Water Injection Pump Research Articles

The Research of Oil & Gas Energy Saving Index Prediction Based on Neural Network and Quantum-Behaved Particle Swarm Optimization

This paper introduces method of gas energy saving target forecast that a quantum particle swarm optimization algorithm and BP neural network, using BP neural networks and quantum particle swarm global search ability strong advantage, through the method that improved average optimal position. It solved the BP neural network is being trapped in local minima and slow convergence speed problem. It realized target forecast that based on BP neural network and quantum particle swarm field energy saving. With the production water injection pump unit consumption data for training data, prediction results show that this method can achieve good prediction effect. It can be applied to practice.

The Feasibility Experimental Study of Pumping and Shunting Pump under Pressure in Oilfield Water Injection Station

In order to simplify the operation process of water injection station and improve the utilization rate of water injection. We carried out the experiment of pumping under pressure and shunting pump when installed the rotor frequency control devices. The results shows that when the start pressure ranges from 0MPa to 15MPa, the surge current of power system keeps below the maximum allowed surge current so that the water injection pump runs smoothly and the instruments and devices are in good condition. And so does the system when the pressure changes from 0MPa to 16MPa in the shunting pump under pressure experiment. By making use of the rotor frequency control devices, the station reduces the labor intensity and simplifies the operation. Besides, the utilization rate of water injection is improved.

Effective control of machinery noise on offshore platforms

Offshore noise control must consider operational noise levels in the Topsides work areas from the perspective of hearing conservation. At the same time, for human comfort, it must consider both direct and structure-borne noise transmission from the Topsides sources to the occupied spaces. This paper will summarize design stage case studies for controlling centrifugal compressor and water injection pump noise integrating commercially available outdoor and indoor noise modeling packages and statistical energy analysis software. Practicality and economics of achieving the specified noise limits will be demonstrated based on cost effectiveness and noise reduction capacity of mitigation measures such as acoustic insulation, acoustic blankets, in-line silencers, enclosures, anti vibration mounts, and damping cassettes. For centrifugal compressor noise control, controlling the piping radiated noise by acoustical insulation provides the greatest benefit. For water injection pump noise control, controlling the base plate radiated noise through viscoelastic damping proves most effective. Economic and technical barriers to effective employment of the advanced analysis tools to the field of offshore noise control will be discussed.

Analysis of Flow Field on Hydraulic Unit of the Water Injection Pump by 3-D Numerical Simulation

In order to clarify the abnormal failure mechanism for the spring of the water injection pump, the velocity and the pressure are simulated for hydraulic unit in different driven angle. The eccentric load is found in the ansys, which is the main factor for leading to the exceptional failure of the spring. The improvement method is presented by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technology. Flow field of the improved hydraulic unit is more uniform after the numerical simulation. The effect of eccentric load is greatly reduced for the suction spring. At the same time without changing the rate of flow, section surface of the suction valve and the discharge valve is appropriately reduced to bring down the load of the spring. The fluid dynamics analysis and optimization of the hydraulic unit has been completed in this paper. This study has great significance in perfecting the working theory of the water injection pump and raising the robustness of the pump’s motion.

Power-System Protection in an Oil-Field Distribution System

Power-system protection for oil-field distribution systems consists of protection for electrical submersible pump (ESP) installations and their upstream electrical circuits. In this paper, a comprehensive protective-device coordination and an arc-flash hazard analysis are conducted for a large oil-field distribution system. Various protection schemes are investigated and compared. This paper focuses on three areas: ESP installation protection using switchboards, the protective-device coordination of upstream electrical circuits of ESP wells, and how to obtain the optimized protective-device settings for both protection and arc-flash-safety concerns. ESP installation protection using fuses is first addressed. ESP wells that cannot be protected by fuses are particularly investigated, and a motor controller used with a fuse can provide a better protection for such ESP wells. A motor control center (MCC) for two large water injection pumps is used as a case study for the protective-device coordination of upstream circuits of ESP wells. Nuisance tripping was experienced during a motor starting at a 1750-hp water injection pump. The investigation indicates that improper relay settings at the MCC were the root cause. The optimized protective-device settings can be achieved by conducting a protective-device-coordination study and an arc-flash hazard analysis by keeping both protection and arc safety in mind.

Stress-Corrosion Cracking and Galvanic Corrosion of Internal Bolts from a Multistage Water Injection Pump

Nineteen out of 26 bolts (studs) used for assembly of multistage water pump showed severe corrosion and cracking after brief service in a severe working environment that contained saline water, CO2, and H2S. The failed bolts and intact nuts were supposed to be made out of a special type of austenitic stainless steel as per ASTM A 193 B8S and ASTM A 194, respectively. However, the investigation showed that bolts and nuts are made from two different alloys: an austenitic stainless steel and a nickel-base alloy. The difference in the corrosion resistance of these two alloys led to severe galvanic corrosion. The galvanic coupling between bolts and nuts in addition to the severe working environment played major role in the premature failure of bolts. The mechanisms of bolt failure were galvanic corrosion for bolts that were in direct contact with the environment and stress-corrosion cracking in the bolts remote from the severe environment. The stress-corrosion cracking was influenced by a bad fit between the bolts and nuts threads. This resulted in a crevice and the development of an aggressive chemistry between the engaged bolt/nut threads. All factors required to cause stress-corrosion cracking were available, namely, stressed bolts (bolts under tensile stress), temperatures above 60 °C, and chloride ions.

地熱地域における最新の断裂水理探査法

The definition of the fracture and the concept of the reservoir engineering were described as a basic knowledge on a new prospecting method on hydro-geological structure of the fracture. The method combines the computer aided pressure transient testing method, the method using the highly accurate tilt-meter and the metering method of two-phase flow. Summaries of the outline of this prospecting method are as follows.(1) In the computer aided pressure transient method, water injection and air pressure systems were used to change fluid injection rate in the well. The former is used for high permeability formations, and the latter used for low permeability formations. The water injection pump and the compressor were controlled by inverter control in sine wave type. Then learning and fuzzy functions were installed in computer to control the compressor. The analysis software of test data was improved for the use on personal computer. As the result of applying this method to some actual geothermal fields, highly reliable measurement on the hydro-geological parameter were acquired.(2) As the result of the simulation on the observation method using the high precious tilt-meter, the effect of the reservoir parameters (depth, permeability, pressure and Young's modulus et al.) on the inclination of surface was quantitatively estimated. It was clarified that this observation method effectively functioned in order to estimate activity fracture distribution and hydro-geological parameters.(3) In two-phase flow rate metering method, the metering system which combined laser beam flow-meter with the magnet-strain level indictor is used. As the result of applying the metering system in actual geothermal field, it was shown that this metering system was sufficiently effective under the two-phase flow conditions (40 m / s in steam velocity and 2 m / s in hot water flow velocity).

A Pump Instability Theory Using an Acoustic Feedback Mechanism

A subsynchronous vibration problem with a large water injection pump was solved in 1974 by modifying the discharge piping transition to a long taper configuration. This paper describes a quantitative theory based upon the dynamic modeling of the pump rotor and piping system. The model successfully duplicates the experimental results of the pump instability and reproduces the subsynchronous vibration described in the original paper. The analysis results in a log decrement of the system that is dependent upon the time delay of the acoustic pulsation. It shows that the system can be driven unstable for acoustic path lengths that are much less than the quarter wavelength. The analysis also shows the log decrement is minimized when the time delay is equivalent to exactly that of one eighth wavelength of the resonant frequency of the pump.

Effect of Vibration on Electric-Submersible Pump Failures

Summary Electric submersible pumps (ESP's) historically have had short run lives. Their failures usually were unexplained and accepted as the norm. Because the equipment has generally been downhole, finding all the influences that shorten equipment life expectancy has been difficult. Horizontal surface installations for water injection have been made where machine operating conditions could be monitored and equipment performance analyzed. Unbalanced pump vibration has been identified as the cause of many seal problems and ultimately motor and pump failures. In fact, excessive vibration appears to be an inherent mechanical characteristic of ESP's. To illustrate the severity of this problem, this paper presents data gathered from field installations with monitoring equipment, from equipment tear-down analysis, and from statistics on ESP failure modes. Introduction ESP's have been used for more than 50 years, typically for moving large volumes of fluid where other means of artificial lift have not been feasible. Recently, the application of these pumps has expanded. It is not uncommon to use these pumps to move 500 bbl [80 m3] of fluid from less than 2,000 ft [600 m]. The industry has made great strides in improving ESP performance. Run times have improved significantly over those existing only 10 years ago. These pumps are now economically competitive with other pumping systems in many environments. A unique application of ESP technology has been in water-injection systems. Water-injection pumps often must move large volumes at high pressures. Not surprisingly, ESP's fit this criterion. Although ESP's are not a panacea for all pumping applications, these examples demonstrate the applicability of ESP technology to an increasing number of applications. Nevertheless, the significant problems that still exist with the technology must be addressed before the equipment can achieve adequately long run times for it to be widely applied. Current estimates are that ESP's are used in only about 5% of the lift applications in the petroleum industry. This leaves considerable room for further application. History and Design Before the problems with ESP's are addressed, the construction of the pumping system should be analyzed. This analysis will demonstrate the problems to be solved. The design of today's ESP's remains basically unchanged from the first pumps. The pump assembly is a slender centrifugal pump of up to hundreds of stages. The stages consist of an impeller that "floats" on a shaft. The impeller is mated with a diffuser for directing the flow between stages. The impeller/diffuser assembly is stacked inside a small-diameter tubular.

Irrigation Equipment for Plot Research

ABSTRACT Allow-pressure irrigation system developed for applying water to research plots is described. The unit moves in a linear fashion and spans 36.5 m (120 ft). After watering, there are no pipe or obstructions to interfere with tractor-operated equipment. Pesticides or fertilizers can be injected into the irrigation water. Remote control features have been incorporated for water control and injection pump operation. The irrigation equipment applies water satisfactorily for field crop research

The relationship of geophysical measurements to hydraulic conductivity at the brantley damsite, New Mexico

The objective of this study was to develop techniques to correlate hydraulic conductivity tests with geophysical logs. In addition, the relationships obtained from boreholes were correlated to surface resistivity soundings in an effort to define areas of potential high water loss at the proposed site for Brantley Dam. Hydraulic conductivity obtained from water injection pump tests is correlated with neutron logs. Archie's Law and experimental relationships of neutron logs and cores are used for the quantitative evaluation of resistivity. Average porosity, hydraulic conductivity, and transmissivity are mapped to a depth of 300 ft. based on the geophysical data.

Seawater Project in Saudi Arabia - Early Experience of Plant Operation, Water Quality, and Effect on Injection Well Performance

Introduction Large seawater supply development for water injection involves the application of technology in controlling chemically and mechanically interactive systems to achieve product quality, service reliability, and economy of size. Recent activities in Saudi Arabia to convert a large onshore subsurface saline water flood to treated seawater supply illustrates the magnitude of these problems and successful solutions achieved. This paper reviews early system experience. Plant Operations Plant Operations The treated seawater supply system is depicted in Fig. 1. Completely new facilities extend from the offshore intake and treating plant at Qurayyah to the suction of ‘Uthmaniyah Water Supply Station 1 (UWSS-1). Extensively revised, plus additional, pump trains are being provided at UWSS-1 and the five associated water-injection pump stations (WIPS).Operationally, principal problem areas occurred in fiberglass-reinforced piping (FRP) support and restraint and in sulfur dioxide (SO2) plant operation and metallurgy. These problems were resolved early in the plant operation. Water Quality The water quality standards for the seawater treatment plant were derived from either pilot studies or observation of other seawater flood projects. Table I gives the specification, measurement method, and origin.The water quality between Qurayyah and ‘Uthmaniyah showed considerable deterioration during the first 6 months. Several pigging operations and increased flow rates have cleaned the system so that present water quality meets specifications. present water quality meets specifications. Corrosion Corrosion of the treatment and distribution systems is a major concern in any water injection system. The following methods are used to monitor corrosion rates in the various parts of this system. Typical DataMonitor Method Qurayyah ‘Uthmaniyah Coupons and polarizationprobes, mil/yr 3 to 6 <2Iron, mg/L <0.01 0.01 to 0.02 At this time, system corrosion is well within acceptable limits. Early Performance of Injection Wells Seawater temperature varies from 15 to 38 deg. C, resulting in a viscosity range of 0.75 to 1.25 cp. Aquifer water temperature averaged 70 deg. C with a viscosity of 0.4 cp. This higher viscosity of seawater results in reduced injectivity. Preseawater Data Collection Preseawater Data Collection Model studies to evaluate the effects of lower water temperature indicated reductions in injectivity of up to 50% during the first 3 years of the project, with most of the decline occurring in the first month.Another major factor that could affect seawater injection performance is reservoir plugging arising from solids in the seawater.To provide base data from which to evaluate the extent of formation plugging, an extensive data collection program was undertaken. This program consisted of obtaining pressure falloff data on all injectors and continuous flow profile data on approximately two-thirds of the injectors. Average injectivity indices and skin factors were calculated. JPT P. 1709

Estimating Electric Power Consumption in Oil-Producing Operations

Electric power consumption for economic studies of oil-producing operations is generally overestimated by 30 to 70 percent. Methods for making more accurate estimates are given, and test data that will be helpful when detailed information is not available are provided. A general discussion of making power cost estimates is followed by specific discussions of beam pumping units, submergible pumps, water injection pumps, and long-term projections for combined operations.