Town Water Research Articles

An Assessment of Water Quality and Pollution Sources in a Source Region of Northwest China

China prioritizes ensuring drinking water safety, particularly in the water-scarce northwest region. This study, utilizing water quality data from 52 village and town water sources since August 2022, assesses water quality, with a specific focus on key indicators related to organic pollution sources. This study provides a scientific foundation for enhancing water quality in these sources. Employing category factor analysis for classification and grading, principal component analysis for qualitative analysis of key evaluation indicators, and the absolute principal component linear regression equation for quantitative calculation of pollution sources, this study reveals that all 52 water sources meet quality standards. Principal component analysis categorizes pollution sources as diverse types of organic compounds in surface water. Source analysis calculations highlight decay-type organic substances as major contributors to increased water color and permanganate index, with pollution contribution rates of 54.78% and 31.31%, respectively. Fecal-type organic substances dominate the increase in dissolved total solids and total coliforms, with pollution contribution rates of 56.65% and 40.16%, respectively. Additionally, high-molecular-weight organic substances exhibit lower concentrations in the water. This article presents a systematic water quality assessment methodology, which is used for the first time to qualitatively assess the types of water sources and to quantitatively trace specific sources of organic pollution in source water in northwest China. This systematic study’s results, involving initial assessment followed by traceability, recommend the adoption of a simple contact filtration and disinfection process to enhance water quality in the region.

Assessing the water metabolism of coastal urban areas based on the water mass balance framework across time periods: A case study of Cape Town, South Africa

The status of water resources in many coastal cities has become increasingly fragile. In a changing climate, the amount and intensity of rainfall have continued to decline, causing some coastal regions to experience severe drought and deteriorated water supply situation. This article presents a comprehensive study of the urban water metabolism of Cape Town, South Africa. A water mass balance framework was utilized to examine the city's water system across four distinct periods. In addition, the water-energy nexus before and after the drought crisis was evaluated. The key findings include a large amount of surface runoff in the Cape Town area that was not utilized before the drought crisis, resulting in a natural loss potential of water supply that is 2.54 times greater than water used for supply systems. During the drought, per capita water consumption dropped by a substantial 25%; at the same time, the total rate of water loss experienced a substantial decrease of approximately 21%. Since the pandemic, Cape Town's water resources policy has shifted to diversifying water sources, and the use of wastewater and natural water losses will be optimized by more than 32% in 2040 to achieve a water-sensitive city. Future research should explore the temporal and spatial dynamics of urban water flows, the impact of socioeconomic factors, and the integration of water system optimization models for enhanced urban water management.

Project Time Management and Performance of Kenya Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Programme at Central Rift Water Works Development Agency.

The general objective of the study was to examine the influence of Project time management on the performance of Kenya Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Projects at Central Rift Water Works Development Agency specifically the study. The study was anchored by pickle jar theory, theory of constraints, theory of effective project implementation and communication theory. A descriptive survey design was used in this research. The study targeted project managers, consultants, coordinators, engineers, contractors, community representatives, and representatives from the Ministry of Water and Irrigation in three projects under the Kenya Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Programme, carried out by the Central Rift Valley Water Works Development Agency. The counties involved are Narok and Nyandarua. A sample size of 83 respondents was used. The participants in the study were chosen using a simple random selection method. Data was collected using a questionnaire and interview schedule. The analysis was both qualitative and quantitative. Quantitative data collected was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 25. The study analysed both descriptive and inferential statistics. Thematic analysis was used to analyse qualitative data collected from the interview schedule. The analysis revealed a Pearson correlation of (r=0.512, p<0.05). This indicated a moderate positive and significant relationship between project time planning and the performance of Kenya Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Projects. The also showed a Pearson correlation of (r= 0.553 p<0.005) which indicates a positive and significant relationship, suggesting that effective prioritization of time-related tasks plays a crucial role in enhancing project performance. Additionally, the correlation analysis for time tracking yielded a Pearson correlation of (r=0.390 p<0.005). This suggests a moderate positive and statistically significant relationship between time tracking and project performance. Lastly, the study revealed the impact of project team communication on performance, finding a Pearson correlation of (r= 0.672 p<0.005). This indicated a strong positive and significant relationship, suggesting that effective communication among project teams significantly enhances performance outcomes. The findings indicated that 45.1% of the variation in the performance of the project could be explained by the independent variables studied, while 54.9% of the variation is attributed to other factors not covered in this study. The study concluded that project time planning, time prioritization, time tracking, and project team communication had an effect performance of Kenya Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Projects at Central Rift Water Works. The study recommends implementing structured time planning methods, enhancing time tracking, and fostering effective communication within teams to improve project performance. Future research should explore stakeholder engagement and the role of emerging technologies in water project management

Establishing a Remote Area Network for an Automation System: A Case Study of Yeni Karpuzlu Drinking Water Automation

Yeni Karpuzlu is a town located in the Ipsala district of Edirne province. The drinking water needs of this town are supplied from a deep water well. Water is pumped from the deep well using a submersible pump and sent to a 500-m 3 capacity concrete water tank. Here, the water goes the town's water demand through natural flow. The water is then sent from the tank, which is located 30 meters above ground level, to the town. There is a distance of 800 meters between the well and the tank, and 6000 meters between the tank and the control center located in the town. A local network has been established using outdoor access points for communication between the industrial control devices located at these three points. Data from the instruments are collected at a speed of 300mbps. Additionally, it is sent to the video center via IP cameras for area security. All devices on this network communicate with each other and are controlled. This paper will discuss the operation of the automation system mentioned above. Operations include the pump operation based on tank levels, pressure control using an adjustable valve to maintain network pressure, and monitoring and control operations from the central unit.

Geochemical tracers associated with methane in aquifers overlying a coal seam gas reservoir

Understanding inter-aquifer connectivity or leakage of greenhouse gases and groundwater to aquifers overlying gas reservoirs is important for environmental protection and social licence to operate. Australia's Great Artesian Basin (GAB) is the largest artesian groundwater system in the world with groundwater extracted for agriculture, livestock, mines, energy, private or town water supply. Microbial coal seam gas (CSG) and production water are also extracted from the GAB. Here a range of groundwater tracers is used to investigate the potential for gas and groundwater connectivity between the CSG reservoir and aquifers.The GAB aquifer and alluvium contained a range of methane concentrations (0.001 to 2100 mg/L) that exhibit an increase with depth and δ13C-CH4. Aquifer and alluvium groundwater 87Sr/86Sr were in the range 0.7042 to 0.7082. CSG production waters however had non-radiogenic, distinctive 87Sr/86Sr signatures <0.7036, indicating a lack of significant groundwater leakage. One gassy aquifer bore with 160 mg/L methane conversely has 87Sr/86Sr, δ13C-CH4, δ2H-CH4 and δ13C-DIC values overlapping the CSG waters. In several aquifers δ34S-SO4 and δ18O-SO4 are sourced from windblown surface salts of inland Australian playa lakes in recharge waters. Bacterial sulphate reduction is additionally occurring in a regional aquifer. Cosmogenic isotopes and tritium show recent recharge and mixing with older groundwaters in several shallow aquifers.Groundwater and gas signatures indicate that leakage of groundwater and methane from the CSG reservoir was not occurring in the majority of areas investigated here. Methane was consistent with in situ generation in shallow GAB aquifers by primary microbial CO2 reduction or acetate fermentation. Connectivity of one alluvial bore and the underlying GAB aquifer could not be completely ruled out. Separately, one gassy Springbok GAB aquifer bore is either connected to the underlying CSG gas reservoir, or has in situ secondary microbial CO2 reduction producing methane from interbedded coal within the aquifer. This study is relevant to other basins in Australia and internationally where gas is observed in aquifers that overly conventional, unconventional or coal seam gas reservoirs.

Climate resilience of small-town water utilities in Eastern Ethiopia

Climate change threatens the safety of water supplies globally, but small water supplies in rapidly growing and urbanizing towns in low- and middle-income countries are especially at risk. Despite the efforts of the Government of Ethiopia, research shows that that small-town water utilities in Ethiopia are poorly equipped to prioritize developing and maintaining climate-resilient water services. We applied the How tough is WASH framework for climate resilient water supplies to ten town water utilities in Eastern Ethiopia to identify their strengths and weaknesses in preparing for climate change. We found reports of weak institutional support from service authorities and exclusion of climate risk management from trainings, which cascades down to service providers in the form of lack of emergency response, inadequate staffing and financial mismanagement. This is consistent with previous studies on sustainability of town water utilities, and highlights the applicability of this tool into existing monitoring frameworks that have been proposed for town water utilities in Ethiopia. We also modified the How tough is WASH framework to capture these findings and better reflect the complexity of a utility-managed piped water supply.

Estimating the costs of managed aquifer recharge under uncertainty with examples for town water supply in regional Australia

HighlightsCost distribution curves for well injection and infiltration basin recharge schemes.Probabilistic, time-varying, coupled water balance and net present value modelling.Disaggregated capital and operating expenses and global sensitivity analyses.Examples for increasing regional area town water security in Australia’s Murray Darling Basin.

Water distribution system modelling of GIS-remote sensing and EPANET for the integrated efficient design

Abstract Urban settlement depends on water distribution networks for clean and safe drinking water. This research incorporates geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing (RS), and hydraulic modelling software EPANET to analyse and construct water distribution systems in Bota town, India. Satellite images and hydrological data have been utilized for the management of the Bota town's water supply network, sources to cater the demand for urban centres. EPANET simulates hydraulic behaviour in the water distribution system under different operating situations. EPANET simulation shows network leaks, low pressure, and substantial head loss. These findings have advised for water distribution system improvements by analysing network shortcomings. Booster pumps, new pipelines, and repairing of existing leakages are examples of such improvements. GIS, RS, and EPANET provided a comprehensive water distribution system study and more accurate and efficient improvement identification. This study emphasizes the necessity of new technologies in water distribution system analysis and design. The study solves Bota town's water distribution system problems of low pressure, high head loss, and leaks utilizing GIS, RS, and EPANET. The findings of this research can help in enhancing the water delivery systems in other towns with comparable issues.

From District to City Scale: The Potential of Water-Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD)

The summer of 2022 was one of the hottest and driest summers that Germany experienced in the 21st century. Water levels in rivers sank dramatically with many dams and reservoirs running dry; as a result, fields could not be irrigated sufficiently, and even power generation and supply were affected. The impact of abnormally high temperatures for extended periods (heatwaves) is not restricted to nature and the economy but is also a considerable public health burden. Experts worldwide agree that these extreme weather events are being driven by climate change and will increase in intensity and frequency in the future. The adverse impact of these extreme weather events multiplies among dense urban environments, e.g., through heat islands. This calls for cities to take action to heat-proof and water-secure their urban developments. Water-Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) is one such approach to mitigate the aforementioned challenges by leveraging the urban water ecosystem with special attention to the subject of water reclamation, retention, treatment and distribution. This paper introduces and builds upon a prototype of WSUD that centers around an artificial lake as an integrated water resource management system (IWRMS) fed by treated grey water and storm water obtained from two housing blocks flanking the water reservoir. Based on the specifications of this prototype, indicators of site suitability are derived and applied to identify potential locations for replicable projects in the city of Darmstadt. The results confirm the impact WSUD can have: a total of 22 sites with 2527 apartments are found suitable for prototype implementation in Darmstadt. Savings in town water consumption from these 22 sites would add up to 147 million liters. Further benefits include the provision of 24 million liters of irrigation water, storm water retention, adiabatic cooling during heatwave, increased biodiversity and the improvement in livability of the sites and the city.

Spatial variability in stable isotopes from Lesotho surface waters: insights into regional moisture transport

Precipitation in Lesotho is highly spatially variable, a feature of the high altitude and rugged topography. The hydroclimate dynamics, despite being critical to the water security of Lesotho and adjacent South Africa, are poorly understood. Ratios of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in meteoric water are excellent tracers of hydroclimatic processes. This study presents the first analysis of stable isotopes from surface waters in Lesotho, and an investigation into the moisture sources. Our results demonstrate considerable variability in isotope values. There are statistically significant relationships between both oxygen and hydrogen isotopes and the altitude of the site and source of rivers sampled, and with hydrogen isotopes and longitude. The meteoric water line for the Lesotho samples is most closely aligned with that of the Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP) station at Harare, in Zimbabwe. The meteoric water line for Windhoek is more closely aligned to the Lesotho samples than the more proximate Cape Town or Pretoria meteoric water lines, which would more closely represent the South African winter- and summer-rainfall zones respectively. HYSPLIT back-trajectory air parcel analysis supports these findings, demonstrating a frequent continental anticyclonic track through southern Zimbabwe. Deuterium excess values vary widely, although are most likely related to processes during moisture transport rather than differences in moisture source. These findings are of particular importance in the context of the future water security of both Lesotho and South Africa, especially as the poleward displacement of the westerly moisture corridor has raised concerns for winter precipitation in the region.

Hydraulic and Utility Performance Evaluation of Ataye Town Water Distribution Network, Ethiopia: case for small towns in developing countries

Evaluating hydraulic and utility performance of water distribution network is a way to check the functionality degree of a system. Water CAD software was used in developing a model and evaluating the hydraulic performance of water distribution system of Ataye Town, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Both steady state and extended period simulation analysis were carried out to determine hydraulic parameters (pressure and velocity). The model was calibrated using Darwin Calibrator and validity was checked by both correlation coefficient and scatter plot. The utility performance was also evaluated using international water association performance indicators. The simulated result for steady state analysis showed that 68.7% of the nodes operated within optimum adopted pressure (15-60 meter) and 93% of the distribution pipes had a velocity of &lt;0.6 m/s which was a minimum adopted velocity. For extended period simulation 34.3% during maximum demand time and 16.8% during minimum consumption hours had pressure &lt;15meters. 10.8% had negative pressure during maximum demand hours located at Sudan, Selama, and Zigba sefer and 14 nodes (8.4%) during low consumption time had a pressure greater than 60meter, which was a maximum adopted pressure. The areas of high pressure were located at around mosque, Worku Hotel and Hamus Gebaya. The distribution system performs within the adopted pressure at minimum demand time (74.7%) and maximum consumption hours (65.1%). 23.5% of the systems had a velocity of 0.6-2 m/s and the rest had a velocity less than 0.6m/s during high demand time. During low consumption hours, 100% of the system velocity was estimated to be &lt;0.6m/s. Based on the IWA performance indicators, water utility of Ataye Town was evaluated and had low, technical, financial, personnel, and environmental performances. Finally, the distribution system was modified and optimized by providing alternative connections with pressure reducing valves and changing pipe diameter to improve the hydraulic performance and reduce system disruption of the Town.&#x0D; Keywords: Extended period simulation; Hydraulic performance; IWA Utility performance; Steady state analysis; Water CAD

Physicochemical and bacteriological quality of swimming pools water in Kombolcha Town, Northeastern Ethiopia.

The use of swimming pool water for recreation, rehabilitation, and athletics is widespread around the world, especially in large Cities and Towns. However, poorly managed swimming pool water can facilitate the spread of illnesses connected to recreational water. Despite this, there is no evidence on quality of swimming pools water in Kombolcha Town. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the physicochemical and bacteriological quality of swimming pools water in Kombolcha Town. A laboratory-based cross-sectional study was conducted from February to April, 2021 in Kombolcha Town. A total of 90 water samples were collected from the three outdoor swimming pools. The collected data of both physicochemical and bacteriological parameters were entered into Microsoft Excel 2010 and analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. One-way ANOVA was used to test whether there were statistically significant differences between different swimming pools. The level of significance was declared at a p-value of <0.05. In this study, out of all the pool water samples that were examined, 37.8% had pH values between 7.2 and 7.8, 36.7% had temperatures between 21°C and 32°C, and 26.7% had turbidity values that were within the WHO standard. Furthermore, only 16.7% of the pool water samples showed residual chlorine levels of 2-3 mg/L. In addition, only 27.8, 35.6, and 32.2% of the samples, respectively, met the WHO criterion for total coliform, fecal coliform, and heterotrophic plate count. The result indicates that most pool water samples did not fulfill both the physicochemical and bacteriological quality of the WHO standard limit for swimming pools. Thus, it is crucial to clean and regularly check the pool water, apply pool safety requirements, and raise pool user's awareness about the danger of pool water pollution through training.

Assessment of Groundwater Potential as Alternative Water Resource for Kapar Power Plants

The current surface water shortage due to drought is prompting industries in Peninsular Malaysia to explore alternative water resources (AWR). Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB)’s reliance on town water has increased the risk of interruptions in supply, exposing the plant to shutdowns and reduced generation capacity. Consequently, TNB requires alternative water sources to mitigate these risks. This study aims to assess the groundwater potential at the Kapar Power Plant in terms of volume and quality as an alternative resource. Hydrogeological and geophysical surveys were conducted to locate prospective groundwater and determine its characteristics. Specifically, 2-D Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) and Induced Polarization (IP) surveys were carried out using the ABEM Terrameter SAS 4000 and the ES10-64 electrode selector. A total of five survey lines were established, revealing four potential groundwater locations. However, two locations were selected for further evaluation, with a total yield of 15.5 m³/hr. This study provides valuable insights into utilizing groundwater as a sustainable alternative water source for TNB, helping to ensure operational stability and reliability for the power plant.

Enhancement in the performance of closed loop inclined wick solar still by attaching external bottom reflector

A closed-loop inclined wick solar still containing an external bottom reflector (CLIWSSR) has been proposed in this work. The attached bottom reflector, when positioned at an optimum angle, increases the amount of solar radiation that strikes the wick. As a result, the overall amount of distillate which the solar still produces has increased. The mathematical model of CLIWSSR has been created and validated. The optimum average tilt angle (OATA) of the inclination of the reflector has been determined for various months in Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India (21.2514° N, 81.6296° E). The OATA of the bottom reflector for the summer months is about 48.5o, whereas for winter months it is about 26.1o. The daily distillate output produced by proposed system (CLIWSSR) in a typical winter day (21/02/2023) for Raipur is 6.106 kg/m2 whereas the daily distillate output in same day of CLIWSS without reflector is 5.047 kg/m2. The daily output produced from CLIWSSR is about 21% more than the CLIWSS without reflector. The proposed design is simple, giving higher performance and an effective way to address the need of pure water in remote and small towns.

Appraising groundwater quality and probabilistic human health risks from fluoride-enriched groundwater using the pollution index of groundwater (PIG) and GIS: a case study of adama town and its vicinities in the central main Ethiopian rift valley.

This research's main objective is to identify the level of contamination in drinking water in Adama town and its environs by employing PIG, GIS and HHRA. The physical-chemical parameters of groundwater were determined, and the results were compared to regional and global drinking water quality guidelines. The pH of groundwater is alkaline, and the contents of Ca2+, Na+, HCO3 -, and F- in the majority of samples surpassed the permissible drinking limit. The hydrochemical facies were identified in the following order: Ca-Mg-HCO3, Na-Ca-HCO3, and Na-HCO3. Cation exchange and Rock-water interaction are the major dominant natural mechanisms controlling groundwater chemistry. Using IDW interpolation methods with Arc GIS 10.8, spatial analysis of the physico-geochemical content of water divulged that TDS, pH, TH, EC, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, Na+, Cl-, HCO3 -, F-, and SO4 2- all exhibit a positive trend in the direction of groundwater flow from the upland to the lowland (rift floor). As per PIG, the results show that 57%, 33%, 7% and 3% of the samples were found in the insignificant, low, moderate and high, correspondingly. The total hazard index (THI) is calculated from hazard quotients (HQIntake and HQDermal) results showing 83%, 73%, and 57% of the samples exceed the non-carcinogenic health threat of fluoride THI >1 in drinking water for children, women and men. Children are more susceptible to danger than either males or women, according to the THI data, based on body weights and consumption rates. Similarly, females are also more vulnerable to health risks than men.

The Operational Management Model for the Provision of Rural Drinking Water in Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province

For the problems of "emphasizing construction over management" and the lack of long-term management mechanism of rural drinking water projects in China, this paper investigated and analyzed the management mode of rural water supply projects in Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, and summarized the project operation and management experience from the aspects of project construction, water quality assurance, water price pricing and water fee collection, "digital" platform construction, supervision and management. It provides case experience for the construction plan, operation and implementation management of village and town water supply projects in other cities and regions,which would be beneficial for studying the long-term operation management mechanism of rural drinking water safety projects in China.

Evaluation of Chemical and Impacts of Radionuclides in Borehole Waters in Igbajo Town, Osun State, Nigeria

Water is a universal solvent on earth and sources such as wells, rivers, springs, boreholes, and other freshwater bodies typically serve as a pathway for contaminants to enter the ecosystem while also supplying water for domestic and drinking purposes. The activity concentrations of radionuclides in borehole water in Igbajo town were assessed using gamma-ray spectroscopy, so as to effectively determine the degree of radiological risk to the environment and its inhabitants, the outcomes were used to calculate all the radiological impact parameters. The activity concentrations obtained for 40K, 238U and 232Thranged from 7.25±0.60 to 62.15±4.48Bq.L–1; 3.08±0.45 to 15.24±3.07 Bq.L–1and 1.08±1.10 to 17.75±1.59 Bq.L–1 and with average values of 23.12±1.59 Bq.L–1, 6.27±2.01 Bq.L–1 and 7.01±0.89 Bq.L–1 respectively. The Annual Effective Dose (AED) for ingested radionuclide in drinking water for an adult was1.4872 μSv.yr–1. The Radium Equivalent Activity Index, Raeq obtained was 34.9186 Bq.L–1. The estimated hazard indices Hint and Hext were 0.04876 and 0.06574 respectively. The Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk, ELCR (x10–6) was 5205.15. With a lifetime expectancy of 70 years, this high value suggests that there is a high chance of developing cancer.The value of the Annual Gonadal Equivalent Dose, AGED in the water was 55.9175μSv.yr–1. The estimated Gamma Index, Iγ was0.1273 mSv.yr–1. There is a significant health hazard to the environment and people living in the area owing to the radioactivity contents and radiological impact parameters. Hence, the need for urgent attention and means to prevent hazards which the overdose could cause.

Numerical analysis of centrifugal water pump impeller under varying loads

Centrifugal pumps are widely used to move liquids from one place to another at varying pressure and flow rate, and to an elevated height for irrigation, water supply plants, and steam power plants. The load variations often lead to unpredictable performance of the impeller. The objective of this study is to investigate the performance of a three-stage centrifugal water pump impeller under varying loads using numerical methods. To conduct the investigation, a water pump used by Jimma town water treatment station, which operates with head of 191 m and discharges 439.2 m3/hr water was used as a case study. Computational fluid dynamics analysis of the pump was conducted using ANSYS 19.0 CFX to get the pressure distribution at different flow rates (60%, 100% and 140% of the design flow rate). The fluid pressure was then used to make static stress analysis of the impeller employing one way fluid structural interaction analysis for three different materials. The finding of the study shows that the fluid pressure on the impeller has great impact on the impeller performance causing high stress and deformation of the impeller.

Assessment of spatio-temporal intra-rural heat island variability based on IoT monitoring

While there has been considerable research on heat island in urban, research on the spatio-temporal variability of intra-rural heat islands is particularly weak. Monitoring such heat island variability requires field measurement solutions with a sufficient level of data granularity at affordable costs. In this study, we tested the Air Temperature Internet of Things (AT-IoT) devices with long measurement duration and monitoring in real-time. A typical rural area in Guangzhou (China) was selected as the study area, and 28 AT-IoTs were installed in five typical landscapes, including town settlement, village, farmland, industrial area, and water body, to collect air temperature from February 3 to August 15, 2021. This study found the proposed AT-IoT provides real-time air temperature data at a low labor and material costs. The AT-IoT could serve as a useful device for obtaining reliable and detailed air temperature with high spatial flexibility in real-time. Heat island exists in rural area, with town settlements and industrial areas experiencing stronger heat island intensity than villages and water body. Heat island changes were generally similar in different climate conditions for the different landscape types. This study provides new insight into real-time air temperature monitoring technology and an in-depth understanding of heat island variability in a rural area.

Physicochemical Quality Assessment of Drinking Water Sources in Wukari Town, Nigeria

In this study, an assessment of drinking water sources in Wukari town, Nigeria was carried out using standard methods. Thirty (30) water samples collected from three sources (Borehole, hand dug wells and town supply) were evaluated for physicochemical properties. Among the parameters investigated, pH was found to range from 6.41 – 8.41, conductivity was in the range 80 – 600 µS/cm, turbidity ranged between 0.15 – 7 NTU, total dissolved solids (TDS) ranged from 7.54 – 154.6 mg/L and total hardness was in the range of 21 – 112 mg/L. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and dissolved oxygen (DO) ranged between 50 – 110 mg/L and 3.12 – 14.47 mg/L. Chloride and sulphate contents ranged between 28 – 128 mg/L and 1.65 – 19.34 mg/L respectively. The levels obtained in this study were mostly within the WHO recommended limits with few exceptions which are; turbidity, dissolved oxygen and nitrates in some samples. Water quality Index (WQI) which was evaluated by means of the weighted arithmetic method revealed a score of 39.40 for borehole samples, 61.60 for town water supply samples and 88.04 for well water samples. These values indicate good water quality for the borehole source, poor water quality for town supply and very poor water quality for well water.