Estimation Of Water Intake Research Articles

Estimation of water intake using rumen temperature of dairy cattle

In this study, water intake estimation models using reticulorumen bolus transponders were developed to estimate the water intake for of cows that are difficult to measure by individual. reticulorumen temperature was collected using reticulorumen bolus transponders, and the water intake index was defined to estimate the water intake through reticulorumen temperature. The water intake index is the sum of reticulorumen temperatures below baseline temperature, a proposed model was developed using the water intake index and daily mean ambient temperature. AS the result of comparing the predicted water intake from proposed model and the predicted water intake from Jang et al. (2021), the coefficient of determination, MAPE, and RMSE wsere 0.67, 7.86%, 7.88 kg/d, respectively. The results showed that the possibility of estimating water intake through temperature of reticulorumen.

Estimation of water intake from food moisture in the Japanese diet using a cooking-based conversion factor for water content.

This study aimed to estimate the water intake of Japanese people from food moisture. For this purpose, we described a water conversion factor for cooking (WCFC) that focuses on how cooking changes the water content of complete dishes and not food ingredients, and investigated methods for calculating the water content of cooked dishes. In this study, we utilized 129 dishes commonly consumed by Japanese people. We measured the water content of the dishes before and after cooking and calculated the percentage of residual water after cooking. The dishes were divided into staple foods or side dishes, and categorized based on residual percentage in water content and cooking method. The percentage of residual water after cooking change in water content in each category was expressed in terms of the WCFC, which is the water content of the cooked dish relative to the uncooked dish. In total, there were 43 categories with a WCFC range of 0.40 to 1.33. Our results revealed that the water content of food is not simply changed by heating-based cooking methods, but by a complex combination of cooking operations. Furthermore, by fitting WCFC to a culinary structuralism theory, it can potentially be utilized for all cuisines and not just dishes in Japan. Additionally, we found that the water content of a day's worth of food calculated using WCFC and actual measurements barely differed, indicating that WCFC could potentially be used to estimate water intake from food moisture. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This research can be used in nutrition surveys to estimate water intake from food moisture.

Assessment of Fluid Intake Pattern in Anambra State, Southeast Nigeria

Background: Water is essential for life and accounts for about 70 percent of the human body fat-free mass. Daily loss of 2.5 L in temperate climate occurs on least minimal activity while exercises, rises in temperature, illnesses raise the fluid loss. Adequate intake of water is necessary for optimal body functions, development and health. Estimates of water intake shows wide variations depending on factors such as temperature, activity level, availability and accessibility of fluid, fluid type, packaging, and socio-cultural factors.
 Context and purpose of study: Residents in the tropics are exposed to high temperatures and loss of excess fluid from perspiration and would expectedly require high fluid intake for normal body function. A cross sectional study was conducted in Aanmbra State, southeast Nigeria to assess the fluid intake of subjects. Two hundred and fifty people were selected by multi-stage sampling technique. They were drawn from employees in government secretariats, banks and artisans engaged in motor mechanic worksites. Using a semi-structured questionnaire, calibrated plastic cups, weighing scale and standiometer, the socio-demographic data, the 24-hour fluid intake, weight and height of the subjects were obtained.
 Results: The mean age of the respondents was 36.6±11.5 years. 60.1% (146) were males while 39.9% (97) were females. There were 130 (53.5%) civil servants and 113 (46.5%) artisans. The median 24-hour fluid intake was 3.5 litres with artisans having higher intake than the civil servants. (χ2 =16.57, df=2, p<0.05). The median fluid intake for males was 3.8 litres compared with 3.1 L for females.
 Main findings: Less than one quarter of the subjects met the respective WHO recommendations for males and females. About half (47.9%) of the males and 39.2% of the females failed to meet the USA IOM recommendations.
 Conclusions: The subjects drank less fluid than people in temperate climes and below international recommendations for moderate activities and for manual labour in high temperatures.
 Brief summary and potential implications: Inadequate intake of fluid lead to reduced work/exercise performance, endanger health resulting in impaired cognition, kidney diseases, cardiovascular disorders and dysfunction in blood sugar regulation.

Urinary hydration biomarkers and water sources in free-living elderly.

Accurate estimates of water intake and hydration status in populations are essential to identify populations at risk of dehydration and define strategies to improve standards of water intake. To evaluate the hydration status and the contribution of food and beverages to the total water intake in a sample of free-living physically active Portuguese elderly. A sample of 74 individuals (28 men), aged 60 to 83 years, were included in this study. A 24 h urine sample was collected; 24 h urine volume and osmolality were quantifi ed in order to estimate the free water reserve (FWR) used to assess the hydration status. A 24 h food recall corresponding to the day of urine collection was obtained. Food and beverages were grouped according to their nutritional composition, namely water content. The contribution of those groups to total water intake and its association with the hydration status were estimated. Urinary markers and food groups' contribution to total water intake were compared between sexes and according to the median FWR, using the t-test and Mann Whitney test. Less than 10% of the participants were classifi ed as hypohydrated/at hypohydration risk. Water from food was nearly half of the total water intake (47% in females and 48% in males, p = 0.757). "Water" (22%) and "foods with reduced water content" (19%) were the groups that contributed the most to the total water intake in women and men, respectively. In men, the contribution of "alcoholic beverages" was signifi cantly higher than that of women (10.5% vs 1.7%, p < 0.001). Even though most of the study participants were classified as euhydrated, the contribution of water-rich and nutritionally dense food, and non-alcoholic beverages, particularly in men, should be promoted.

Water intakes and dietary sources of a nationally representative sample of Irish adults

Despite evidence that even mild dehydration is associated with various morbidities, water intake estimates in free-living populations are lacking. The present study aimed to estimate water intakes and dietary sources in a nationally representative sample of the Irish adult population. A 4-day semi-weighed food record was used to collect dietary intake data from 1500 free-living adults aged 18-90 years in the Irish National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS) (2008-2010) from which water intake was estimated. To enable fluid intake estimation, additional questions on how water and milk were consumed were incorporated. Total water intake was calculated as drinking water plus water from other beverages and food moisture. The mean (SD) daily total water intake for Irish adults was 2.31 (0.92) L day(-1) [males 2.52 (1.00) L day(-1) ; females 2.09 (0.79) L day(-1)]. Intakes were lowest in elderly adults, as well as in those with less education, a lower social class, less energy expenditure and a higher body mass index and body fat percentage. In total, 67% of water came from beverages and 33% came from food moisture. Alcoholic beverages and teas individually contributed to total water intake in amounts similar to the drinking water contribution. These data may be used as a foundation for further research in the area of the effect of under consumption of water on health outcomes to guide public health messages regarding adequate water intakes.

Limited representation of drinking-water contaminants in pregnancy–birth cohorts

Water contamination and noise have been consistently the least assessed environmental/lifestyle exposures in pregnancy–birth cohorts (PBC). Water quality surveillance data collected during the past decade within urban drinking-water distribution systems call for re-evaluation of water and health issues in the developed world. The objectives of this scientific commentary were to (i) highlight the extent of appraisal of water contamination in exposure assessment studies of PBC, worldwide, and (ii) propose recommendations to increase awareness of emerging water-related risks through their improved representation into PBC study designs in urban centers. Three scientific literature databases (Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science) were used for a systematic search on worldwide PBC and their publications that considered water contamination and health outcomes. Publicly-available e-databases (ENRIECO, BIRTHCOHORTS, and CHICOS) were also employed for detailed exploration of existing European Union (EU)-based PBC. Out of the 76 PBC identified in the EU territory, only 12 of them incorporated water contamination into their study designs. Among which only 6 PBC published scientific articles that either included data on water contamination and/or water intake estimates. Trihalomethanes but not other disinfection by-products were mostly studied in the PBC around the globe, while fluoride, atrazine, perfluorinated compounds, tetrachloroethylene, and lead were studied to a lesser extent as water contaminants. It appears that chemical-based water contamination and corresponding human exposures represent a largely underappreciated niche of exposure science pertaining to pregnant mother and children's health in PBC. Future PBC studies should grasp this opportunity to substantially reform elements of water contamination in their exposure assessment protocols and effectively combine them with their epidemiological study designs.

Deuterium oxide dilution accurately predicts water intake in sheep and goats

The aim of this study was to test whether the deuterium oxide dilution technique accurately predicts water intake in sheep and goats. Two other issues were also studied: (i) a comparison of water intake in sheep and goats and (ii) an assessment of whether observations of drinking behaviour can accurately measure the water intake. In this study, eight dry Boer goats and eight dry German Black Head Mutton ewes were kept under controlled stable conditions. Animals had access to hay and water ad libitum. Diurnal drinking behaviour was recorded by video. Individual daily water intake was measured and estimated for 2 weeks by re-weighing water buckets and from water kinetics using the deuterium oxide dilution technique, respectively. In addition, dry matter intakes were directly measured and were significantly higher in sheep than in goats. The average daily water consumption by drinking differed significantly between the two species, with higher intakes in sheep than in goats. Total body water expressed as a percentage of body mass did not differ between species. Measurement methods of total water intake (TWI) using deuterium oxide dilution and re-weighing water buckets did not differ significantly in both species (P = 0.926). Results obtained for measured and estimated TWI confirm that the isotope dilution technique gives reliable results for estimates of water intake in sheep and goats. The higher amount of water intake in sheep was also reflected by their drinking behaviour. Sheep spent approximately 0.3% per 24-h drinking, while Boer goats spent only 0.1%. However, measured and estimated TWIs were only moderately correlated to the daily time spent drinking. The lower water intake found in Boer goats confirms a superior water management capacity compared with Black Head Mutton sheep even under temperate conditions.

水分摂取量管理のための遠隔給水モニタリングシステム

In this study, we developed a telemonitoring system of water supplier to estimation of water intake for health care. This system consists of a automatic water supply measurement system and a remote monitoring system. The automatic water supply measurement system has a thermos bottle, a electric balance and a computer. Subject can drink water from the thermos bottle using his/her cup/glass that subject is used to in daily life. The remote monitoring system consists of a computer and WWW browser. Neither new device nor special procedure is not required for monitoring. We estimated water intake of an elderly diabetic inpatient for three days by using this system. The automatic water supply measurement system set up at a position where the subject could reach it from the bed, because the subject needed assistance for walking. Data was monitored from nurse's station . We obtained the tendency that the volume of water supply increase after awaking and meals. Our results suggested that this system easily provide information of water intake pattern. Moreover, this system was easy to use for both of subject and observers. There is a possibility that this system will not only save nursing time, but also improve clinical care.

How well does a telephone questionnaire measure drinking water intake?

BackgroundFew studies have assessed the validity or reliability of drinking water intake estimations. In studies investigating potential waterborne disease, this is very important. MethodsWe carried out a validity and reliability study to evaluate water intake estimations. The validity part of the study compared a telephone questionnaire to a diary. The reliability part of the study compared two telephone questionnaires. Results253 participants were recruited. The most commonly consumed water intake categories were plain and boiled tap water. For persons aged less than 12 years, the median volume of plain water consumption was 2.9 glasses/day according to the diary. For persons aged 12 years and over, the median volume of plain water consumption was 3.0 glasses/day and for boiled water 3.0 glasses/day according to the diary. There was negligible systematic over or under reporting by participants for the telephone questionnaire in comparison to the diary and for the comparison of both telephone questionnaires. Water intake estimates were converted to categorical variables and the per cent agreement and weighted kappa statistics were calculated. For both the validity and reliability parts of the study the per cent agreement was 57–78% and the weighted kappa was 0.57–0.81. ConclusionWater intake estimates show only moderate levels of validity and reliability when using a telephone questionnaire in comparison to a diary. ImplicationsInvestigators of potential waterborne disease or nutritional research should exercise some caution in drawing conclusions from minor differences in drinking water intake that are obtained from a telephone questionnaire.

Water intakes of lactating women

Women are commonly advised to increase their water intake during lactation, even though empirical data describing fluid intakes of successfully lactating women is lacking. Water intake from solid food and beverage was determined from 135 food records completed by 26 lactating women who had fully breast-fed their infants for 3 to 4 mo. Inter-subject variability in total water intake, food water, and beverage was significantly greater (one-way analysis of variance, p less than 0.01) than intra-subject variability. Total water consumption/subject (mean +/- SEM) was 2860 +/- 108 g/day, with 640 +/- 48 g/day from food and 2220 +/- 110 g/day from beverage. One-third of the subjects consumed less than the 1 g of water/kcal of energy need described in the current Recommended Dietary Allowances. Thus, it appears that while many successfully lactating women consume large quantities of water, many do not consume enough to satisfy theoretical recommendations. Results indicate that estimation of water intake must include water available in food as well as in beverage.

Some problems on the estimation of water intake by a drinkometer

Water intake per lick (WIL) of a mouse increased from 4 to 7 weeks old, and thereafter the WIL of each animal maintained a nearly constant level. Considerable individual differences of WIL were perceived throughout the period of observation. The licking frequency (LF) per day of a mouse was inversely related with its WIL, while no significant correlation was found between body weight and other parameters such as WIL, LF, and water intake (WI). Relation between the LF and the WIL was found to be statistically significant, but not proportional. Therefore, for estimating the WI of the animal from the electronic drinkometer values, careful attention should be paid.

Some aspects of the water balance of sheep at pasture when deprived of drinking water

In an experiment carried out near Armidale, N.S.W. (lat. 30°S., altitude 1000 m), measurements of water intake and water expenditure of grazing, lactating Merino ewes from which drinking water had been withheld for 22 months were compared with those of ewes with water supplied, in order to produce a table of water balance for each group. Estimates of the intake of water from the pasture, and of the free water available on the pasture from dew and guttation were obtained. Water intakes of the ewes supplied with water were measured directly. Estimates of water expenditure were obtained from measures of faecal and urinary water loss and daily milk production. These estimates of water intake and expenditure were compared with measurements of water turnover rates of ewes both with and without drinking water ("plus-water" and "minus-water" groups). There were large differences in turnover rates between plus- and minus-water sheep. The greatest discrepancies in water balance were between water intake and water turnover, which indicates that the contribution of water from dew and guttation has been underestimated. The sheep without water were observed to lick the dew from the pasture and fences in the early morning while the sheep with water grazed normally. There was a tendency for more grazing activity during the night and pre-dawn period by the minus-mater sheep than by the plus-water sheep. There were large differences in faecal and urinary water loss and in urine osmolality between plus- and minus-water sheep. At the lower stocking rate there was no difference in daily milk production. There was a reduction in body weight in the lactating minus-water ewes which had not been previously seen in unmated or pregnant sheep. This was probably due to the marked decrease in the feed intake of the minus-water sheep which presumably reflected the gradual reduction in the water content of the pasture as the experiment progressed into the summer months.

Water content and turnover of identical twin Bos indicus and B. taurus in Kenya

The water content and turnover of six pairs of identical twin cattle were measured in the Kenya highlands. Three pairs were stall fed, and one twin of each pair received water daily. Their water turnover averaged 14.21./24 hr. while the others watered each 4 days had an average turnover of 12.41./24 hr. These stall-fed animals used 74-132 ml./kg.0.82/ 24 hr., about one-third the water turned over by grazing cattle (261-364 ml./kg.0.82/24 hr.). There was little relationship between estimates of water intake measured from the trough and that derived from tritium dilution.Members of each grazing pair differed in weight by an average of 4.2% and their total body water by 5.9%, whereas the water turnover differed by only 2.2% amongst the twin pairs.