Water In Shanghai Research Articles

Overview of Discharges from Pumping Stations and the Consequent Water Pollution Characteristics in Central Shanghai, China

Discharges from pumping stations to rivers have become an important issue in central Shanghai. Based on the analysis of the contaminant concentrations and the volume of discharged water in central Shanghai over the past five years, this research has identified that the discharges from pumping stations to watercourse were composed of DWDs and WWDs. The total annual discharges were approximately 155 to 202 million cubic meters. The contaminant concentrations in the DWDs were close to those in the local domestic wastewater (DW), while the WWDs usually had higher concentrations of the contaminants than the local DW. In central Shanghai, the total contaminant discharges (2008 to 2012) from pumping stations were 72,900-95,700 t·a-1 for suspended solids (SS), 67,300-88,100 t·a-1 for chemical oxygen demand (COD), 20,200-27,100 t·a-1 for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), 2,000-3,000 t·a-1 for ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), 4,100-5,900 t·a-1 for total nitrogen (TN), and 800-1,300 t·a-1 for total phosphate (TP).

A new species of Cyathura (Isopoda, Anthuridae) from fresh water in Shanghai, P.R. China

Anthurid isopods collected from the river courses in Shanghai, China, are described as a new species,Cyathura shanghaiensis, representing the first record of the genus in fresh waters of China.

Evaluation of Estrogenic Activity in Surface Water and Municipal Wastewater in Shanghai, China

Estrogenic potency of water samples from various rivers and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Shanghai was determined to assess the estrogenic pollution in typical Chinese urban regions. While the estrogenic activity, calculated as estradiol equivalents (EEQs), in surface water was found to be 2.48-41.9 ng/L, it was 47.7-80.1 ng/L in the influents from WWTPs. After treatment (removal rate of 62.3%-83.6%), the EEQ level in effluents was 7.82-24.8 ng/L, which was within the range of the corresponding receiving rivers. Our findings suggest that WWTP effluents may not be the predominate source of potential aquatic estrogenic contamination in Shanghai.

Occurrence, Source, and Human Infection Potential of Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. in Source and Tap Water in Shanghai, China

Genotyping studies on the source and human infection potential of Cryptosporidium oocysts in water have been almost exclusively conducted in industrialized nations. In this study, 50 source water samples and 30 tap water samples were collected in Shanghai, China, and analyzed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 1623. To find a cost-effective method to replace the filtration procedure, the water samples were also concentrated by calcium carbonate flocculation (CCF). Of the 50 source water samples, 32% were positive for Cryptosporidium and 18% for Giardia by Method 1623, whereas 22% were positive for Cryptosporidium and 10% for Giardia by microscopy of CCF concentrates. When CCF was combined with PCR for detection, the occurrence of Cryptosporidium (28%) was similar to that obtained by Method 1623. Genotyping of Cryptosporidium in 17 water samples identified the presence of C. andersoni in 14 water samples, C. suis in 7 water samples, C. baileyi in 2 water samples, C. meleagridis in 1 water sample, and C. hominis in 1 water sample. Therefore, farm animals, especially cattle and pigs, were the major sources of water contamination in Shanghai source water, and most oocysts found in source water in the area were not infectious to humans. Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in 2 of 30 tap water samples. The combined use of CCF for concentration and PCR for detection and genotyping provides a less expensive alternative to filtration and fluorescence microscopy for accurate assessment of Cryptosporidium contamination in water, although the results from this method are semiquantitative.

Determination of trace iodide in drinking water in Shanghai by two columns and gas chromatography with electron capture detection

To modify and optimize gas chromatographic conditions, qualitative and quantitative method on the base of the actual national standard detection method for drinking water on testing iodide with gas chromatography, and detect iodide in drinking water of Shanghai. Iodobutane derivative was identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, then two capillary columns coupled to electron capture detector were made by qualitative and quantitative analysis. Finally, 100 ml water samples were collected respectively from raw water and finished water of three plants in which water sources were Yangtse river, Huangpu river, and inner river respectively and detected by this developed method. The results of mass spectrometry showed that iodide would form iodobutane which could generate 1-iodo-2-butanone and 3-iodo-2-butanone isomers by derivatization. The data of qualitative analysis by two capillary columns revealed that iodobutane was separated completely and the total time of chromatogram separation was 19.33 min.3-iodo-2-butanone with the high response value was selected to quantitatively analyse. The linear range was 1 - 100 µg/L, and the coefficient of determination (r(2)) was 0.9997. The limit of detection was 13 ng/L. Recoveries were between 97.68% and 104.37%, and relative standard deviations were between 2.14% and 4.41%. The results of iodide detected by this method in raw water and finished water in three plants in Shanghai showed that the ranking of iodide's concentration in raw water was Huangpu river (15.14 µg/L) > inner river (6.97 µg/L) > Yangtse river (3.55 µg/L). The level of iodide in finished water of plant 1 (3.55 µg/L and 5.92 µg/L for raw and finished water respectively) and 3 (6.97 µg/L and 9.62 µg/L for raw and finished water respectively) increased slightly except for plant 2 (15.14 µg/L and 1.81 µg/L for raw and finished water respectively). The relative standard deviations of all water samples measured in duplicate were less than 9.73%. The improved method possesses higher degree of sensitivity and accuracy of qualitative and quantitative analysis than actual national standard detection method, and it is fit for trace analysis of iodide in water.

Highly Sensitive Determination of Iron Ions in Water With Bromopyrogallol Red by Light Absorption Ratio Variation Spectrophotometry

The complexation between Fe ions (II, III) and bromopyrogallol red (BPR) is sensitive at pH 6.23 with the composition ratio at 1:2 of Fe to BPR, and it is selective in the presence of F− and thiocarbamide. Using this reaction, the light absorption ratio variation approach was applied to the direct determination of Fe ions. The limit of detection is only 4.5 µg/L Fe. The Fe ions content existing in the Yangtze River, Taihu Lake, tap water and Huangpu River in Shanghai was determined with the recovery rate between 95.5 and 106%.

Private sector participation in the Shanghai water sector

This paper explores the extent to which private sector participation has had an impact on Shanghai's water policy since the late 1990s. This study focuses on the private sphere where private companies in the Shanghai water sector have adapted to new changes in political and economic circumstances. Recent findings based on fieldwork and data from 2000 to 2004 disclose that the Shanghai government has been committed to implementing reforms for private sector participation in the water sector. In response, private companies have actively participated in the process of privatisation. Such private sector participation, however, is unlikely to continue on a smooth path unless the Shanghai government establishes adequate legal and regulatory frameworks for private companies. The study concludes that privatisation in the Shanghai water sector will be an unavoidable process for the rationalisation of water services stimulated by the programme of economic reforms initiated in the late 1970s. But this process has been and will continue to be, balanced first by the government's role in regulating privatised water services, second by the contribution of private companies in service provision and third by the continuous interaction between the government and private companies to achieve provision of high quality water in Shanghai.

Detection of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol by liquid-liquid extraction-gas chromatograph mass spectrum (LLE-GCMS) and solid phase extraction-gas chromatograph mass spectrum (SPE-GCMS)

Two sample preparation methods were introduced and compared in this paper to establish a simple, quick and exact analysis of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol. LC-18 column was employed in solid phase extraction (SPE), 1.0 mL of hexane was adopted in liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), and the extracts were analyzed by gas chromatograph mass spectrum (GCMS) in selected ion mode. Mean recoveries of SPE were low for 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) and geosmin (GSM) with values below 50%. For LLE, the recoveries were satisfyingly above 50% for 2-MIB and 80% for GSM. Detection limits of the LLE method were as low as 1.0 ng/L for GSM and 5.0 ng/L for 2-MIB. A year-long investigation on odor chemicals of drinking water in Shanghai demonstrated that in the summer, there was a serious odor problem induced by a high concentration of 2-MIB. The highest concentration of 152.82 ng/L appeared in July in raw water, while GSM flocculation was minimal with concentrations below odor threshold.

Summer Exposure Assessment of Cu and Zn in Drinking Water in Shanghai, China

Daily exposures to chemicals in drinking water are of importance in risk assessment to human health. However, exposure assessment of chemicals in drinking water has seldom been performed in China. Until now, no such a detailed exposure assessment was reported in China. The aim of the present paper is to describe the scenes of daily exposure to Cu and Zn in drinking water by the population of Shanghai, China in the summer of 2003. A total of 163 volunteers and/or homes were selected to be statistically representative of the population of Shanghai, China. The Modified Consumption Habit Exposure Model (CHEM) method combined with the measurement of metals concentrations in stagnant water and actual ingested water was used to describe the daily exposure. The Consumption Habit Exposure Model method results showed that water consumption ranged from 1.7 to 2.2 L/day, varied with different age, gender and work location groups. Chemical results showed that the average Cu and Zn concentrations in stagnant water were much higher than those in actual ingested water (13.5 μ g/L and 1.55 mg/L vs. 10.8 μ g/L and 0.29 mg/L). Exposure assessment results also showed that volunteers had the highest exposure from the time of after breakfast to before dinner, and had the lowest exposure during the 15 minutes before sleeping. It was also showed that there were few volunteers directly exposed to stagnant water, although six hours stagnant time can be reached in most of the homes in Shanghai in the morning. The mean daily exposures to Cu and Zn were 0.36 μ g/kg/day and 0.01 mg/kg/day. Daily intakes of Cu and Zn from drinking water by Shanghai people were 1.8% and 4.4% of the World Health Organization recommendations for minimum total intakes of Cu and Zn for adults, respectively.

Effect of Water Source Pollution on the Water Quality of Shanghai Water Supply System

The paper describes the quality of water source in Shanghai, China and its water supply system. The effect of purification by traditional water treatment process and the effluent biological stability were evaluated by measuring quality parameters in the water supply system. The data showed that the main pollutants in the water source of Huangpu River were organics and ammonia. The conventional water treatment process is not effective to remove these pollutants. Concentrations of nitrite, nitrate, ammonia and UV254 are affected by the water distribution system (DS). The effect is more obvious especially for nitrate and UV254. In addition, the turbidity and chroma increased along the water supply system. The data obtained in this study show the extent of biological instability of drinking water in Shanghai.

Daily intakes of copper, zinc and arsenic in drinking water by population of Shanghai, China

Daily intakes of metals in drinking water are of extreme importance in risk assessment to human health. Some papers focused on this topic, but most of them did not consider the effect of age, gender and work location on daily intakes of metals in drinking water. The objective of present paper is to estimate the levels of Cu, Zn and As ingestion in drinking water in Shanghai, China and the effect of age, gender and work location on daily intakes of these metals. It was also the first time that such a detailed investigation on daily intakes of metals in drinking water was carried out in China in recent years. Drink/Sample (D/S) method was used to estimate the daily intakes of Cu, Zn and As in drinking water. The mean concentrations of Cu, Zn and As in drinking water were 10.8 μg/l, 0.29 mg/l and 0.91 μg/l, which were lower than U.S. EPA's Drinking Water Equivalent Level (DWEL) and WHO guideline values. The average daily intakes of Cu, Zn and As in drinking water was 21.12 μg/d, 0.65 mg/d, and 1.83 μg/d, which were on average 0.01%, 1.1% and 1.5% of the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) set by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee. There was a significant difference in daily intake of Zn for different work locations ( P = 0.04). But no other significant differences in daily intakes of metals in drinking water were found according to age, gender and work location.

The Value of Methods for the Differentiation of Bacilli of the Coli-aerogenes Group, when Applied in Shanghai

1. A collection was made of organisms of the coli-aerogenes group; 100 from the human intestine, 50 from animals, and 50 from the soil. To these were applied the indol test, the methyl red and Voges-Proskauer tests, and Koser' citrate test. The citrate test was also applied to certain non-lactose fermenters.2. 89·4 per cent. of 150 faecal organisms gave the combination of a failure to grow in citrate solution, the production of indol, an acid reaction with methyl red and a negative Voges-Proskauer reaction.3. There is a probability that some faecal organisms have crept into the “soil” series, but the contamination is not heavy enough to make the results useless. The figures show that the citrate and indol test are both useful, the citrate being a little better. The methyl red and Voges-Proskauer reactions were not helpful.4. In the bacteriological examination of water in Shanghai it is safe to take those organisms which can grow in citrate but do not produce indol as being non-faecal.