Water Irrigation Systems Research Articles

Molecular hydrogen: a sustainable strategy for agricultural and food production challenges

The world is confronting numerous challenges, including global warming, health epidemics, and population growth, each presenting significant threats to the stability and sustainability of our planet’s ecosystems. Such issues have collectively contributed to a reduction in agricultural productivity, corresponding with an increase in demand and costs of essential commodities. This critical situation requires more sustainable environmental, social, and technological solutions. Molecular hydrogen (H2) has been suggested as a “green” solution for our energy needs and many health, agricultural, and food applications. H2 supplementation in agriculture may represent a novel and low-carbon biotechnological strategy applicable to the abundant production of crops, vegetables, and fruits in agri-food chains. H2 is a potential green alternative to conventional chemical fertilizers. The use of a hydrogen-rich water irrigation system may also provide other health-related advantages, i.e., decreasing the heavy metal accumulation in crops. By adopting a H2 strategy, crop producers, food processors, and decision-makers can contribute to sustainable solutions in the face of global challenges such as climate change, communicable disease epidemics, and a growing population. The versatile applications of H₂ in agriculture and the wider food industry position it as a uniquely suitable approach to address today’s significant challenges, potentially fostering better crop production and positively impacting the agri-food chain. The present review is timely in combining the latest knowledge about the potential applications of H2 in the agriculture and food industry, from farm to fork.

Development of an Automatic Photovoltaic Cell-Battery Powered Water Irrigation System Incorporated with Arduino Software for Agricultural Activities

Development of an Automatic Photovoltaic Cell-Battery Powered Water Irrigation System Incorporated with Arduino Software for Agricultural Activities

Effects of Drought Stress on Photosynthesis and Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Blue Honeysuckle.

Blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) is a deciduous shrub with perennial rootstock found in China. The objectives of this study were to explore the drought tolerance of blue honeysuckle, determine the effect of drought stress on two photosystems, and examine the mechanism of acquired drought tolerance. In this study, blue honeysuckle under four levels of simulated field capacity (100%, 85%, 75%, and 65% RH) was grown in split-root pots for drought stress treatment, for measuring the changes in chlorophyll content, photosynthetic characteristics, and leaf chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. The chlorophyll content of each increased under mild stress and decreased under moderate and severe stress. The net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, intercellular carbon dioxide concentration, and stomatal conductance of blue honeysuckle decreased with the increase in water stress. However, the water utilization rate and stomatal limit system increased under mild and moderate stress and decreased under severe stress. The maximum fluorescence (Fm), maximum photochemical efficiency, and quantum efficiency of photosystem II decreased with the decrease in soil water content, and the initial fluorescence increased significantly (p < 0.01). With the decrease in soil water content, the energy allocation ratio parameters decreased under severe drought stress. The main activity of the unit reaction center parameters first increased and then decreased. ABS/CSm, TRo/CSm, ETo/CSm, and REo/CSm gradually declined. After a comprehensive analysis, the highest scores were obtained under adequate irrigation (CK). Overall, we concluded that the water irrigation system of blue honeysuckle should be considered adequate.

Study on the Transient Flow Characteristics of Multistage Centrifugal Pumps during the Startup Process before System Operation

Multistage pumps are essential in emergency water supply, irrigation, and other systems undergoing unavoidable hydraulic transitions like pump startup and valve operations. These transitions cause rapid changes in impeller speed, flow rate, and pressure, destabilizing the internal flow field and impacting system reliability. To study transient flow characteristics, a numerical analysis of a three-stage pump was conducted, focusing on vortex identification, entropy production, and time–frequency pressure pulsation. Using the SST turbulence model, the simulation analyzed different start times and flow rate variations. Findings revealed that shorter startup times intensified transient effects, with the head increasing rapidly initially and then stabilizing. Vortex structures showed periodic development and dissipation. Entropy production rose with impeller speed, peaking higher with shorter startups. Blade passing frequency dominated pressure pulsations, with increased low-frequency pulsations as speed rose. During valve opening, flow stabilization accelerated with increasing flow rates, reducing amplitude and eliminating low-frequency components. This research aids the reliable operation of high-pressure pumping systems in energy storage.

Development of IoT based intelligent irrigation system using particle swarm optimization and XGBoost techniques

A crop needs regular watering throughout its life to grow well. Irrigation improves food growth. Machines irrigate plants. The dry Sahel, which gets a lot of rain during the summer season but is dry in winter, needs irrigation. When it doesn't rain enough, crops need watering. By constantly monitoring soil moisture, humidity, temperature, and pH, precision agriculture reduces water use and increases crop output. Precision gardening uses less water. In many wealthy nations, efficient farming requires the internet of things (IoT). Particle swarm optimization (PSO) and XGBoost are used in this IoT-based intelligent watering system. Humidity and moisture sensors gather soil data at grass roots. Sensors constantly gather this data. These data are useless for smart watering. PSOselects smart watering data. This reduces central cloud info storage. Then, machine learning methods are trained using soil humidity, moisture, crop, and weather data. These programs can calculate a crop's water requirements. IoT devices control irrigation system water flow and results in saving fresh water. XGBoost algorithm is saving water from 23% to 27% for different crops.

An empirical intelligent water irrigation system using soft computing and IoT

An empirical intelligent water irrigation system using soft computing and IoT

Explaining the Dynamics of Transition to an Integrated WEF System: Two Cases of Irrigated Agriculture in Oregon, USA

In recent years, the integrated Water-Energy-Food (WEF) Nexus approach has gained traction as a more effective way to manage these interdependent and essential resources. A growing number of traditional food and water irrigation systems in Oregon, USA are transitioning to modernized, holistic, and sustainable Hydro-Irrigation-Restoration Systems that embrace the WEF Nexus approach (Weber 2017). The question is: what factors explain the successful transition? Two cases of irrigation modernization in Hood River, Oregon demonstrate that system transitions follow a pattern of socio-technical change wherein four structural factors are key: economic incentives, changing values expressed in regulations, technological innovation, and external shocks (e.g., major disasters). Yet, while the structural variables associated with the social-technical change approach are necessary for explaining the transitions to new WEF systems in Hood River, they are not sufficient. The case studies display the crucial importance of individual agency, or the actor dynamics capable of enabling or hindering system transformations (see Van Driel and Schot 2005, 54). Chief among these &amp;ldquo;agency&amp;rdquo; factors are (1) facilitative, visionary, trust-worthy leadership, (2) the cultivation of trust and collaborative problem-solving capacity, (3) the willingness to embrace risk and trade short-term costs for the potential of long term gains (e.g., low discount rates), and (4) the adoption of a new set of ideas, or shared norms, governing decision-making which embraced the idea that an integrated, modernized system could simultaneously promote economic, environmental, and energy sustainability.

Perceptions of Muslim Educators on Postcolonial Education in the Philippines: A Qualitative Inquiry

The utilization of automated systems, controlled by the Arduino UNO microcontroller, can facilitate the efficient growth of plants in a compact greenhouse. The enclosed greenhouse structure helps in plant propagation as it optimizes the surrounding environment while it gathers sensory data. The greenhouse is structured with the corresponding sensors for specific abiotic factors mainly, the DHT11 for temperature and humidity, and The soil moisture sensor. This data from the greenhouse environment will then be processed by the system which utilizes a submersible water pump and irrigation systems, LED lights, and sensors for humidity, temperature, and moisture. The Arduino UNO controls the water resources competently as the major microcontroller, while sensors provide accurate data for managing the greenhouse environment. With automation features like the irrigation system and soil moisture sensor, water conservation, and proficiency are improved. LED light delivers reliable light sources, which promote optimal plant growth. Accurate data collection is ensured by proper sensor placement and protection. Remote monitoring and control via IoT platforms are much more practical and convenient than manually overseeing the plant environment. The Arduino UNO- Based system offers significant advantages, including decreased manual labor, cost-effectiveness, and advancements in agricultural practices to combat the damages brought by climate change to agriculture and meet the demands of a growing world population. Thus, continuous development to the prototype is necessary for the sustainability of both the agriculture and the automated greenhouse as this will further assist in the application of growing advancing technologies of the generation for agricultural development and plant care. Keywords: Automated greenhouse, Arduino UNO, programming, automation, prototype, sensors, agriculture, sustainability

Automated Prototype Arduino-based Mini-Greenhouse for Agricultural Sustainability

The utilization of automated systems, controlled by the Arduino UNO microcontroller, can facilitate the efficient growth of plants in a compact greenhouse. The enclosed greenhouse structure helps in plant propagation as it optimizes the surrounding environment while it gathers sensory data. The greenhouse is structured with the corresponding sensors for specific abiotic factors mainly, the DHT11 for temperature and humidity, and The soil moisture sensor. This data from the greenhouse environment will then be processed by the system which utilizes a submersible water pump and irrigation systems, LED lights, and sensors for humidity, temperature, and moisture. The Arduino UNO controls the water resources competently as the major microcontroller, while sensors provide accurate data for managing the greenhouse environment. With automation features like the irrigation system and soil moisture sensor, water conservation, and proficiency are improved. LED light delivers reliable light sources, which promote optimal plant growth. Accurate data collection is ensured by proper sensor placement and protection. Remote monitoring and control via IoT platforms are much more practical and convenient than manually overseeing the plant environment. The Arduino UNO- Based system offers significant advantages, including decreased manual labor, cost-effectiveness, and advancements in agricultural practices to combat the damages brought by climate change to agriculture and meet the demands of a growing world population. Thus, continuous development to the prototype is necessary for the sustainability of both the agriculture and the automated greenhouse as this will further assist in the application of growing advancing technologies of the generation for agricultural development and plant care. Keywords: Automated greenhouse, Arduino UNO, programming, automation, prototype, sensors, agriculture, sustainability

AquaCrop Model for Evaluation of the Water Productivity of Bread Wheat has Affected Modern Irrigation System and Water Salinity in Sandy Soil

AquaCrop is a very famous model in the world for evaluating the crop water productivity. FAO has developed the AquaCrop model as a leading and powerful scientific tool for simulating the response of different field crops to managing quantitative and qualitative irrigation. Two field experiments were carried out during winter seasons 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 at the Research and Production Station, National Research Centre, El-Nubaria, El-Behira Governorate, Egypt. to evaluate yield and yield component for two bread wheat varieties (Giza 171 and Misr 1) under sprinkler and drip irrigation systems with using four concentrations of water salinity irrigation. A split-plot design with three replications was used. Wheat were randomly distributed in the main plots while, while water salinity treatments occupied the sub-plots in both seasons. Results found that the simulated and observed values of water productivity were rather well in agreement for the salinity water levels treatments SWLT. This means that differences in canopy cover CC, yield and water productivity of bread wheat crop had significant effect on the calibration results. There is an inverse relationship between the water productivity and salinity water levels treatments and bread wheat varieties, while a direct correlation was found between water productivity and irrigation systems. It could be concluded that using sprinkler irrigation systems with S1 and S2 of SWLT and Misr 1 varitey, and drip irrigation system with S1 and S2 of SWLT and Misr 1 varitiey. the maximum of water productivity due to that there is a direct relationship between the study factors, the characteristics of the canopy cover growth and yield of the bread wheat plants, the more measured values will be simulated by the Aquacrop model.

Understanding the Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Influencing Factors of the Rice–Crayfish Field in Jianghan Plain, China

The rice–crayfish co-culture system, a representative of Agri-aqua food systems, has emerged worldwide as an effective strategy for enhancing agricultural land use efficiency and boosting sustainability, particularly in China and Southeast Asia. Despite its widespread adoption in China’s Jianghan Plain, the exact spatiotemporal dynamics and factors influencing this practice in this region are yet to be clarified. Therefore, understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics and influencing factors of the rice–crayfish fields (RCFs) is crucial for promoting the rice–crayfish co-culture system, and optimizing land use policies. In this study, we identified the spatial distribution of RCF using Sentinel-2 images and land use spatiotemporal data to analyze its spatiotemporal dynamics during the period of 2016–2020. Additionally, we used the Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression model to explore the key factors influencing RCF’s spatiotemporal changes. Our findings reveal that (1). the RCF area in Jianghan Plain expanded from 1216.04 km2 to 2429.76 km2 between 2016 and 2020, marking a 99.81% increase. (2). RCF in Jianghan Plain evolved toward a more contiguous and clustered spatial pattern, suggesting a clear industrial agglomeration in this area. (3). The expansion of the RCFs was majorly influenced by its landscape and local agricultural conditions. Significantly, the Aggregation and Landscape Shape Indexes positively impacted this expansion, whereas proximity to rural areas and towns had a negative impact. This study provides a solid foundation for promoting the rice–crayfish co-culture system and sustainably developing related industries. To ensure the sustainable development of rice–crayfish co-culture industries in Jianghan Plain, we recommend that local governments optimize the spatial layout of rural settlements, improve transportation infrastructure, and enhance regional agricultural water sources and irrigation system construction, all in line with the national strategy of rural revitalization and village planning. Additionally, promoting the concentration and contiguity of RCF through land consolidation can achieve efficient development of these industries.

Water conservation in tomato production using deficit irrigation and SALTMED model under greenhouse conditions

The use of modeling for water conservation during irrigation is still in the research stage. There are many models can be used for this purpose, including Saltmed model. The SALTMED model is a holistic model can be used for different irrigation water and soil qualities, variety of crops, and water irrigation systems. This research aimed to interpret the tomato yield using different water quantities and qualities under greenhouse experiments. The trial included deficit irrigation with 3 treatments (80 %, 60 %, 40 % along with 100 % crop water requirements (ETc), with three water qualities (ECw 1.0, 2.3 and 3.6 dSm−1). The outcomes of the SALTMED model indicate the potential of the model to interpret soil-water content, salinity and tomato yield in regions having semi-arid climates under deficit irrigation strategies. Results of the SALTMED model revealed that data was underestimated. Furthermore, the values range of the CRM coefficient of the residual mass were 0.005–0.055, -0.01–0.02, and -0.02–0.04 for 0.9, 2.3 and 3.6 dSm−1, respectively. Most salinity showed the CRM values 0.18 to -0.02, 0.2 to -0.41, and -0.05 to -0.38 respectively, for the three irrigation water qualities. The values of observed and simulated data predicted a good relationship obtained. For soil water content and salinity, R2 values ranged between 0.80–0.99 and 0.74–0.99 respectively. Model efficiently simulates tomato yield outcomes under saline and freshwater. The correlation between the simulated and observed yield were 0.92, 0.94, and 0.79 for water quality of 1.0, 2.3 and 3.6 dSm−1, respectively. Finally, the SALTMED model showed good simulations of soil water content, soil salinity, and final tomato yield.

Sustaining subak, the balinese traditional ecological knowledge in the contemporary context of Bali

Abstract Subak is a local organization that formalizes the Balinese traditional ecological knowledge and wisdom in managing and distributing water for agricultural purposes. This organization combines cosmology, spirituality, science, ecology, and engineering dimensions of knowledge. As the current development of Bali Island as one of the international tourist destinations has changed its landscape which involves various factors such as physical, social, and cultural. Hence, to what extent the traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) practice can be sustained in the current context and development setting become our focus of study. This paper has three objectives. The first is to collate/document the various perspectives of TEK from sustainable agriculture practices, ecological principles, water irrigation systems, and spiritual practices and values as part of the learning document. The second is to analyze the interdependence of the human and environmental systems in the context of the socio-ecological system framework for Subak TEK and its cultural sustainability. Third, to outline the potential effort to sustain Subak TEK by strengthening its adaptive capacity in the broader context of learning to strengthening the community based tourism planning. This study deploy the socio-ecological system, SES framework as the underlying theory and analysis and explore diverse initiatives to sustain Subak in the future. The study was conducted in conjunction with a sustainability leadership program which deployed an inter- and transdisciplinary approach of sustainability science that focuses on Subak as its case. Situational and content analysis from the workshop discussion notes is used to provide examples that describe diverse initiatives in tourism, agriculture, and education. The study found out that the SES framework of analysis in Subak TEK documented several core ritual activities, the interpretation of THK philosophy and its local wisdom and values which represent the interaction the social and natural system. Hence, demonstrate as a living monument with strong human institutions and nature interaction. Further, the Subak TEK has substantial community capital values that need to be strengthened by integration in the formal and non-formal education, the enhancement of the Tri Hita Karana (THK) awards and accreditation for tourism operators and hotels in the broader context of education for sustainable development framework as well as community-based tourism development planning. This initiative need to be supported by a community-based tourism by involving Pekaseh and youngsters in the current context of Bali community-based tourism.

Investigation of Electrical Configuration Topologies for Enhancing the Performance of Solar Photovoltaic Water Pumping System

The numerous solar energies provide humans with clean, environmentally friendly, and abundant energy resources. Electricity shortages and high diesel prices have an impact on rural water irrigation systems and drinking water supplies. Solar energy for water pumping could be an alternative to standard electric and diesel pumping systems. The rising importance of solar photovoltaic water pumping systems (SPVWPS) as a feasible power source in rural, inaccessible, and unconnected areas drives the study. These locations, often in poor nations like India, lack conventional power. Solar energy is converted into electrical energy via photovoltaic (PV) technology, which is then used to power a DC or AC submersible or surface water pump. PV module configurations are crucial in improving a PV system’s performance. Many researchers have studied the solar water pumping design on series parallel combination and acquired the best system efficiency, but the other configurations, Total Cross Tied (TCT) and Bridge Link (BL) have never been employed in a solar water pumping system. This research aims to investigate the experimental comparison of different PV configurations for better system efficiency on different operating parameters. These PV array layouts were considered in a uniform situation. The result shows that power increases with increase in radiation and the flow rate provided by (6Sx2P) configuration is 18,956 l/day of water and calculated the best average pump efficiency.

A Novel IoT Photovoltaic-Powered Water Irrigation Control and Monitoring System for Sustainable City Farming

In Singapore’s limited land space, hydroponics, a soil-free method of that uses irrigation gained popularity for urban farming. Vertical farming can be made more sustainable by integrating Internet-of-Things (IoT) and solar photovoltaic (PV) as an intelligent system. This study aims to conduct a feasibility study on using PV cells to reduce energy consumption in IoT-enabled irrigation control and monitoring systems. In the experiment, an intelligent water irrigation system was designed for data collection including energy harvested from PV, climate conditions, and water quality. It was observed that a 45 Watt peak (Wp) solar PV was able to produce up to 460-watt hours of stored electricity in a day which can power a standalone hydroponic system that consists of a 19 W water pump and light emitting diode (LED) grow lights rated at 14 W/m. The climate monitoring system matched meteorological data from online sources proving to be applicable in the prototype. Water conditions such as water temperature and electrical conductivity (EC) also correlate to readings taken from traditional handheld water quality testers. Based on the fabricated prototype, integration is deemed to be feasible using power harvested from the sun.

Flow and heat transfer performance of microchannel heat sinks with circular concave cavities and ribs for water cooling LEDs

ABSTRACT The poor heat dissipation of LED light sources limits their applications in plant factories. This paper combines a microchannel heat sink (MHS) with circular concave cavities and ribs with the water irrigation system of an LED plant factory to develop water-cooled LEDs. By using this approach, four types of MHSs were designed: circular concave cavities (circular), circular concave cavities and single-sided ribs (circular-single), circular concave cavities and odd-symmetric ribs (circular-odd), and circular concave cavities and double symmetric ribs (circular-double). The influence of the arrangement of circular concave cavities and ribs on the flow and heat transfer performance was numerically investigated by ANSYS Fluent 21.0 R1. Corresponding MHSs with circular concave cavities and ribs were manufactured, and an experimental platform was built to experimentally verify the numerical results. The results showed that a circular concave cavity in the microchannel caused the fluid to form a secondary flow, which led to the continuous destruction and reconstruction of the flow and thermal boundary layer in the microchannel. This contributed to heat and mass transfer, while the presence of ribs altered the flow direction of the fluid and enhanced mass and heat transfer within the cavities. The pressure drop at the inlet and outlet of the MHS increased in the case of circular concave cavities and ribs as the inlet flow rate increased. Compared with MHSs with circular concave cavities, the ribs increased the pressure drop at the inlet and outlet. The inlet and outlet pressure drop of MHS with circular concave cavities and double-symmetric ribs was the highest, followed by MHS with circular concave cavities and odd-symmetric ribs, and the smallest was the MHS with circular concave cavities and single-sided ribs. As the inlet flow rate increased from 10 ml/min to 60 ml/min, the pressure drop between the inlet and outlet of the MHS with circular concave cavities increased from 22.54 Pa to 165.98 Pa (an increase of 143.44 Pa); the pressure drop of the MHS with circular concave cavities and single-sided ribs increased from 24.72 Pa to 187.31 Pa (an increase of 162.59 Pa); the pressure drop of the MHS with circular concave cavities and odd-symmetric ribs increased from 27.92 Pa to 212.12 Pa (an increase of 184.20 Pa) and that of the MHS with circular concave cavities and double symmetric ribs increased from 29.32 Pa to 221.21 Pa (an increase of 191.89 Pa). Under the same inlet flow rate and LED chip input power, the cooling water outlet temperature of MHS with circular concave cavities and double symmetric ribs was the highest, followed by MHS with circular concave cavities and odd-symmetric ribs, MHS with circular concave cavities and single-sided ribs, and MHS with circular concave cavities was the lowest. These results indicated that the heat transfer performance of MHS with circular concave cavities and double-symmetric ribs was the best, followed by MHS with circular concave cavities and odd-symmetric ribs, and MHS with circular concave cavities and single-sided ribs. The MHS with circular concave cavities had the worst heat transfer performance. The outlet temperature of the MHS with concave cavities and ribs reaches the highest value at the inlet flow rate of 30 ml/min. At this flow rate, the outlet temperature is 343.89 K for the MHS with circular concave cavities, 344.73 K for the MHS with circular concave cavities and single-sided ribs, 346.53 K for the MHS with circular concave cavities and odd-symmetric ribs; and 347.58 K for the MHS with circular concave cavities and double symmetric ribs.

A Web-based Computerization Tool Environment for Smart Motor controller Deployment

Abstract: India has a vast variety of irrigational settings and conditions due to its geographically diverse terrain. A government survey conducted in India indicates that 75% of people live in rural regions where farming is the primary source of income. Recent studies demonstrate that globalisation and resource scarcity have led to a significant change in weather patterns, which has a detrimental impact on farming. Inefficient irrigation systems, losses, improper techniques, etc. are the primary issues that hasten the deterioration of agricultural conditions. Farming is quite labor-intensive and needs the physical presence of the farmer using the existing irrigation system. We investigated the problems farmers faced and offered them an inexpensive, lowmaintenance irrigation option. Sometimes the system's power supply was timed incorrectly, making the conditions too unpleasant and dangerous for field irrigation. In order to control the functioning of water irrigation systems using automated AC motor starters, we use an already-existing WiFi network. The fundamental timer-based Starter Automation Structure forms the basis of the whole design. The principal objective of this design is to limit design criticality, hence enabling straightforward maintenance and repair.

Estimating reference crop evapotranspiration using improved convolutional bidirectional long short-term memory network by multi-head attention mechanism in the four climatic zones of China

Accurate reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) estimation is essential for agricultural water management, crop productivity, and irrigation systems. As the standard ET0 estimation method, the Penman-Monteith equation has been widely recommended worldwide. However, its application is still restricted to comprehensive meteorological data deficiency, making the exploration of alternative simpler models for acceptable ET0 estimation highly meaningful. Concerning the aforementioned requirement, this study developed the novel deep learning model (MA-CNN-BiLSTM), which incorporates Multi-Head Attention mechanism (MA), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory network (BiLSTM) as intricate relationship processor, feature extractor, and regression component, to estimate ET0 based on radiation-based (Rn-based), humidity-based (RH-based), and temperature-based (T-based) input combinations at 600 stations during 1961–2020 throughout China under internal and external cross-validation strategies. Besides, through a comparative evaluation among MA-CNN-BiLSTM, CNN-BiLSTM, BiLSTM, LSTM, Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS), and empirical models, the result indicated that MA-CNN-BiLSTM achieved superior precision, with values of Determination Coefficient (R2), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE), Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) ranging 0.877–0.972, 0.844–0.962, 0.129–0.292, 0.294–0.644 mm d−1, 0.244–0.566 mm d−1 for internal strategy and 0.797–0.927, 0.786–0.920, 0.162–0.335, 0.409–0.969 mm d−1, 0.294–0.699 mm d−1 for external strategy. Specifically, Rn-based MA-CNN-BiLSTM excelled in the temperate continental zone (TCZ) and mountain plateau zone (MPZ), while RH-based MA-CNN-BiLSTM yielded best precision in others. Furthermore, the internal strategy was superior to external strategy by 2.74–106.04% for R2, 1.11–120.49% for NSE, 1.41–40.27% for RRMSE, 1.68–45.53% for RMSE, and 1.21–38.87% for MAE, respectively. In summary, the main contribution of the present study is the proposal of a novel LSTM-type ET0 model (MA-CNN-BiLSTM) to cope with various data-missing scenarios throughout China, which can provide effective support for decision-making in regional agriculture water management.

RESPONSE OF POTATO VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND WATER PRODUCTIVITY TO IRRIGATION SYSTEM AND TREATED WASTEWATER

A field experiment was conducted during 2022 and 2023 at the Experimental Farm of National Research Center (NRC), El-Noubaria Governor, Egypt, in sandy soil to study the effect of irrigation system, water quality on vegetative growth, tuber yield and water productivity (WP) of Potato. The parameters of vegetative growth (plant length, LAI; branches number) under Irrigation system, treated waste water (TWW) were increased by 6.0%, 14.6%; 15.3 % relative to bubbler irrigation system and FW, respectively. Yield and WP under drip irrigation system, TWW were increased by 5.4% and 5.7% relative to bubbler irrigation system and fresh water (FW), respectively. Plant length and leaf are index (LAI) were the highest values under the control treatment (100% ETo water applied), while the branches number increased by decrease of applied water. Yield, WP and fertilizer productivity (FP), could be arranged in ascending order: 50% &lt; 75% &lt; 100% due to amount of water applied. The effect of irrigation by drip irrigation system and using TTW was positively on vegetative growth parameters, (yield, WP and FP). This could be attributed to the improvement in soil physical characteristics under using Drip irrigation system relative to bubbler irrigation system and the soluble nutrients in the TWW relative to fresh water.

Survei Kelayakan Pemasangan PLTS untuk Pengoperasian Pompa Air Sebagai Salah Satu Sumber Air untuk Irigasi Sawah Nagari Batu Taba

The simultaneous rice planting pattern in Nagari Batu Taba has the impact of increasing rice yields. Implementation of this method requires a good irrigation system and sufficient water availability to serve all agricultural land in Nagari Batu Taba. In the drought water availability is insufficient to meet the water needs of all agricultural land. Through service activities, we are looking for solutions to overcome the problem of lack of water sources for agricultural land in Nagari Batu Taba. The results of several studies show that the water level in rice fields for rice plants ranges from 6.39-10.37 mm and the highest water requirement is only during land preparation until planting and then when entering the rice grain filling phase. So a water discharge of 70-100 m3/day/ha is required, this is equivalent to 0.8-1.0 liter/s. To provide the water requirement of 1.0 liters/s by drilling a well with a depth of approximately 20 m then increasing the water using a pump with a capacity of 1.2 m3/s with an electric power consumption of 900 VA/ha