). The average interval for recurrence was 3.23 ± 1.1 years in increased water intake group and 2.09 ± 1.37 years in the no intervention group (MD 1.14, 95% CI 0.33 to 1.95). There were insufficient data to assess selection, performance, detection or attrition bias. The evidence from only one study indicates that increased water intake reduces the risk of recurrence of urinary stones and prolongs the average interval for recurrences. However further research is required. Due to the lack of appropriate RCTs, no conclusions can be drawn on increased water intake for the primary and secondary prevention of urinary stones.

Cochrane Review: Restricted versus liberal water intake for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants

AbstractBackgroundMost premature infants are not sufficiently mature physiologically to ingest all of their required water and nutrients orally. Therefore, premature infants rely on their caregivers to regulate their volume of water intake. Thus, the caregiver must determine the amount of water to be given each day to such infants.ObjectivesTo determine the effect of water intake on postnatal weight loss, the risks of dehydration, and other morbidities and mortality in premature infants.Search strategyRandomized clinical trials (RCTs) identified in previous versions of this review were re‐examined and, in each case, retained. Additional trials were sought that compared the outcomes of interest in groups of premature infants who were given different levels of water intake according to experimental protocol. Such trials were sought in a list of trials provided by the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group, with a PubMed search, and in the authors' personal files.This search was updated in 2010.Selection criteriaOnly RCTs of varying water intake in premature infants are included. The review was limited to trials that included infants whose water intake was provided mainly or entirely by intravascular infusion.Data collection and analysisStandard methods of the Cochrane Collaboration were used. Study selection and data abstraction was performed independently by each reviewer. The adverse event rates were calculated for the restricted and liberal water intake groups for each dichotomous outcome, and the relative risk and risk difference were computed. In addition, the maximal weight loss results were recorded, and the weighted mean difference was computed.Main resultsThe analysis of the five studies taken together indicates that restricted water intake significantly increases postnatal weight loss and significantly reduces the risks of patent ductus arteriosus and necrotizing enterocolitis. With restricted water intake, there are trends toward increased risk of dehydration and reduced risks of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intracranial hemorrhage, and death, but these trends are not statistically significant.Authors' conclusionsBased on this analysis, the most prudent prescription for water intake to premature infants would seem to be careful restriction of water intake so that physiological needs are met without allowing significant dehydration. This practice could be expected to decrease the risks of patent ductus arteriosus and necrotizing enterocolitis without significantly increasing the risk of adverse consequences.Plain Language SummaryRestricted versus liberal water intake for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infantsMost babies born before 37 weeks of pregnancy (preterm babies) are not developed enough to take all the water and nutrients they need by mouth. As a result, they are unable to regulate their intake of water. Inadequate water intake can cause the baby to become dehydrated. Excessive water intake can cause heart and lung problems or intestinal damage. Systematic review of trials related to this issue leads to the conclusion that careful restriction of water for preterm babies, to amounts that meets their physical needs without causing dehydration, reduces the risk of certain complications. More research on this topic is needed.

마라톤 동호인의 오이음료 섭취가 체액조절호르몬과 C-반응단백에 미치는 영향

경력 50개월 이상 풀코스 완주 5회 이상인 중년남성 동호인 마라토너 8명을 대상으로 마라톤 시 물과 오이음료를 섭취하여 체액조절호르몬, C-반응단백에 미치는 영향을 구명하였다. 2회의 마라톤을 실시하여 첫 번째 마라톤경기는 물을 섭취, 두 번째 마라톤경기에서는 오이음료를 각각 총 10회, 총 710 ml을 섭취시켜 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 체액조절 호르몬에서 ADH의 농도는 오이음료 섭취군이 물 섭취군 보다 경기 전, 종료 후, 종료 1시간 후 유의하게 감소하였으며, Renin의 활성도는 오이음료 섭취군과 물 섭취군이 경기 전에서 경기종료, 경기종료 1시간 후 유의하게 증가하였다. Aldosterone의 농도는 오이음료 섭취군과 물 섭취군이 경기 전, 종료에서 유의하게 증가하였다. C-반응단백은 장기간 운동과 염증반응에 관한 것으로 오이음료 섭취군과 물 섭취군에서 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 본 연구결과 마라톤 시 오이음료 섭취가 물 섭취보다 체액조절호르몬인 ADH에 긍정적인 효과를 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 마라톤 시 발생하기 쉬운 탈진과 발열에 대한 수분 보충물의 하나로 오이음료가 물보다 긍정적인 영향을 미친 것으로 생각되며, 운동 후 체열의 상승과 오이섭취에 관한 연구들이 추후 필요하다고 사료된다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of cucumber beverage intake on fluid-regulating hormones and CRP in amateur marathoners between the ages of 47~49. Among research subjects, 8 male middle-aged marathoners who have completed the full marathon course over 5 times and who have run for over 50 months were selected. In two marathon races, they received firstly water and secondly cucumber beverage: 10 ml before the race, 50 ml every 5 km, and 200 ml after the race, adding up to 10 drinks and 710 ml in total amount of beverage taken. For statistics, one-way ANOVA within the group was conducted through SPSS 12.0; for post-examination, Duncan was utilized; and for inter-group examination, an independent t-test was used. Before, right after, and after the marathon, the cucumber beverage intake group had a significantly decreased serum ADH concentration compared to the water intake group. Both the cucumber beverage and water intake groups had significantly increased serum rennin levels before, right after, and after the marathon. Both the cucumber beverage and water intake groups had significantly increased aldosterone before, right after, and after the marathon. CRP levels didn't show change. In conclusion, intake of cucumber beverage during a marathon race was found to help with fluid-regulating hormones. This research has attempted to continue to study the influence on hormones that control body fluids.

Risk Factors for Food Residue after Distal Gastrectomy and a New Effective Preparation for Endoscopy: The Water-Intake Method

Background/AimsFood residue is frequently observed in the gastric remnant after distal gastrectomy, despite adequate preparation. We devised a water-intake method to reduce food residue in the gastric remnant by drinking large quantities of water in a short time. The aims of this study were to identify the risk factors for food residue and to study the effectiveness of this new method for endoscopy preparation.MethodsA cohort of 708 patients who underwent distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer was reviewed prospectively. Sixty patients with large amounts of food residue were randomly divided into two groups: a water-intake group (n=40) and a prolonged fasting group (n=20).ResultsThe incidences of a large amount of food residue were 15.7%, 5.8%, 7.5%, and 2.8% at 3, 12, 24, and 36 months, respectively, after distal gastrectomy. Independent risk factors for food residue were endoscopy at 3 months, diabetes mellitus, a body mass index of <19.5, and laparoscopic surgery. The proportion of successful preparations at follow-up endoscopy was higher for the water-intake group (70%) than for the prolonged fasting group (40%, p=0.025).ConclusionsThe water-intake method can be recommended as a preparation for endoscopy in patients who have had repetitive food residue or risk factors after distal gastrectomy.

Water for preventing urinary calculi.

Urinary calculi is a common condition characterized of high incidence and high recurrence rate. For a long time, increased water intake has been the main preventive measure for the disease and its recurrence. To access the effectiveness of increased water intake for the primary and secondary prevention of urinary calculi. Relevant RCTs were identified by electronic and documental searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Chinese Biomedical Disk and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. No language restriction was applied. Date of last search: May 2004. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs of increased water intake for the prevention of urinary calculi and its recurrence. Two reviewers independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. Statistical analyses were performed using the random effects model and the results expressed as relative risk (RR) for dichotomous outcomes or weight mean difference (WMD) for continuous data with 95% confidence intervals (CI). No trials of increased water intake for the primary prevention of urinary calculi met the inclusion criteria. One trial with 199 patients provided results of increased water intake for the recurrence of urinary calculi. The recurrence rate was lower in the increased water intake group than that of the no intervention group (12% versus 27%, P = 0.008, RR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.84). The average interval for recurrences was 3.23 +/-1.1 years in increased water intake group and 2.09 +/- 1.37 years in the no intervention group (P = 0.016, WMD = 1.14, 95% CI 0.33 to 1.95). The evidence from only one trial indicates that increased water intake reduces the risk of recurrence of urinary calculi and prolongs the average interval for recurrences. However further research is required. Due to the lack of appropriate RCTs, no conclusions can be drawn on increased water intake for the primary and secondary prevention of urinary calculi.

Restricted versus liberal water intake for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants.

Most premature infants are not sufficiently mature physiologically to take all of their required water and nutrients orally, and so they cannot regulate their own water intake. Thus, the caregiver must determine the amount of water to be given each day to such infants. The objective of this review is to examine the effects of water intake on postnatal weight loss and on the risks of dehydration, patent ductus arteriosus, necrotizing enterocolitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intracranial hemorrhage, and death in premature infants. Randomized clinical trials were sought that compared the outcomes of interest in groups of premature infants who were given different levels of water intake according to experimental protocol. Such trials were sought in a previous review by one of the authors (Bell EF. Fluid therapy. In: Effective Care of the Newborn Infant, eds JC Sinclair, MB Bracken. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992: 59-72, approximately approximately Bell 1992 approximately approximately ), in a list of trials provided by the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group, and in the authors' personal files. Only randomized clinical trials of varying water intake in premature infants are included. The review was limited to trials that included infants whose water intake was provided mainly or entirely by parenteral means. Studies were included regardless of outcomes examined. Trials were selected by two reviewers, who also assessed the methodological quality of each trial. Data were independently extracted by the reviewers, and differences were reconciled. The data were then entered into tables using RevMan 3.1 for Windows. The adverse event rates were calculated for the restricted and liberal water intake groups for each dichotomous outcome, and the relative risk was computed. In addition, the maximal weight loss results were recorded, and the weighted mean difference was computed. The analyses (including calculation of relative risk, risk difference, and weighted mean difference) and tests of heterogeneity were accomplished with MetaView 3.1 software and a fixed effects model. No subgroup analyses were conducted. The analysis of the four studies taken together indicates that restricted water intake significantly increases postnatal weight loss and significantly reduces the risks of patent ductus arteriosus, necrotizing enterocolitis, and death. With restricted water intake, there are trends toward increased risk of dehydration and reduced risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, but these trends are not statistically significant. Based on this analysis, the most prudent prescription for water intake to premature infants would seem to be careful restriction of water intake so that physiological needs are met without allowing significant dehydration. This practice could be expected to decrease the risks of patent ductus arteriosus and necrotizing enterocolitis--and perhaps the overall risk of death--without significantly increased risk of adverse consequences.

In vivo and in vitro studies of urinary concentrating ability in potassium-depleted rabbits.

The factors responsible for the urinary concentrating defect associated with the potassium-depleted (KD) state are uncertain. The present studies were designed to, first, determine whether a urinary concentrating defect exists in potassium-depleted rabbits and, second, to use the technique of in vitro perfusion to evaluate directly the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) responsiveness of cortical collecting tubules (CCT) in this setting. Feeding female New Zealand White rabbits a potassium-deficient diet for 2 wk caused a significant fall in plasma potassium levels in both the ad-libitum and controlled water intake groups (P less than 0.001). Muscle potassium content after 2 wk of potassium restriction fell from 45.6 +/- 0.9 to 29.0 +/- 1.2 meq/100 g fat-free dry solids (P less than 0.001). Renal papillary sodium content fell significantly from a control value of 234.6 +/- 8.0 to 182.46 +/- 10.0 meq/kg H2O after 2 wk of potassium restriction. Maximal urinary osmolality measured after 12 h of dehydration and 1.25 U pitressin IM was significantly decreased in rabbits after 2 wk of potassium restriction in both the ad-libitum and controlled water intake groups (P less than 0.001). The relationship between plasma potassium concentration and maximum urinary osmolality was significantly correlated in both the ad-libitum and controlled water intake groups, r = 0.73 and 0.68 (P less than 0.001), respectively. In addition, refeeding KD rabbits with normal chow for 1 wk resulted in normalization of both plasma potassium levels and urinary concentrating ability. CCT from control and KD rabbits were perfused in vitro at 25 degrees C. The hydraulic conductivity coefficient, Lp, was significantly reduced at all doses of ADH tested in tubules from KD rabbits when compared with control tubules. In addition, the maximal hydraulic conductivity in tubules from KD rabbits when tested with 200 microU/ml ADH at 37.5 degrees C was only 23% of control values (P less than 0.05). Furthermore, this reduced ADH responsiveness persisted when the bath potassium was elevated from 5 to 20 mM. The reflection coefficient for NaCl when compared with raffinose was 0.91 in tubules from KD animals. Thus, these data suggest that the ADH-resistant urinary concentrating defect associated with potassium depletion is due, at least in part, to a diminished responsiveness of the CCT to ADH. Therefore, further studies were designed to investigate the cellular steps involved in this abnormal response. There was no difference in the 8-para-chlorophenylthio cyclic AMP induced hydroosmotic response between CCT from KD and control rabbits. Since the cAMP-induced hydroosmotic response was similar between KD and control CCT, experiments were performed to evaluate the contribution of phosphodiesterase (PDIE) activity by using the potent PDIE inhibitor isobutylmethylxanthine (10(-4) and 10(-3)M) in the presence of ADH (200 U/ml). Although Lp was increased by PDIE inhibition in CCT from both control and KD animals, the overall hydroosmotic response in CCT from KD rabbits was still significantly reduced when compared with controls. The final experiments used forskolin to evaluate further the adenylate cyclase complex. The resulting hydroosmotic response in CCT from KD rabbits was almost identical to that obtained in controls. In conclusion, these data suggest that the decreased responsiveness of CCT from KD rabbits to ADH involves a step at or proximal to the stimulation of the catalytic subunit of adenylate cyclase, and that PDIE activity makes no contribution to this abnormal hydroosmotic response.